Therapists in Fort Worth, TX

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Photo of Dinesh Shrestha, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Dinesh Shrestha
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCDC-I
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76104
I am a therapist driven by a deep desire to help individuals in need of mental health support. My ultimate goal is to guide them in resolving their issues and cultivating mindfulness about the impact these issues have on their mental health and overall wellbeing. Throughout life, we often find ourselves hesitant to seek the help we truly need, for various reasons. However, I firmly believe that it is never too late to ask for help and reaching out can be the best thing we can do for ourselves. I find immense satisfaction in providing therapy and experiencing the intrinsic motivation that comes with assisting others.
I am a therapist driven by a deep desire to help individuals in need of mental health support. My ultimate goal is to guide them in resolving their issues and cultivating mindfulness about the impact these issues have on their mental health and overall wellbeing. Throughout life, we often find ourselves hesitant to seek the help we truly need, for various reasons. However, I firmly believe that it is never too late to ask for help and reaching out can be the best thing we can do for ourselves. I find immense satisfaction in providing therapy and experiencing the intrinsic motivation that comes with assisting others.
(281) 672-8389 View (281) 672-8389
Photo of Sharlene Horak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Sharlene Horak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76104
I am very interested in all that has been gained in the area of the brain and trauma research in the last decade and the new ways we have of approaching trauma as well as those troublesome unconscious patterns that drive us. These patterns very often leave us stuck without us even knowing it! Each person has huge untapped potential in reservoirs of which they are sometimes simply unaware. A situation that seems impossible can be infused with new creativity and that produces a very different type of response. Even telling the story is healing - a relief in itself.
I am very interested in all that has been gained in the area of the brain and trauma research in the last decade and the new ways we have of approaching trauma as well as those troublesome unconscious patterns that drive us. These patterns very often leave us stuck without us even knowing it! Each person has huge untapped potential in reservoirs of which they are sometimes simply unaware. A situation that seems impossible can be infused with new creativity and that produces a very different type of response. Even telling the story is healing - a relief in itself.
(817) 479-9367 View (817) 479-9367
Photo of Madi Elliott, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fort Worth, TX
Madi Elliott
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76104
I enjoy working with couples, individuals, and families to create sustainable change in their quality of life, achieve their goals, and improve relationship dynamics. Creating awareness and understanding of our experiences growing up can contribute to one's ability to create change in current relationships. I work with individuals wanting to improve relationship dynamics, improve self-image, learn to set boundaries, improve overall wellness, navigate life transitions, and improve mental health. I work with couples and relational clients to enact change in a system to improve its functioning and satisfaction in the relationship.
I enjoy working with couples, individuals, and families to create sustainable change in their quality of life, achieve their goals, and improve relationship dynamics. Creating awareness and understanding of our experiences growing up can contribute to one's ability to create change in current relationships. I work with individuals wanting to improve relationship dynamics, improve self-image, learn to set boundaries, improve overall wellness, navigate life transitions, and improve mental health. I work with couples and relational clients to enact change in a system to improve its functioning and satisfaction in the relationship.
(817) 631-8184 View (817) 631-8184
Photo of Kathryn Fulghum Dobbin, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fort Worth, TX
Kathryn Fulghum Dobbin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76107
While life ebbs and flows through times of serenity and times of darkness, we often find ourselves questioning our abilities to cope, think, and even function. Frustration and feelings of inadequacy rush in, which can quickly break down our self-esteem and feelings of worth. People may begin to think, "Why can't I just relax? I used to not be like this. What's wrong with me?". These mood and anxiety obstacles, while disheartening, are common conditions that can be relieved through counseling, where we challenge cognitive distortions and biases we have towards other people, our environment, and ourselves.
While life ebbs and flows through times of serenity and times of darkness, we often find ourselves questioning our abilities to cope, think, and even function. Frustration and feelings of inadequacy rush in, which can quickly break down our self-esteem and feelings of worth. People may begin to think, "Why can't I just relax? I used to not be like this. What's wrong with me?". These mood and anxiety obstacles, while disheartening, are common conditions that can be relieved through counseling, where we challenge cognitive distortions and biases we have towards other people, our environment, and ourselves.
(682) 255-2441 View (682) 255-2441
Photo of Kayla Holguin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Kayla Holguin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76133  (Online Only)
You made it! I am so glad you have made the decision to better your predicaments and make yourself a priority. Making the decision to share your personal stories, your inner thoughts, and choices can be daunting! Whether you are new to therapy or have worked with others in the past, only you are the expert in your life. I would like to offer a safe, non-judgmental space to share your struggles, learn self-awareness, and help you to find a healthy balance.
You made it! I am so glad you have made the decision to better your predicaments and make yourself a priority. Making the decision to share your personal stories, your inner thoughts, and choices can be daunting! Whether you are new to therapy or have worked with others in the past, only you are the expert in your life. I would like to offer a safe, non-judgmental space to share your struggles, learn self-awareness, and help you to find a healthy balance.
(512) 942-0248 View (512) 942-0248
Photo of John M Yowell, Licensed Master Social Worker in Fort Worth, TX
John M Yowell
Licensed Master Social Worker, MA, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76119
Not accepting new clients
Are you searching for a therapist who knows what it’s like to struggle with the BIG questions and the stresses of the daily grind while offering a holistic approach to your well-being? My approach incorporates existential therapy, DBT, and traditional psychotherapy to provide you with extensive support on your path to healing and personal growth. With an empathetic and understanding approach, we'll delve into your core values, beliefs, and purpose, assisting you in finding meaning and clarity amidst life's challenges. Moreover, we'll equip you with practical skills to manage emotions, regulate distress, and improve relationships.
Are you searching for a therapist who knows what it’s like to struggle with the BIG questions and the stresses of the daily grind while offering a holistic approach to your well-being? My approach incorporates existential therapy, DBT, and traditional psychotherapy to provide you with extensive support on your path to healing and personal growth. With an empathetic and understanding approach, we'll delve into your core values, beliefs, and purpose, assisting you in finding meaning and clarity amidst life's challenges. Moreover, we'll equip you with practical skills to manage emotions, regulate distress, and improve relationships.
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Photo of Kinley Springs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Kinley Springs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76104  (Online Only)
Hello there! I'm Kinley, and I'm here to help you break free from the grip of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. If you're tired of feeling overwhelmed and ready to reclaim your life, you're in the right place.
Hello there! I'm Kinley, and I'm here to help you break free from the grip of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. If you're tired of feeling overwhelmed and ready to reclaim your life, you're in the right place.
(817) 663-2599 View (817) 663-2599
Photo of Janice Holland, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Janice Holland, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, S
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76180
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor. I understand the weight and frustration of feeling like there is more out there, but not knowing where to turn to first. I am also a certified trauma specialist, and I have worked in schools, mental health hospitals, and private practice, helping countless individuals heal and find freedom on their journey. I am seeking associates and therapists who are ready to learn and grow in your effectiveness with clients.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor. I understand the weight and frustration of feeling like there is more out there, but not knowing where to turn to first. I am also a certified trauma specialist, and I have worked in schools, mental health hospitals, and private practice, helping countless individuals heal and find freedom on their journey. I am seeking associates and therapists who are ready to learn and grow in your effectiveness with clients.
(817) 623-5962 View (817) 623-5962
Photo of Lindsey Stanley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Lindsey Stanley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ADHD-CP, C-DBT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76104
Waitlist for new clients
I am now accepting several insurances! My expertise lies in providing therapy for individuals who are dealing with ADHD and Borderline Personality Disorder. I am confident that I can help you work through your challenges, whether it's related to relationships, coping skills, or any issues that you may be facing. My therapy sessions are designed for individuals who prefer a more conversational style of therapy. My approach is direct, straightforward, and highly effective. You can rest assured that you won't have to guess during our therapy sessions, as I will provide you with clear and actionable feedback.
I am now accepting several insurances! My expertise lies in providing therapy for individuals who are dealing with ADHD and Borderline Personality Disorder. I am confident that I can help you work through your challenges, whether it's related to relationships, coping skills, or any issues that you may be facing. My therapy sessions are designed for individuals who prefer a more conversational style of therapy. My approach is direct, straightforward, and highly effective. You can rest assured that you won't have to guess during our therapy sessions, as I will provide you with clear and actionable feedback.
(682) 702-8938 View (682) 702-8938
Photo of Mary E Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Mary E Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76107  (Online Only)
I specialize in individuals struggling with relationship problems, infidelity, areas related to sexuality and sexual functioning, family of origin issues, and individuals who are struggling with transition to empty nest. I welcome all individuals, including LGBTQIA communities and non-monogamy communities.
I specialize in individuals struggling with relationship problems, infidelity, areas related to sexuality and sexual functioning, family of origin issues, and individuals who are struggling with transition to empty nest. I welcome all individuals, including LGBTQIA communities and non-monogamy communities.
(817) 952-5216 View (817) 952-5216
Photo of Zasia Giddings, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Zasia Giddings
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76137
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
(682) 688-2788 View (682) 688-2788
Photo of Family Matters Counseling Center, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Family Matters Counseling Center, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76177
I started Family Matters Counseling Center after I realized that a family system is one that the client creates and is not born into. From here I developed a passion to learn each unique families story to help them overcome their obstacle in maintaining balance within their family system. I help clients re-ignite their passion and hope in reaching their career and personal goals. I do this in a collaborative and gentle approach as I assist you in your journey with every step.
I started Family Matters Counseling Center after I realized that a family system is one that the client creates and is not born into. From here I developed a passion to learn each unique families story to help them overcome their obstacle in maintaining balance within their family system. I help clients re-ignite their passion and hope in reaching their career and personal goals. I do this in a collaborative and gentle approach as I assist you in your journey with every step.
(817) 361-4545 x1 View (817) 361-4545 x1
Photo of Victoria Reyes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Victoria Reyes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Hello there! I know that by taking any step towards your mental health is not easy; and, you have already taken the very first step by searching for your therapist. You are off to a great start! I am a bilingual therapist (English and Spanish) and I have five years experience working with individuals from the youngest age of 8 years old and older who struggle on a daily basis mentally and emotionally. I love working with all kinds of people and helping them navigate through their depression, anxiety, toxic relationships, grief, abuse, cultural and transition issues.
Hello there! I know that by taking any step towards your mental health is not easy; and, you have already taken the very first step by searching for your therapist. You are off to a great start! I am a bilingual therapist (English and Spanish) and I have five years experience working with individuals from the youngest age of 8 years old and older who struggle on a daily basis mentally and emotionally. I love working with all kinds of people and helping them navigate through their depression, anxiety, toxic relationships, grief, abuse, cultural and transition issues.
(817) 646-8276 View (817) 646-8276
Photo of Tom Burdenski, Psychologist in Fort Worth, TX
Tom Burdenski
Psychologist, PhD, LP, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76116
Not accepting new clients
I am a Psychologist, Marriage and Family Therapist, and Licensed Professional Counselor who provides counseling services for adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Thank you for your interest in my practice. I work with individuals and families experiencing everyday challenges as well as people who are struggling with more significant mental health concerns. My clients and colleagues describe me as genuine, compassionate, down-to-earth, and helpful. I am outcome-oriented, active and responsive in sessions, and I very much enjoy helping people address their concerns so they can move forward in their lives.
I am a Psychologist, Marriage and Family Therapist, and Licensed Professional Counselor who provides counseling services for adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Thank you for your interest in my practice. I work with individuals and families experiencing everyday challenges as well as people who are struggling with more significant mental health concerns. My clients and colleagues describe me as genuine, compassionate, down-to-earth, and helpful. I am outcome-oriented, active and responsive in sessions, and I very much enjoy helping people address their concerns so they can move forward in their lives.
(817) 385-7745 View (817) 385-7745
Photo of Matthew Hand, Psychologist in Fort Worth, TX
Matthew Hand
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76244  (Online Only)
I am accepting new clients - I offer afternoon and evening appointments - Choosing a psychotherapist can feel daunting. I am a psychologist in Fort Worth, who will help you explore your power within as you embark on your journey towards healing and growth. I view my role as a therapist as being able to fully understand your experience and to use that understanding to help you work through the ups and downs you encounter in life. My intention is to provide a compassionate, empathic, and non-judgmental space to explore the issues that have brought you to therapy.
I am accepting new clients - I offer afternoon and evening appointments - Choosing a psychotherapist can feel daunting. I am a psychologist in Fort Worth, who will help you explore your power within as you embark on your journey towards healing and growth. I view my role as a therapist as being able to fully understand your experience and to use that understanding to help you work through the ups and downs you encounter in life. My intention is to provide a compassionate, empathic, and non-judgmental space to explore the issues that have brought you to therapy.
(682) 356-3816 View (682) 356-3816
Photo of Jean-Marie Schweizer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Jean-Marie Schweizer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MDiv
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76133  (Online Only)
Many challenges in life have underlying causes, and one's willingness to explore the deeper ends of who they are often provides an unexpected resolution beyond what could have been imagined initially. At the same time, it can also help to address what is at hand while being patient with more in-depth work. My goal in therapy is to follow your needs and help you rediscover your wellbeing on your timeline while providing support and practical insight into your process.
Many challenges in life have underlying causes, and one's willingness to explore the deeper ends of who they are often provides an unexpected resolution beyond what could have been imagined initially. At the same time, it can also help to address what is at hand while being patient with more in-depth work. My goal in therapy is to follow your needs and help you rediscover your wellbeing on your timeline while providing support and practical insight into your process.
(817) 383-9216 View (817) 383-9216
Photo of Lena Gonzales, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Lena Gonzales
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76126  (Online Only)
In times of darkness and difficulty, Hope can be a beacon of light that guides us forward. My passion is to plant seeds of Hope. Through Hope we gain the power to transform our lives and illuminate even the darkest paths. My goal is to help support you as you take steps toward healing and happiness. Life often presents us with challenges that can feel overwhelming and uncertain. Within these challenges lie opportunities for growth, strength, and resilience. Whether you're navigating anxiety, stress, or grief, you don't have to face them alone.
In times of darkness and difficulty, Hope can be a beacon of light that guides us forward. My passion is to plant seeds of Hope. Through Hope we gain the power to transform our lives and illuminate even the darkest paths. My goal is to help support you as you take steps toward healing and happiness. Life often presents us with challenges that can feel overwhelming and uncertain. Within these challenges lie opportunities for growth, strength, and resilience. Whether you're navigating anxiety, stress, or grief, you don't have to face them alone.
(817) 767-0340 View (817) 767-0340
Photo of Katie Lyon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Katie Lyon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76107
I greatly enjoy working with anyone age 16 and up of any gender or sexual orientation. My first priority is presenting a warm reception to individual issues and providing a validating presence. I understand individual goals vary from person to person and sometimes finding your individual goals can be difficult. This is something I will absolutely help you to explore throughout the therapeutic process.
I greatly enjoy working with anyone age 16 and up of any gender or sexual orientation. My first priority is presenting a warm reception to individual issues and providing a validating presence. I understand individual goals vary from person to person and sometimes finding your individual goals can be difficult. This is something I will absolutely help you to explore throughout the therapeutic process.
(682) 204-6348 View (682) 204-6348
Photo of Chelsea Smithley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Chelsea Smithley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76107
Not accepting new clients
As a person-centered, strengths based therapist, you are the leader in our sessions. We will work together to increase self-acceptance and self-esteem, while identifying areas of growth in your life. Throughout our sessions, we will navigate difficult life transitions to instill hope and satisfaction, while emphasizing mindfulness and healing. Sharing your life with someone can seem daunting, so I strive to create a non-judgmental, neurodivergent affirming, and accepting environment where you feel safe to explore challenging ideas and get to know yourself
As a person-centered, strengths based therapist, you are the leader in our sessions. We will work together to increase self-acceptance and self-esteem, while identifying areas of growth in your life. Throughout our sessions, we will navigate difficult life transitions to instill hope and satisfaction, while emphasizing mindfulness and healing. Sharing your life with someone can seem daunting, so I strive to create a non-judgmental, neurodivergent affirming, and accepting environment where you feel safe to explore challenging ideas and get to know yourself
(817) 767-0631 View (817) 767-0631
Photo of Jessica Buchner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Jessica Buchner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Life can be tough sometimes. There are times when you just need someone to listen and for you to be able to talk to them openly, without any judgment or fear. Kids, teens, adults, and families are welcome to come and bring their struggles and hurts with them. Young adults who are dealing with the stress of college or just of life in general as an adult can come and learn to release their worries. We work together to set goals and work through your issues and needs to meet your desired goals. Clients can range from children as young as 3 all the way up to parents and grandparents that are wanting to live happier lives.
Life can be tough sometimes. There are times when you just need someone to listen and for you to be able to talk to them openly, without any judgment or fear. Kids, teens, adults, and families are welcome to come and bring their struggles and hurts with them. Young adults who are dealing with the stress of college or just of life in general as an adult can come and learn to release their worries. We work together to set goals and work through your issues and needs to meet your desired goals. Clients can range from children as young as 3 all the way up to parents and grandparents that are wanting to live happier lives.
(281) 717-6203 View (281) 717-6203

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fort Worth, TX

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Fort Worth, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
75% Coping Skills
68% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
83% Cigna and Evernorth
82% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Fort Worth, TX see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fort Worth?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.