Therapists in Washington, DC

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Photo of Lisa Ghali, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Lisa Ghali
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C, MSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20010  (Online Only)
As a holistic therapist, I work collaboratively with my clients, building on their strengths to help them reach their full potential. With a Masters in both clinical and macro Social Work from New York University, I've been applying my skills to support individuals and organizations since 2006. With extensive international experience, I've worked with diverse people and cultures, fostering a non-judgmental space for each individual to share their unique story.
As a holistic therapist, I work collaboratively with my clients, building on their strengths to help them reach their full potential. With a Masters in both clinical and macro Social Work from New York University, I've been applying my skills to support individuals and organizations since 2006. With extensive international experience, I've worked with diverse people and cultures, fostering a non-judgmental space for each individual to share their unique story.
(202) 952-2705 View (202) 952-2705
Photo of Paul J. Schmidt, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Paul J. Schmidt
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
I am a licensed clinical psychologist practicing near Dupont Circle in Washington, DC with training from the George Washington University and the Washington Baltimore Center for Psychoanalysis. I have been successful in helping adolescents and adults coping with issues such as stress/anxiety, depression, and relationship challenges alleviate their discomfort. I put a high premium on creating a non-judgmental, safe environment where we can collaboratively explore life patterns that cause pain and sadness as I work to empower patients to establish more positive coping strategies that will lead to lasting relief.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist practicing near Dupont Circle in Washington, DC with training from the George Washington University and the Washington Baltimore Center for Psychoanalysis. I have been successful in helping adolescents and adults coping with issues such as stress/anxiety, depression, and relationship challenges alleviate their discomfort. I put a high premium on creating a non-judgmental, safe environment where we can collaboratively explore life patterns that cause pain and sadness as I work to empower patients to establish more positive coping strategies that will lead to lasting relief.
(202) 883-6093 View (202) 883-6093
Photo of Celebration Of Life Healing Practice- Valerie A Noblin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Celebration Of Life Healing Practice- Valerie A Noblin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20017  (Online Only)
One thing that I feel most accomplished about is being able to effectively “hold a space” for my clients who are in the midst of personal transitions that are affecting their mood and behavior. Often times, individuals are seeking security, acceptance and validation to delve into their innermost thoughts and feelings in an attempt to understand the "how and why" of particular circumstances. Our emotional wounds have a story to tell, lessons to convey. Therapy provides an opportunity to "hear, feel and see" our experiences in a way that guides us to discover meaning, purpose and ways to integrate the insights gained.
One thing that I feel most accomplished about is being able to effectively “hold a space” for my clients who are in the midst of personal transitions that are affecting their mood and behavior. Often times, individuals are seeking security, acceptance and validation to delve into their innermost thoughts and feelings in an attempt to understand the "how and why" of particular circumstances. Our emotional wounds have a story to tell, lessons to convey. Therapy provides an opportunity to "hear, feel and see" our experiences in a way that guides us to discover meaning, purpose and ways to integrate the insights gained.
(855) 862-2392 View (855) 862-2392
Photo of Rebecca Kim, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Rebecca Kim
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
I specialize in working with clients experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and self-worth, trauma, and family of origin concerns. Often clients are discovering that their ways of coping with their emotions, their past experiences, and their relationships are no longer effective or healthy. Therapy is an opportunity to recognize and untangle patterns in order to have healthier coping strategies and a healthier relationship with yourself.
I specialize in working with clients experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and self-worth, trauma, and family of origin concerns. Often clients are discovering that their ways of coping with their emotions, their past experiences, and their relationships are no longer effective or healthy. Therapy is an opportunity to recognize and untangle patterns in order to have healthier coping strategies and a healthier relationship with yourself.
(202) 866-5490 View (202) 866-5490
Photo of Lynn Hamerling, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Lynn Hamerling
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20008
Are you suffering from low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, shame or perhaps even self-loathing? These feelings can make it extremely difficult to seek the very treatment which might offer relief and change. It can feel risky and sometimes exquisitely shameful to reveal oneself to a another person. I can help reduce your shame and make the therapeutic process more bearable and productive. Together we will look honestly and fully at your conflicts, strengths, relationships and experiences - in a manner that is gentle, yet steadfast; warm, yet serious; and attentive to you in all your individual complexity.
Are you suffering from low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, shame or perhaps even self-loathing? These feelings can make it extremely difficult to seek the very treatment which might offer relief and change. It can feel risky and sometimes exquisitely shameful to reveal oneself to a another person. I can help reduce your shame and make the therapeutic process more bearable and productive. Together we will look honestly and fully at your conflicts, strengths, relationships and experiences - in a manner that is gentle, yet steadfast; warm, yet serious; and attentive to you in all your individual complexity.
(202) 722-1507 View (202) 722-1507
Photo of Victoria Campbell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Victoria Campbell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
Do you have so much on your mind all at once that it is difficult to understand it all and communicate your thoughts and feelings? Do you feel overwhelmed with life changes and need someone to process them with? Do you just need a non-judgmental space to explore your inner thoughts and emotions?
Do you have so much on your mind all at once that it is difficult to understand it all and communicate your thoughts and feelings? Do you feel overwhelmed with life changes and need someone to process them with? Do you just need a non-judgmental space to explore your inner thoughts and emotions?
(202) 517-0843 View (202) 517-0843
Photo of Niya Lewis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Niya Lewis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20002  (Online Only)
Anxiety underlies most behaviors and life decisions. I specialize in working with individuals contending with anxiety, job stress, burnout, depression, and life transitions. I use techniques and interventions from a variety of person centered, emotion-focused, and mind-body therapies to increase my clients resiliency and ability to cope with life's challenges. I help clients find meaning and purpose in their daily lives and assist them in identifying and meeting personal goals.
Anxiety underlies most behaviors and life decisions. I specialize in working with individuals contending with anxiety, job stress, burnout, depression, and life transitions. I use techniques and interventions from a variety of person centered, emotion-focused, and mind-body therapies to increase my clients resiliency and ability to cope with life's challenges. I help clients find meaning and purpose in their daily lives and assist them in identifying and meeting personal goals.
(202) 499-6568 View (202) 499-6568
Photo of Beth A Parker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Beth A Parker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009
I work with people who would like to feel more satisfaction and less distress within themselves and in their relationships with others. My clients’ concerns often include depression and anxiety, emotional distress, or traumatic experiences as an adult or in childhood. I have extensive experience supporting the needs of LGBTQIA and heterosexual people who are family building, have had challenges in their path to parenthood, or challenges during the perinatal or postpartum/post adoption period. You can visit my website at www.BethParkerLICSW.com for more information about me.
I work with people who would like to feel more satisfaction and less distress within themselves and in their relationships with others. My clients’ concerns often include depression and anxiety, emotional distress, or traumatic experiences as an adult or in childhood. I have extensive experience supporting the needs of LGBTQIA and heterosexual people who are family building, have had challenges in their path to parenthood, or challenges during the perinatal or postpartum/post adoption period. You can visit my website at www.BethParkerLICSW.com for more information about me.
(202) 600-9607 View (202) 600-9607
Photo of Tiffany Jerinsky, Counselor in Washington, DC
Tiffany Jerinsky
Counselor, MS, LGPC, CTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
I am a counselor with years of experience working with clients who are managing depression, anxiety, and chronic illnesses. I have specialized training in working with those who experience interpersonal violence and sexual assault/abuse. When an individual survives a trauma or hardship it can be extremely difficult to cope and obtain fulfillment. Whatever the struggle is I believe in helping clients identify their strengths in order to overcome the obstacle.
I am a counselor with years of experience working with clients who are managing depression, anxiety, and chronic illnesses. I have specialized training in working with those who experience interpersonal violence and sexual assault/abuse. When an individual survives a trauma or hardship it can be extremely difficult to cope and obtain fulfillment. Whatever the struggle is I believe in helping clients identify their strengths in order to overcome the obstacle.
(202) 301-8321 View (202) 301-8321
Photo of Merav Auzenne, Counselor in Washington, DC
Merav Auzenne
Counselor, LGPC, MA
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Merav Auzenne. I have been a Professional Counselor and Family Marriage Therapist since 2011. I work with individuals, couples, and families. I specialize in working with individuals who are going through a career adjustment, life transition, or are experiencing postpartum, depression, divorce, PTSD, identity issues, low self-esteem, and anxiety. I have experience working with mixed-race, multicultural, and orthodox couples on various issues like communication skills, conflict resolution, and emotional connection.
Hi, my name is Merav Auzenne. I have been a Professional Counselor and Family Marriage Therapist since 2011. I work with individuals, couples, and families. I specialize in working with individuals who are going through a career adjustment, life transition, or are experiencing postpartum, depression, divorce, PTSD, identity issues, low self-esteem, and anxiety. I have experience working with mixed-race, multicultural, and orthodox couples on various issues like communication skills, conflict resolution, and emotional connection.
(833) 590-1642 View (833) 590-1642
Photo of Shrink Me Not, Counselor in Washington, DC
Shrink Me Not
Counselor, LPC, LCPC, LGPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20005
Life can throw all kinds of twists and turns in our path. However, despite our best attempts at juggling the twists and turns, we can find ourselves overwhelmed with stress, anxious about the future, depressed about our lack of resources and feeling downright tired. When this happens, all we want to do is pull the covers over our head and hide but we keep pressing forward because SOMETHING'S got to give! Shrink Me Not can help!
Life can throw all kinds of twists and turns in our path. However, despite our best attempts at juggling the twists and turns, we can find ourselves overwhelmed with stress, anxious about the future, depressed about our lack of resources and feeling downright tired. When this happens, all we want to do is pull the covers over our head and hide but we keep pressing forward because SOMETHING'S got to give! Shrink Me Not can help!
(202) 902-9961 View (202) 902-9961
Photo of Melissa Erickson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Melissa Erickson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20012
If life's challenges have become overwhelming, I would love to help you lean in to your innate capacity for healing. As an Internal Family Systems trained practitioner, I will help you foster curiosity for all the parts of yourself in a nonjudgmental, supportive way. I will help you understand your protective mechanisms and dig deeper to release burdens of belief and help you heal old wounds. I strive to maintain an anti-oppressive practice, which often begins with acknowledging our shared and differing relationships to power and privilege. If this approach is what you've been looking for, schedule a consultation today!
If life's challenges have become overwhelming, I would love to help you lean in to your innate capacity for healing. As an Internal Family Systems trained practitioner, I will help you foster curiosity for all the parts of yourself in a nonjudgmental, supportive way. I will help you understand your protective mechanisms and dig deeper to release burdens of belief and help you heal old wounds. I strive to maintain an anti-oppressive practice, which often begins with acknowledging our shared and differing relationships to power and privilege. If this approach is what you've been looking for, schedule a consultation today!
(202) 899-8505 View (202) 899-8505
Photo of Heather Lyle Cassidy, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Heather Lyle Cassidy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20008
I’m a clinical psychologist specializing in understanding relationships, both with yourself and with others. I graduated from a psychology doctoral program in 2004 and have worked at psychiatric and health rehabilitation hospitals, community mental health center, and long term care facilities, treating adolescents, adults and seniors. I have had a full- time private practice for over 13 years.
I’m a clinical psychologist specializing in understanding relationships, both with yourself and with others. I graduated from a psychology doctoral program in 2004 and have worked at psychiatric and health rehabilitation hospitals, community mental health center, and long term care facilities, treating adolescents, adults and seniors. I have had a full- time private practice for over 13 years.
(202) 251-5197 View (202) 251-5197
Photo of Krystin Harper, Counselor in Washington, DC
Krystin Harper
Counselor, MA, LGPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20037
Life can feel so hard sometimes - that is ok! Often the most challenging moments provide the space to slow down, appreciate all you have endured, and take steps to create truly meaningful and lasting change. Together, with kindness and a bit of humor, I will help to empower your resilience and capacity to live a joyful and fulfilling life. I am passionate about supporting both individuals and couples. My work is rooted in a holistic, person-centered approach to healing. I will treat you with empathy, create a non-judgmental environment in which you feel safe and heard, and work to understand your lived experiences.
Life can feel so hard sometimes - that is ok! Often the most challenging moments provide the space to slow down, appreciate all you have endured, and take steps to create truly meaningful and lasting change. Together, with kindness and a bit of humor, I will help to empower your resilience and capacity to live a joyful and fulfilling life. I am passionate about supporting both individuals and couples. My work is rooted in a holistic, person-centered approach to healing. I will treat you with empathy, create a non-judgmental environment in which you feel safe and heard, and work to understand your lived experiences.
(202) 866-5172 x2 View (202) 866-5172 x2
Photo of Bryce W Phillips, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Bryce W Phillips
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036
I realize that for an individual to take the first steps toward looking inward at various psychological conflicts may be an anxiety-provoking process in and of itself, may even be a sense of relief, or a combination of the two. Through my professional training and experience in various treatment settings, I have had the honor to work with individuals and provide them the respect, privacy, and confidentiality that I believe every human being deserves. I focus on providing a safe, trusting, and confidential environment in which one may gain insight and understanding and ultimately grow through this therapeutic relationship.
I realize that for an individual to take the first steps toward looking inward at various psychological conflicts may be an anxiety-provoking process in and of itself, may even be a sense of relief, or a combination of the two. Through my professional training and experience in various treatment settings, I have had the honor to work with individuals and provide them the respect, privacy, and confidentiality that I believe every human being deserves. I focus on providing a safe, trusting, and confidential environment in which one may gain insight and understanding and ultimately grow through this therapeutic relationship.
(202) 455-6915 View (202) 455-6915
Photo of Amanda Slatus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Amanda Slatus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20002
Not accepting new clients
Therapy is a unique experience for each person. It helps you learn yourself, your relationships (past and present), and how you interact with the world. It is a place of self healing and understanding. It is a place to find safety and refuge to manage stress,anger, guilt, anxiety, overwhelming feelings, trauma, interpersonal conflict, and significant life events. I work with youth and adults to help address these issues. I am trained as a psychodynamic therapist, practicing from a relational standpoint. I use several clinical approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, attachment theory, and trauma focused therapy as needed.
Therapy is a unique experience for each person. It helps you learn yourself, your relationships (past and present), and how you interact with the world. It is a place of self healing and understanding. It is a place to find safety and refuge to manage stress,anger, guilt, anxiety, overwhelming feelings, trauma, interpersonal conflict, and significant life events. I work with youth and adults to help address these issues. I am trained as a psychodynamic therapist, practicing from a relational standpoint. I use several clinical approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, attachment theory, and trauma focused therapy as needed.
(667) 217-1023 View (667) 217-1023
Photo of Jalyn McDermott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Jalyn McDermott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Thank you for considering my assistance during this time in your life. I have experience with children and adults, in school, correctional and community settings providing behavior support services, intensive in-home services, crisis support, couples therapy and parenting education. In my years of experience, I have become a person-centered, culturally competent, ethically sound therapist who uses a realistic approach to empower my clients and help them be intentional with how they are showing up for themselves and in their lives
Thank you for considering my assistance during this time in your life. I have experience with children and adults, in school, correctional and community settings providing behavior support services, intensive in-home services, crisis support, couples therapy and parenting education. In my years of experience, I have become a person-centered, culturally competent, ethically sound therapist who uses a realistic approach to empower my clients and help them be intentional with how they are showing up for themselves and in their lives
(844) 708-3937 View (844) 708-3937
Photo of Eric Anthony Slaughter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Washington, DC
Eric Anthony Slaughter
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20005
I focus on empowering you and your family to heal, cope, recover, and grow. My vision is that relationships form the basis for a balanced life. The concept of family therapy is almost simple. The idea is to consider the entire family/community context of how we develop, manage choices, and build relationships. For example, when working with children, I also include parents and siblings along the way. I will often even consider history as far back as the womb, e.g. was your mom anxious or stressed during her pregnancy with you? It is an adventure that you will author.
I focus on empowering you and your family to heal, cope, recover, and grow. My vision is that relationships form the basis for a balanced life. The concept of family therapy is almost simple. The idea is to consider the entire family/community context of how we develop, manage choices, and build relationships. For example, when working with children, I also include parents and siblings along the way. I will often even consider history as far back as the womb, e.g. was your mom anxious or stressed during her pregnancy with you? It is an adventure that you will author.
(202) 836-6882 View (202) 836-6882
Photo of Sid Binks, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Sid Binks
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP-CN
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20008
Ideal clients are those who are looking for help and feel ready to challenge themselves and are ready for change. Issues of happiness, fulfullment, identity development, sexual orientation, gender, addiction, anxiety, depression and psychosis are some of the typical things clients bring into treatment.
Ideal clients are those who are looking for help and feel ready to challenge themselves and are ready for change. Issues of happiness, fulfullment, identity development, sexual orientation, gender, addiction, anxiety, depression and psychosis are some of the typical things clients bring into treatment.
(844) 931-3479 View (844) 931-3479
Photo of Lori Shapiro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Lori Shapiro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, lCISWC, AASECT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009
HeartWerq Lori Shapiro, LICSW Senior Clinician Clinical Social Worker, Certified Sex Therapist, Marriage and Couples Therapist (She/Her) Lori Shapiro is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Supervisor with more than 20 years of experience. Her practice focuses on working with individuals, couples, and families on a variety of issues, including couples counseling, sex therapy, relationship difficulties, sexual and gender identity support, as well as unique individual challenges. Lori has received degrees from Florida Atlantic University and Barry University (Master’s in Social Work) and also has a certification in sex therapy f
HeartWerq Lori Shapiro, LICSW Senior Clinician Clinical Social Worker, Certified Sex Therapist, Marriage and Couples Therapist (She/Her) Lori Shapiro is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Supervisor with more than 20 years of experience. Her practice focuses on working with individuals, couples, and families on a variety of issues, including couples counseling, sex therapy, relationship difficulties, sexual and gender identity support, as well as unique individual challenges. Lori has received degrees from Florida Atlantic University and Barry University (Master’s in Social Work) and also has a certification in sex therapy f
(240) 669-2573 View (240) 669-2573

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Washington, DC

2,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Washington, DC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% BlueCross and BlueShield
57% CareFirst
53% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Washington, DC see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Washington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.