Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Molly Burke, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Molly Burke
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
I'm currently accepting new clients and have immediate openings. My ideal client is someone who is ready to collaborate on meeting their goals! As the therapist, I'm not the 'leader' or 'expert' — I'm a co-pilot or a gentle guide in a client's therapy experience. If something isn't working (or even better, if something is!) I appreciate an open dialogue and willingness to try something different/new.
I'm currently accepting new clients and have immediate openings. My ideal client is someone who is ready to collaborate on meeting their goals! As the therapist, I'm not the 'leader' or 'expert' — I'm a co-pilot or a gentle guide in a client's therapy experience. If something isn't working (or even better, if something is!) I appreciate an open dialogue and willingness to try something different/new.
(651) 372-3380 View (651) 372-3380
Photo of Tamara Mason, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Tamara Mason
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Tamara Mason is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Minnesota who has been practicing since 1987. She has an MSW from the University of Denver. Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out, anxious, or depressed? Other people working with Tamara have triumphed over these challenges in life. Together you and Tamara can find a path where you have the ability to be less overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed too. Sometimes you may be using a tool that you needed and that worked at a different time in your life. There are many tools and together you can find tools that will work better at this stage of life.
Tamara Mason is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Minnesota who has been practicing since 1987. She has an MSW from the University of Denver. Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out, anxious, or depressed? Other people working with Tamara have triumphed over these challenges in life. Together you and Tamara can find a path where you have the ability to be less overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed too. Sometimes you may be using a tool that you needed and that worked at a different time in your life. There are many tools and together you can find tools that will work better at this stage of life.
(651) 410-2904 View (651) 410-2904
Photo of Andrea E Grey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Andrea E Grey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
People who spend long stretches of time in childhood living with unresolved problems may discover they grow up to become adults who carry those same mysteries inside. When individual problem solving becomes too much, therapy can help. This might look like raising curiosity around the subjects of trauma, mood and body-related symptoms and exploring to what degree it is possible to build new relationships across these domains.
People who spend long stretches of time in childhood living with unresolved problems may discover they grow up to become adults who carry those same mysteries inside. When individual problem solving becomes too much, therapy can help. This might look like raising curiosity around the subjects of trauma, mood and body-related symptoms and exploring to what degree it is possible to build new relationships across these domains.
(651) 427-1858 View (651) 427-1858
Photo of Ross E Gubrud, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Ross E Gubrud
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Change is tough. Seeking assistance is not only beneficial, but also human. And that is where I join you. I consider myself a therapeutic Sherpa—I know the way, but you need to take each step. That path leads through one’s difficulties, mucking about courageously and authentically. I love what I do, possessing both skill and experience, and am honored to walk beside you as we address your concerns.
Change is tough. Seeking assistance is not only beneficial, but also human. And that is where I join you. I consider myself a therapeutic Sherpa—I know the way, but you need to take each step. That path leads through one’s difficulties, mucking about courageously and authentically. I love what I do, possessing both skill and experience, and am honored to walk beside you as we address your concerns.
(651) 419-3860 View (651) 419-3860
Photo of Elise 지애 (Gi-Ae) Gooi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Elise 지애 (Gi-Ae) Gooi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Waitlist for new clients
I am a second generation Korean-American born and raised on the unceded ancestral lands of the Dxʷdəwʔabš (Duwamish Tribe) and now live as a guest upon Mni Sóta Maḳoce, Dakota homeland. My relational approach is built upon 15+ years working with and alongside individuals, families and communities to nurture growth as an educator, coach, trainer and leader. Becoming a parent in 2014 both broke and broke me open, ushering intergenerational healing and cultural reclamation that continues today. A lifelong learner, I continue to journey along a path towards “Becoming a Good Ancestor” (credit: Layla Saad).
I am a second generation Korean-American born and raised on the unceded ancestral lands of the Dxʷdəwʔabš (Duwamish Tribe) and now live as a guest upon Mni Sóta Maḳoce, Dakota homeland. My relational approach is built upon 15+ years working with and alongside individuals, families and communities to nurture growth as an educator, coach, trainer and leader. Becoming a parent in 2014 both broke and broke me open, ushering intergenerational healing and cultural reclamation that continues today. A lifelong learner, I continue to journey along a path towards “Becoming a Good Ancestor” (credit: Layla Saad).
(651) 565-6262 View (651) 565-6262
Photo of Jason Skirry in Saint Paul, MN
Jason Skirry
MA, PhD, APPA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55118
Not accepting new clients
As a philosophical counselor, I use philosophical inquiry, art and literature, to help you examine your life and face the inevitable challenges of being human. I provide an open and safe space for you to explore, amend and support your values and beliefs. Through this process, new areas of insight, clarity, and creativity will open up for you. It will give you the chance to develop a coherent worldview or "philosophy of life" that can deeply inform, and bring joy to, your life.
As a philosophical counselor, I use philosophical inquiry, art and literature, to help you examine your life and face the inevitable challenges of being human. I provide an open and safe space for you to explore, amend and support your values and beliefs. Through this process, new areas of insight, clarity, and creativity will open up for you. It will give you the chance to develop a coherent worldview or "philosophy of life" that can deeply inform, and bring joy to, your life.
(651) 419-3973 View (651) 419-3973
Photo of Maya Mineoi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Maya Mineoi
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I accept out of pocket payment only, no insurance at this time. I come from a lineage of gardeners and musicians. I bring their values of creativity, attentiveness and slowing down into sessions. Because of my life experiences, it is important that any client I meet with supports racial justice and queer liberation. It gives me life to connect around finding moments of freedom, masking our differences, less and less.
I accept out of pocket payment only, no insurance at this time. I come from a lineage of gardeners and musicians. I bring their values of creativity, attentiveness and slowing down into sessions. Because of my life experiences, it is important that any client I meet with supports racial justice and queer liberation. It gives me life to connect around finding moments of freedom, masking our differences, less and less.
(651) 615-3484 View (651) 615-3484
Photo of Dr. Sasha Lerner, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Dr. Sasha Lerner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105  (Online Only)
I work with adults of all races, cultures, and walks of life, and I am welcoming of those who identify as LGBTQ. As your therapist, it is my privilege to accompany you through some of life’s most difficult and beautiful seasons. I cultivate a compassionate, affirming, and nonjudgmental environment where you will feel deeply heard and understood. Within this context, profound changes are possible.
I work with adults of all races, cultures, and walks of life, and I am welcoming of those who identify as LGBTQ. As your therapist, it is my privilege to accompany you through some of life’s most difficult and beautiful seasons. I cultivate a compassionate, affirming, and nonjudgmental environment where you will feel deeply heard and understood. Within this context, profound changes are possible.
(607) 251-0224 View (607) 251-0224
Photo of Jonathan Clark Hoistad, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Jonathan Clark Hoistad
Psychologist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Dr. Jonathan Hoistad has been involved with Developmental Psychology; Clinical Psychology; Health Psychology; and Neuropsychology. He has worked with children, adolescents, and families in a variety of settings. He is expert in Psychological evaluations for ADHD; Learning problems; and emotional problems. His doctoral research on Dialysis and Transplantation has prepared him to help people with medical problems and different surgical interventions. He is involved with NatalisOutcomes.org which measures emotional functioning over time to support people in their getting effective evidence based services.
Dr. Jonathan Hoistad has been involved with Developmental Psychology; Clinical Psychology; Health Psychology; and Neuropsychology. He has worked with children, adolescents, and families in a variety of settings. He is expert in Psychological evaluations for ADHD; Learning problems; and emotional problems. His doctoral research on Dialysis and Transplantation has prepared him to help people with medical problems and different surgical interventions. He is involved with NatalisOutcomes.org which measures emotional functioning over time to support people in their getting effective evidence based services.
(651) 800-6502 View (651) 800-6502
Photo of Kathleen Hove, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Kathleen Hove
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Therapy provides the powerful opportunity to connect with another person who knows what it's like to experience suffering but who also knows the way through it. It’s easy to feel alone during the painful parts of life such as when others hurt us, we let ourselves down, or plans don’t play out the way we hoped, but the reality is that all of us can relate to these moments because they are part of the human experience. As a fellow human, I can empathize with your suffering. As a therapist, I can help alleviate it with evidence-based treatments tailored to you.
Therapy provides the powerful opportunity to connect with another person who knows what it's like to experience suffering but who also knows the way through it. It’s easy to feel alone during the painful parts of life such as when others hurt us, we let ourselves down, or plans don’t play out the way we hoped, but the reality is that all of us can relate to these moments because they are part of the human experience. As a fellow human, I can empathize with your suffering. As a therapist, I can help alleviate it with evidence-based treatments tailored to you.
(651) 404-2104 View (651) 404-2104
Photo of Jim Wagner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Jim Wagner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
Finding your way through a difficult time or along the path of emotional healing isn’t easy. And going it alone is becoming too much. Some part of you that wants things to be better knows it’s time—time for deep inner healing, to feel more self-compassion, to better understand yourself, to relate with more dignity. I want to help you make the changes life is calling you to make and experience yourself and your relationships with more wholeness.
Finding your way through a difficult time or along the path of emotional healing isn’t easy. And going it alone is becoming too much. Some part of you that wants things to be better knows it’s time—time for deep inner healing, to feel more self-compassion, to better understand yourself, to relate with more dignity. I want to help you make the changes life is calling you to make and experience yourself and your relationships with more wholeness.
(612) 662-7251 View (612) 662-7251
Photo of Sanctuary Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Sanctuary Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LP, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55110
Feeling lost and alone, as if no one really understands how overwhelmed and helpless you feel? Do you have a hard time finding solutions to your problems because they seem so much bigger than you? Feeling stuck? At a new life stage and don't know who you are now? It takes courage to reach out for help, and you are already on your way to relief. Because I have been in practice for 30 years, I understand life transitions and the impact they have on our lives. I will partner with you and help you discover who you are now, what you want and how to get it, so you can stop struggling and start thriving. The best is yet to be.....
Feeling lost and alone, as if no one really understands how overwhelmed and helpless you feel? Do you have a hard time finding solutions to your problems because they seem so much bigger than you? Feeling stuck? At a new life stage and don't know who you are now? It takes courage to reach out for help, and you are already on your way to relief. Because I have been in practice for 30 years, I understand life transitions and the impact they have on our lives. I will partner with you and help you discover who you are now, what you want and how to get it, so you can stop struggling and start thriving. The best is yet to be.....
(612) 509-9733 View (612) 509-9733
Photo of Alix Bellus, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Alix Bellus
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
I strongly believe in the transformative power of therapy. I work with clients using curiosity and understanding to explore the roadblocks that keep them from becoming who they want to be. These roadblocks can be met with skills and tools or space to process, ultimately highlighting the client’s own ability to create change. Therapy should be unique to the individual. I am passionate about creating a collaborative therapeutic relationship, and am dedicated to finding the style of therapy that works best for each client. I use a blend of theoretical orientations and offer a direct, holistic, solution-focused lens.
I strongly believe in the transformative power of therapy. I work with clients using curiosity and understanding to explore the roadblocks that keep them from becoming who they want to be. These roadblocks can be met with skills and tools or space to process, ultimately highlighting the client’s own ability to create change. Therapy should be unique to the individual. I am passionate about creating a collaborative therapeutic relationship, and am dedicated to finding the style of therapy that works best for each client. I use a blend of theoretical orientations and offer a direct, holistic, solution-focused lens.
(952) 243-5211 x703 View (952) 243-5211 x703
Photo of Kenneth Freeman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Kenneth Freeman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Hello, my name is Kenneth Freeman. I am a dedicated licensed mental health counselor endeavoring to help people to be their best. I have been working in the mental health field since 2013. My personal and professional motto is to help people recognize the importance of mental health wellness through warmth, acceptance, and empathy. realize success begins with “one person” and the rewards from that can be profound. I am committed to developing a consistent and acceptable treatment plan(s) through a Cognitive Behavioral modality to support adults.
Hello, my name is Kenneth Freeman. I am a dedicated licensed mental health counselor endeavoring to help people to be their best. I have been working in the mental health field since 2013. My personal and professional motto is to help people recognize the importance of mental health wellness through warmth, acceptance, and empathy. realize success begins with “one person” and the rewards from that can be profound. I am committed to developing a consistent and acceptable treatment plan(s) through a Cognitive Behavioral modality to support adults.
(651) 565-6061 View (651) 565-6061
Photo of Sarah Ahn Lentz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Sarah Ahn Lentz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Not accepting new clients
I offer therapy for people looking for compassion, accountability, & even humor in their therapy journey. Leaning into my own life experiences, I aim to be radically curious about your unique perspectives and adaptations to life’s challenges. Through conversation we will examine patterns, explore values, clarify emotions, and sit with the complexity and duality within each person and the world around us. I welcome open conversations about race, gender, class, power, & sexuality. I invite exploration of how history, systems, and forces like current events & pop culture shape your life and inform your mental health & relationships.
I offer therapy for people looking for compassion, accountability, & even humor in their therapy journey. Leaning into my own life experiences, I aim to be radically curious about your unique perspectives and adaptations to life’s challenges. Through conversation we will examine patterns, explore values, clarify emotions, and sit with the complexity and duality within each person and the world around us. I welcome open conversations about race, gender, class, power, & sexuality. I invite exploration of how history, systems, and forces like current events & pop culture shape your life and inform your mental health & relationships.
View
Photo of Georgia DeMun, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Georgia DeMun
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
I really enjoy working with people from all walks of life. Specifically, I enjoy the treatment of anxiety, depression, working with adolescents, treating problems surrounding self-compassion and self-esteem, and stress management. I thoroughly enjoy working with LGBTQ+ people, as I identify as a fellow community member myself. I approach my work with children through an integrative lens. I believe children shape their world through play. Kiddos shine brightest when they are met with authenticity, validation, and compassion! Currently, I am accepting clients 18 years old and above only.
I really enjoy working with people from all walks of life. Specifically, I enjoy the treatment of anxiety, depression, working with adolescents, treating problems surrounding self-compassion and self-esteem, and stress management. I thoroughly enjoy working with LGBTQ+ people, as I identify as a fellow community member myself. I approach my work with children through an integrative lens. I believe children shape their world through play. Kiddos shine brightest when they are met with authenticity, validation, and compassion! Currently, I am accepting clients 18 years old and above only.
(651) 504-8953 View (651) 504-8953
Photo of Namu Integrative Therapy Services, LLC, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Namu Integrative Therapy Services, LLC
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Namu Integrative Therapy Services, LLC is a private practice dedicated to working with individuals around healing traumas and oppression through a holistic and decolonized lens. Our providers have experience working with BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ communities, marginalization, adoption (domestic, transnational, and transracial), foster care, complex and developmental trauma, grief, self-esteem, identity, spirituality, depression, anxiety, attachment, racial trauma and oppression, and somatic work.
Namu Integrative Therapy Services, LLC is a private practice dedicated to working with individuals around healing traumas and oppression through a holistic and decolonized lens. Our providers have experience working with BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ communities, marginalization, adoption (domestic, transnational, and transracial), foster care, complex and developmental trauma, grief, self-esteem, identity, spirituality, depression, anxiety, attachment, racial trauma and oppression, and somatic work.
(651) 888-8259 View (651) 888-8259
Photo of Paige Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Paige Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
I believe we all have had difficult experiences in our lives. These experiences can cause pain and suffering. Challenging experiences are something that we all share. I believe we can heal from these experiences and grow from them, becoming more of who we truly are and want to be. I intend to provide a compassionate, trusting environment to promote healing for all who work with me. I believe that in life, we all experience pain emotionally and physically. Healing is a skill I help you develop, and with practice, you will find relief from your pain, experience successful coping in daily life, and appreciate and enjoy your life.
I believe we all have had difficult experiences in our lives. These experiences can cause pain and suffering. Challenging experiences are something that we all share. I believe we can heal from these experiences and grow from them, becoming more of who we truly are and want to be. I intend to provide a compassionate, trusting environment to promote healing for all who work with me. I believe that in life, we all experience pain emotionally and physically. Healing is a skill I help you develop, and with practice, you will find relief from your pain, experience successful coping in daily life, and appreciate and enjoy your life.
(651) 240-6796 View (651) 240-6796
Photo of Lauren Barnes, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Saint Paul, MN
Lauren Barnes
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Struggling with mental health? Relationship difficulties? Whether you're seeking therapy for yourself, your relationship, or for your entire family system, I'm here to help. I use a client-centered approach and believe therapy works best when compassion, empathy, and humor are in the mix.
Struggling with mental health? Relationship difficulties? Whether you're seeking therapy for yourself, your relationship, or for your entire family system, I'm here to help. I use a client-centered approach and believe therapy works best when compassion, empathy, and humor are in the mix.
(651) 615-5209 View (651) 615-5209
Photo of Sunita Khosa, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Sunita Khosa
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Individual therapy is one of the first and most significant steps a person can take to start making positive changes in their lives. I work with my clients to provide a safe and open space to explore current challenges and their impact on daily life. I value the importance of a therapeutic relationship and focus on building personable rapport with my clients in order to establish trust and acceptance. Together we work to create the small building blocks that help you work towards their goals in a realistic and manageable way.
Individual therapy is one of the first and most significant steps a person can take to start making positive changes in their lives. I work with my clients to provide a safe and open space to explore current challenges and their impact on daily life. I value the importance of a therapeutic relationship and focus on building personable rapport with my clients in order to establish trust and acceptance. Together we work to create the small building blocks that help you work towards their goals in a realistic and manageable way.
(763) 373-7480 View (763) 373-7480

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.