Therapists in Portland, OR

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Photo of Natasha Trees, Pre-Licensed Professional in Portland, OR
Natasha Trees
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMT, MA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97215
Waitlist for new clients
Are you burned out professionally and personally and would like to get your health and well-being on track? Have you found yourself at a crossroads - feeling stuck even if you’ve read some books or tried to grow on your own? Do you seek someone who has a lot of experience and a deep capacity to understand the complexities that life can deliver? As a healthcare professional of over twenty years, I bring warmth, wisdom, humor, and authenticity to each session.
Are you burned out professionally and personally and would like to get your health and well-being on track? Have you found yourself at a crossroads - feeling stuck even if you’ve read some books or tried to grow on your own? Do you seek someone who has a lot of experience and a deep capacity to understand the complexities that life can deliver? As a healthcare professional of over twenty years, I bring warmth, wisdom, humor, and authenticity to each session.
(971) 407-5911 View (971) 407-5911
Photo of Carrie Atikune, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Carrie Atikune
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97205
Not accepting new clients
Therapy can be a powerful and meaningful experience. I work with adults on issues of anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, identity questions, family-of-origin matters and life transitions. I especially enjoy working with young adults and with folx from marginalized communities. I believe that change is achieved through the combination of developing insight into your emotions, thoughts and choices, and the practice of new skills and ways of relating to oneself and others. Our work can help you to feel better, heal emotional pain, increase self-understanding, improve relationships and cope more effectively.
Therapy can be a powerful and meaningful experience. I work with adults on issues of anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, identity questions, family-of-origin matters and life transitions. I especially enjoy working with young adults and with folx from marginalized communities. I believe that change is achieved through the combination of developing insight into your emotions, thoughts and choices, and the practice of new skills and ways of relating to oneself and others. Our work can help you to feel better, heal emotional pain, increase self-understanding, improve relationships and cope more effectively.
(971) 302-2558 View (971) 302-2558
Photo of Jamie Samantha Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Portland, OR
Jamie Samantha Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97215  (Online Only)
By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, including somatic practices and parts work (IFS), I can support your exploration of long-standing behavior patterns and perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. Clients that have been drawn to work with me include: couples looking for conflict management and relationship strengthening skills, clients experiencing grief and loss, neurodivergent clients, those in the LGBTQIA+ community.
By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, including somatic practices and parts work (IFS), I can support your exploration of long-standing behavior patterns and perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. Clients that have been drawn to work with me include: couples looking for conflict management and relationship strengthening skills, clients experiencing grief and loss, neurodivergent clients, those in the LGBTQIA+ community.
(503) 563-2567 View (503) 563-2567
Photo of Jennifer Jim, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Jennifer Jim
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS Ed, LPC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97225  (Online Only)
I'm currently accepting new Individual clients. I've been a licensed therapist for 17 years and love the work more each year. Anxiety, stress, and worry often prevent us from living our best lives. I want to partner with you to find a Renewed sense of energy, a Renewed sense of purpose, and a Renewed sense of well-being in your life. Our work together will be focused on unhooking from unhelpful patterns and narratives and developing concrete skills to manage the symptoms interfering in your life.
I'm currently accepting new Individual clients. I've been a licensed therapist for 17 years and love the work more each year. Anxiety, stress, and worry often prevent us from living our best lives. I want to partner with you to find a Renewed sense of energy, a Renewed sense of purpose, and a Renewed sense of well-being in your life. Our work together will be focused on unhooking from unhelpful patterns and narratives and developing concrete skills to manage the symptoms interfering in your life.
(971) 224-7300 View (971) 224-7300
Photo of Sarah Chiartas, Professional Counselor Associate in Portland, OR
Sarah Chiartas
Professional Counselor Associate
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232
I work with individuals and families of all backgrounds, facing various life challenges. I hope to facilitate an inclusive, non-judgmental, and nurturing space that allows you to feel heard and empowered to move toward your goals.
I work with individuals and families of all backgrounds, facing various life challenges. I hope to facilitate an inclusive, non-judgmental, and nurturing space that allows you to feel heard and empowered to move toward your goals.
(971) 253-7433 View (971) 253-7433
Photo of Stephanie F Winn, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Stephanie F Winn
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Not currently accepting new therapy patients; on partial medical leave due to long covid. However, I have limited availability for consulting clients. As a consultant, I primarily educate, inform, guide, and coach families impacted by the current gender craze, such as parents of youth with Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD). I also coach people working on matters of self-expression and finding their voice. Although I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I am currently only offering non-clinical services, as my health is too unstable to manage the responsibility of being a mental health provider for vulnerable individuals.
Not currently accepting new therapy patients; on partial medical leave due to long covid. However, I have limited availability for consulting clients. As a consultant, I primarily educate, inform, guide, and coach families impacted by the current gender craze, such as parents of youth with Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD). I also coach people working on matters of self-expression and finding their voice. Although I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I am currently only offering non-clinical services, as my health is too unstable to manage the responsibility of being a mental health provider for vulnerable individuals.
(844) 946-2130 View (844) 946-2130
Photo of Michael Unger, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Michael Unger
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97229  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients. Are you ready to break free from unhelpful thinking styles and behaviors that are holding you back from living a more fulfilling life? During times of stress do you tend to be too hard on yourself rather than attending to your own needs? Would you like to feel more empowered with effective strategies to better manage worry, low mood, irritability or self-criticism? Coping with mental health challenges while also attending to work, relationship or health related concerns can be overwhelming. You deserve a safe and compassionate space to openly process your thoughts and feelings.
Accepting new clients. Are you ready to break free from unhelpful thinking styles and behaviors that are holding you back from living a more fulfilling life? During times of stress do you tend to be too hard on yourself rather than attending to your own needs? Would you like to feel more empowered with effective strategies to better manage worry, low mood, irritability or self-criticism? Coping with mental health challenges while also attending to work, relationship or health related concerns can be overwhelming. You deserve a safe and compassionate space to openly process your thoughts and feelings.
(503) 461-1556 View (503) 461-1556
Photo of Deah Partak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Deah Partak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADCII, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97239  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you seeking inner growth, balance in life, or help with anxiety, depression, compassion fatigue and trauma? I am here to help you experience and respond to life authentically and skillfully. As long as I can remember, I have always respected the power of stories. Not just literature, but the real stories about our lives. We share our experiences, hear about our ancestors, and define who we are in this world through stories. Everyone’s story is important. Everyone has the right to author their own story and live their authentic life.
Are you seeking inner growth, balance in life, or help with anxiety, depression, compassion fatigue and trauma? I am here to help you experience and respond to life authentically and skillfully. As long as I can remember, I have always respected the power of stories. Not just literature, but the real stories about our lives. We share our experiences, hear about our ancestors, and define who we are in this world through stories. Everyone’s story is important. Everyone has the right to author their own story and live their authentic life.
(503) 536-1085 View (503) 536-1085
Photo of Brent Solari Lcsw Licsw Cadcii, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Brent Solari Lcsw Licsw Cadcii
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, IICSW, CADCII
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety, OCD, mood or relationship issues? Going through a major life transition like changing careers, divorce, or other loss? Do you have disturbing thoughts or compulsions related to OCD or other fears ? Have you lost a loved one or dealing with relationship issues. Hope and change are possible regardless of your struggle. Having someone listen and challenge you to look inside can help build new insight to cope with life's challenges. I am here to work with you on that path, building your ability to work through life's challenges
Are you struggling with anxiety, OCD, mood or relationship issues? Going through a major life transition like changing careers, divorce, or other loss? Do you have disturbing thoughts or compulsions related to OCD or other fears ? Have you lost a loved one or dealing with relationship issues. Hope and change are possible regardless of your struggle. Having someone listen and challenge you to look inside can help build new insight to cope with life's challenges. I am here to work with you on that path, building your ability to work through life's challenges
(971) 407-1998 View (971) 407-1998
Photo of Rachael A Ringwood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Rachael A Ringwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97222  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
The therapeutic process is a powerful tool for growth and change. Diagnosis as "dia" and "gnosis", is to know across. Once recognized, the obstacles we experience can be compassionately cared for by developing awareness and coping skills to alleviate suffering. I'm happy to support you in exploring changes that achieve a greater sense of happiness and fulfillment in your life.
The therapeutic process is a powerful tool for growth and change. Diagnosis as "dia" and "gnosis", is to know across. Once recognized, the obstacles we experience can be compassionately cared for by developing awareness and coping skills to alleviate suffering. I'm happy to support you in exploring changes that achieve a greater sense of happiness and fulfillment in your life.
(503) 832-4492 View (503) 832-4492
Photo of Peter Joseph Cashorali, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Peter Joseph Cashorali
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97220  (Online Only)
I work with people in transition or who are preparing for change. Artists, actors and writers. Those in bereavement. Or who are living with a catastrophic health-related diagnosis, recent or of long duration. Caregivers. Mental health interns who need to explore their own issues in order to practice mindfully. Folks who are using substances more than they want. People who want to decrease their distress but who also have a curiosity about its sources. People who want to talk with someone about the most important thing in the world, perhaps to discover what that is.
I work with people in transition or who are preparing for change. Artists, actors and writers. Those in bereavement. Or who are living with a catastrophic health-related diagnosis, recent or of long duration. Caregivers. Mental health interns who need to explore their own issues in order to practice mindfully. Folks who are using substances more than they want. People who want to decrease their distress but who also have a curiosity about its sources. People who want to talk with someone about the most important thing in the world, perhaps to discover what that is.
(323) 430-9301 View (323) 430-9301
Photo of Atma Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Atma Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97215
I'm William Venturelli and I run Atma Counseling. Do you feel like you can't truly be yourself? Do you feel like something is holding you back? I can help you gain a better understanding of the "why's" in your life. Have you ever asked yourself "why do I keep doing that?" "why am I like this?" or "why do I feel this way?" We can explore these themes and more in a way that honors your uniqueness and without any judgment. Your counseling experience here will not be rigid or preconceived, instead, it will be a process of discovery where you will begin to live with more choice, courage and freedom. It's time to rediscover yourself.
I'm William Venturelli and I run Atma Counseling. Do you feel like you can't truly be yourself? Do you feel like something is holding you back? I can help you gain a better understanding of the "why's" in your life. Have you ever asked yourself "why do I keep doing that?" "why am I like this?" or "why do I feel this way?" We can explore these themes and more in a way that honors your uniqueness and without any judgment. Your counseling experience here will not be rigid or preconceived, instead, it will be a process of discovery where you will begin to live with more choice, courage and freedom. It's time to rediscover yourself.
(971) 803-5828 View (971) 803-5828
Photo of Hanna Omori, Professional Counselor Associate in Portland, OR
Hanna Omori
Professional Counselor Associate, MS, LPC-I
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214
Do you identify as a BIPOC woman who is feeling depleted from dealing with effects of systemic racism or ongoing micro-aggressions, and it's been affecting how you feel about yourself? Have you recently lost a loved one to suicide or homicide and feel alone in your pain?
Do you identify as a BIPOC woman who is feeling depleted from dealing with effects of systemic racism or ongoing micro-aggressions, and it's been affecting how you feel about yourself? Have you recently lost a loved one to suicide or homicide and feel alone in your pain?
(503) 832-5535 View (503) 832-5535
Photo of Jessi Frothingham, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Jessi Frothingham
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97219
Do you have a lot of insight about your trauma that doesn't lead to change? Are you starting to feel frustrated with having the knowledge yet still wrestling with the same triggers and symptoms time and time again? I hope you know that is so normal, especially with trauma. But it doesn't have to be this way. I can help you create more peace in your life and restore your previous functioning. Imagine if you experienced deep relief and didn't have to work so hard anymore - how would your life change? Imagine feeling secure in your relationships, calm in the face of previous triggers, and doing what you want with your life.
Do you have a lot of insight about your trauma that doesn't lead to change? Are you starting to feel frustrated with having the knowledge yet still wrestling with the same triggers and symptoms time and time again? I hope you know that is so normal, especially with trauma. But it doesn't have to be this way. I can help you create more peace in your life and restore your previous functioning. Imagine if you experienced deep relief and didn't have to work so hard anymore - how would your life change? Imagine feeling secure in your relationships, calm in the face of previous triggers, and doing what you want with your life.
(503) 751-8176 View (503) 751-8176
Photo of Kerry Thomas Conroy III, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Kerry Thomas Conroy III
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97213
Waitlist for new clients
Currently have morning and early afternoon spots available. I believe that when people are given the support, validation, and empathy everyone has the capacity and potential to live a fulfilling life. Grief, anxiety, depression, and personal growth are all manageable with the right support. As a counselor part of my job is to provide that support you may have not gotten before. Through exploration of different life themes we will work together to create the life that you have always envisioned.
Currently have morning and early afternoon spots available. I believe that when people are given the support, validation, and empathy everyone has the capacity and potential to live a fulfilling life. Grief, anxiety, depression, and personal growth are all manageable with the right support. As a counselor part of my job is to provide that support you may have not gotten before. Through exploration of different life themes we will work together to create the life that you have always envisioned.
(503) 400-3412 x26 View (503) 400-3412 x26
Photo of Leanne Schmit Reed, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Leanne Schmit Reed
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97202  (Online Only)
Are your thoughts spinning, imagining worst case scenarios, or analyzing your social interactions wondering if you've made a terrible faux pas? Do you have fears or negative beliefs about yourself that keep you stuck? Maybe there are some unhealthy patterns that dominate your time and mental space keeping you from doing more important things. If this sounds like you, the good news is therapy can help. Even entrenched lifelong patterns can be shifted with intentional work with an experienced guide. It's absolutely possible to live a life you love.
Are your thoughts spinning, imagining worst case scenarios, or analyzing your social interactions wondering if you've made a terrible faux pas? Do you have fears or negative beliefs about yourself that keep you stuck? Maybe there are some unhealthy patterns that dominate your time and mental space keeping you from doing more important things. If this sounds like you, the good news is therapy can help. Even entrenched lifelong patterns can be shifted with intentional work with an experienced guide. It's absolutely possible to live a life you love.
(503) 400-3741 View (503) 400-3741
Photo of Andrew Trelstad, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Andrew Trelstad
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97212
My approach to counseling is to create a safe space for you and your family to build hope. We will work to raise awareness around the emotions that so often drive our behaviors. As emotional awareness increases we can choose different responses. Rather than the instantaneous reactions that plague many of us, we will be able to respond intentionally and thoughtfully. As we come to understand the emotional basis of our reactions, and choose to change our responses, we can break negative patterns of behavior with our partners, family, children, colleagues, and other people in our lives.
My approach to counseling is to create a safe space for you and your family to build hope. We will work to raise awareness around the emotions that so often drive our behaviors. As emotional awareness increases we can choose different responses. Rather than the instantaneous reactions that plague many of us, we will be able to respond intentionally and thoughtfully. As we come to understand the emotional basis of our reactions, and choose to change our responses, we can break negative patterns of behavior with our partners, family, children, colleagues, and other people in our lives.
(971) 257-5791 View (971) 257-5791
Photo of Aaron P Miller, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Aaron P Miller
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214
As a compassionate clinical psychologist, I understand that life's journey can be challenging. The weight of daily struggles and the echoes of past events can sometimes become overwhelming, leaving you feeling adrift in a sea of confusion, stress, and exhaustion. It's okay to acknowledge these feelings – they're a natural part of being human. However, it's also important to know that you don't have to face them alone. In times of uncertainty and turmoil, psychotherapy offers a path towards clarity, freedom, and relief.
As a compassionate clinical psychologist, I understand that life's journey can be challenging. The weight of daily struggles and the echoes of past events can sometimes become overwhelming, leaving you feeling adrift in a sea of confusion, stress, and exhaustion. It's okay to acknowledge these feelings – they're a natural part of being human. However, it's also important to know that you don't have to face them alone. In times of uncertainty and turmoil, psychotherapy offers a path towards clarity, freedom, and relief.
(503) 395-3957 View (503) 395-3957
Photo of Sasha Rosenfels, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Sasha Rosenfels
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97202  (Online Only)
Individual Sessions: Respect, compassion and empathy are the cornerstones of my counseling practice. In sessions, I will create a safe environment where you can explore your experiences and how they have shaped you, learn to understand yourself, your thoughts, feelings and your needs and examine your relationships with others so that you can, if you wish, nurture and deepen those relationships. Most importantly, you'll learn to view yourself through a more compassionate lens, building a calmer and more joyful inner experience and a more confident and caring self-view.
Individual Sessions: Respect, compassion and empathy are the cornerstones of my counseling practice. In sessions, I will create a safe environment where you can explore your experiences and how they have shaped you, learn to understand yourself, your thoughts, feelings and your needs and examine your relationships with others so that you can, if you wish, nurture and deepen those relationships. Most importantly, you'll learn to view yourself through a more compassionate lens, building a calmer and more joyful inner experience and a more confident and caring self-view.
(503) 486-4641 View (503) 486-4641
Photo of Family Roots Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Family Roots Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97213
Waitlist for new clients
We help new parents, young children, and teens to create healthier relationships and work together to navigate family conflict, life stressors, and adjustment to change. Do your child's emotions and outbursts seem out of control and too much to handle? Does your teen seem anxious, depressed, or withdrawn? Are you and your partner arguing constantly about parenting? Feeling sad and hopeless, or not bonding with your baby or child like you thought you would? We can help.
We help new parents, young children, and teens to create healthier relationships and work together to navigate family conflict, life stressors, and adjustment to change. Do your child's emotions and outbursts seem out of control and too much to handle? Does your teen seem anxious, depressed, or withdrawn? Are you and your partner arguing constantly about parenting? Feeling sad and hopeless, or not bonding with your baby or child like you thought you would? We can help.
(971) 274-5503 View (971) 274-5503

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Portland, OR

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Portland, OR who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

55% PacificSource
47% Aetna
38% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Portland, OR see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Portland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.