Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Rachel Berg, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Rachel Berg
Counselor, LCPC, CADC
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613
I believe in your innate capacity for change and growth. With warmth and empathy, I'll guide you in understanding patterns that may hinder your life. I offer tailored support for sexual concerns and relationship issues. Together, we'll address challenges and empower your journey to a more fulfilling life. Your potential for transformation starts here. Contact me to begin.
I believe in your innate capacity for change and growth. With warmth and empathy, I'll guide you in understanding patterns that may hinder your life. I offer tailored support for sexual concerns and relationship issues. Together, we'll address challenges and empower your journey to a more fulfilling life. Your potential for transformation starts here. Contact me to begin.
(872) 395-6308 View (872) 395-6308
Photo of Molly Adams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Molly Adams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60626  (Online Only)
Taking the first step to engage in counseling is a courageous one. I’m so glad you’re here! I am committed to guiding you toward self-discovery, healing, and empowerment. I bring a compassionate and client-centered approach to therapy, allowing you to explore your thoughts, emotions, and relationships in a safe, non-judgmental space.
Taking the first step to engage in counseling is a courageous one. I’m so glad you’re here! I am committed to guiding you toward self-discovery, healing, and empowerment. I bring a compassionate and client-centered approach to therapy, allowing you to explore your thoughts, emotions, and relationships in a safe, non-judgmental space.
(312) 414-4907 View (312) 414-4907
Photo of Janelle Maloney, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chicago, IL
Janelle Maloney
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, ALMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
I am a Marriage and Family Therapist who works with adolescents and adults, focusing on life-stage transitions, mood disorders, relationship conflict, and families with special needs.
I am a Marriage and Family Therapist who works with adolescents and adults, focusing on life-stage transitions, mood disorders, relationship conflict, and families with special needs.
(312) 883-9336 View (312) 883-9336
Photo of Karina Rodriguez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Karina Rodriguez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60609  (Online Only)
Hola, my name is Karina Rodriguez. I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker (LCSW), fluent in English and Spanish, with a background of working with adolescents and families in various situations including inpatient and partial hospitalization, residential facilities, private practice, and DCFS. I use a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. I explore thoughts and their relationship to their emotions, believing that our interpretation of events creates our reality and contributes to the development of feelings that cause discomfort and distress.
Hola, my name is Karina Rodriguez. I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker (LCSW), fluent in English and Spanish, with a background of working with adolescents and families in various situations including inpatient and partial hospitalization, residential facilities, private practice, and DCFS. I use a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. I explore thoughts and their relationship to their emotions, believing that our interpretation of events creates our reality and contributes to the development of feelings that cause discomfort and distress.
(309) 727-3842 View (309) 727-3842
Photo of Samekquel McGill, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Samekquel McGill
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60607  (Online Only)
Welcome and congratulations on your decision to take the first steps to becoming a better you. I look forward to journeying with you as we explore, unpack and begin to elicit change. My name is Samekquel McGill with over five years of experience working with children, families, teens and adults experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma and life transitions.
Welcome and congratulations on your decision to take the first steps to becoming a better you. I look forward to journeying with you as we explore, unpack and begin to elicit change. My name is Samekquel McGill with over five years of experience working with children, families, teens and adults experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma and life transitions.
(773) 694-4351 View (773) 694-4351
Photo of Collin Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Collin Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
“If you want to go quickly, go alone. But, if you want to go far, go together.” Life is like an arena, and sometimes we want to throw in the towel. Sometimes we don’t see ourselves where we want to be in our lives or careers. We have habits we can’t break. Our relationships leave us frustrated. Or they don’t exist at all. We’re tired, lonely, and overwhelmed. Maybe it seems like the only one to blame is ourselves. But… We Always Have A Choice! It’s my mission to help you learn to take the reins of your life. Together, we will maximize your chances for success, your sense of fulfillment, and your freedom to choose for yourself.
“If you want to go quickly, go alone. But, if you want to go far, go together.” Life is like an arena, and sometimes we want to throw in the towel. Sometimes we don’t see ourselves where we want to be in our lives or careers. We have habits we can’t break. Our relationships leave us frustrated. Or they don’t exist at all. We’re tired, lonely, and overwhelmed. Maybe it seems like the only one to blame is ourselves. But… We Always Have A Choice! It’s my mission to help you learn to take the reins of your life. Together, we will maximize your chances for success, your sense of fulfillment, and your freedom to choose for yourself.
(312) 584-2100 View (312) 584-2100
Photo of Alison Hirshorn, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Alison Hirshorn
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601
Not accepting new clients
I believe we all have the potential to thrive in life. Along the way, we may get blocked, feel stuck or overwhelmed, and need guidance & support at different times. I provide a collaborative space and relationship to help you heal, grow, and thrive. I view therapy as a healthy form of mind-body wellness. Each person has their own story, and I'd like to hear yours.
I believe we all have the potential to thrive in life. Along the way, we may get blocked, feel stuck or overwhelmed, and need guidance & support at different times. I provide a collaborative space and relationship to help you heal, grow, and thrive. I view therapy as a healthy form of mind-body wellness. Each person has their own story, and I'd like to hear yours.
(312) 471-9550 View (312) 471-9550
Photo of Wendi Lev, LCSW, ACSW, CADC-Lev Counseling Chicago, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Wendi Lev, LCSW, ACSW, CADC-Lev Counseling Chicago
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW, CADC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
Are you the person you want to be? Are you having difficulty in your relationship or career? Do you often feel as if you are not good enough? As a man, do you avoid or deny your feelings? Are you stung by a recent breakup/divorce? Ask yourself a different question. Are you ready to feel empowered and thrive? My goal is to help you increase self-awareness & make positive lasting changes in thoughts and behavior. I provide integrated therapy and consulting customized to your unique situation, goals, personality, strengths, and history. To help you become a better version of yourself and reach your unlimited potential.
Are you the person you want to be? Are you having difficulty in your relationship or career? Do you often feel as if you are not good enough? As a man, do you avoid or deny your feelings? Are you stung by a recent breakup/divorce? Ask yourself a different question. Are you ready to feel empowered and thrive? My goal is to help you increase self-awareness & make positive lasting changes in thoughts and behavior. I provide integrated therapy and consulting customized to your unique situation, goals, personality, strengths, and history. To help you become a better version of yourself and reach your unlimited potential.
(773) 312-7918 View (773) 312-7918
Photo of Francesco Belviso, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Francesco Belviso
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
I offer engaged, purposeful therapy, focusing on relationships, professional and academic challenges, and life transitions. My specialty lies in supporting adults as they navigate increasing responsibilities in their careers while also managing personal life phases such as dating, marriage, parenting, and losses. Many of my clients are dealing with stress, anxiety, sadness, or depression. I integrate current research and traditional approaches: many clients find value in acquiring skills for emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness, while others explore larger issues related to their personal values and life's purpose.
I offer engaged, purposeful therapy, focusing on relationships, professional and academic challenges, and life transitions. My specialty lies in supporting adults as they navigate increasing responsibilities in their careers while also managing personal life phases such as dating, marriage, parenting, and losses. Many of my clients are dealing with stress, anxiety, sadness, or depression. I integrate current research and traditional approaches: many clients find value in acquiring skills for emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness, while others explore larger issues related to their personal values and life's purpose.
(773) 530-2633 View (773) 530-2633
Photo of Kayo Curra, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Kayo Curra
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
I believe that, for the most part, we’re all doing our best. But I also believe that people are often capable of much more than we tend to give ourselves credit for, because it can be hard to find the power and strength we have inside ourselves when we feel unseen and unheard. I think that’s why therapy can be such an important and effective intervention for a lot of people. I never want a client to feel like they have to be in therapy forever, but I’m happy to stay in the journey with them as long as they want to be there.
I believe that, for the most part, we’re all doing our best. But I also believe that people are often capable of much more than we tend to give ourselves credit for, because it can be hard to find the power and strength we have inside ourselves when we feel unseen and unheard. I think that’s why therapy can be such an important and effective intervention for a lot of people. I never want a client to feel like they have to be in therapy forever, but I’m happy to stay in the journey with them as long as they want to be there.
(773) 309-6459 View (773) 309-6459
Photo of Ryan Higgins, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Ryan Higgins
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60604
I enjoy meeting with people who are new to therapy and at the beginning stages of their journey. Understandably you may be unsure about therapy or possibly skeptical of how talking to a professional can be useful. For those who have experience with therapy, I am not a therapist that "just listens". I think it's more beneficial if I am engaged and communicating my assessment of your situation. The initial session typically focuses on current details and relevant back history. If you have experienced trauma or PTSD symptoms, my initial focus is to help you regulate your emotional responses before discussing the details of the trauma.
I enjoy meeting with people who are new to therapy and at the beginning stages of their journey. Understandably you may be unsure about therapy or possibly skeptical of how talking to a professional can be useful. For those who have experience with therapy, I am not a therapist that "just listens". I think it's more beneficial if I am engaged and communicating my assessment of your situation. The initial session typically focuses on current details and relevant back history. If you have experienced trauma or PTSD symptoms, my initial focus is to help you regulate your emotional responses before discussing the details of the trauma.
(312) 360-1983 View (312) 360-1983
Photo of Sherri Williamson, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Sherri Williamson
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60605  (Online Only)
Psychotherapy requires time and patience to work through the struggles that we've experienced, which can stem from years of unresolved inner conflict and pain. The therapeutic process can help reduce symptoms, overcome challenges and implement healing and positive change. Clients can become more introspective as well as insightful as they gain knowledge and understanding in how they are the authors of their life story.
Psychotherapy requires time and patience to work through the struggles that we've experienced, which can stem from years of unresolved inner conflict and pain. The therapeutic process can help reduce symptoms, overcome challenges and implement healing and positive change. Clients can become more introspective as well as insightful as they gain knowledge and understanding in how they are the authors of their life story.
(224) 999-4611 View (224) 999-4611
Photo of Gabi Granoff, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Gabi Granoff
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640
Being a warm, collaborative, humorous, and grounded psychotherapist is essential to my work. I believe that relationships are at the core of the human experience. I specialize in treating children, adolescents, young adults and families who are struggling with life transitions, depression, anxiety, and reactions to trauma. The clients I work with are often seeking support in deepening connections with others and within themselves. My goal is to support my clients by providing a safe, accepting environment for self-exploration, and to help them remain grounded and find peace as they manage complex life stressors.
Being a warm, collaborative, humorous, and grounded psychotherapist is essential to my work. I believe that relationships are at the core of the human experience. I specialize in treating children, adolescents, young adults and families who are struggling with life transitions, depression, anxiety, and reactions to trauma. The clients I work with are often seeking support in deepening connections with others and within themselves. My goal is to support my clients by providing a safe, accepting environment for self-exploration, and to help them remain grounded and find peace as they manage complex life stressors.
(312) 210-0303 View (312) 210-0303
Photo of Wioleta Koziol, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Wioleta Koziol
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60618
A certain level of disillusionment exists when your external world doesn't match your internal one. Restless and intrusive thoughts may be hindering your everyday joys or harsh flashbacks affecting your presence and sense of safety. A certain level of growth is wanted, but the pathway how to get there may seem unclear or too difficult. I can help by building upon your already-existing skills and resilience to decrease your shame-narrative with a healthier mental paradigm. I incorporate somatic and experiential techniques into sessions to aid in addressing and processing chronic and pervasive trauma.
A certain level of disillusionment exists when your external world doesn't match your internal one. Restless and intrusive thoughts may be hindering your everyday joys or harsh flashbacks affecting your presence and sense of safety. A certain level of growth is wanted, but the pathway how to get there may seem unclear or too difficult. I can help by building upon your already-existing skills and resilience to decrease your shame-narrative with a healthier mental paradigm. I incorporate somatic and experiential techniques into sessions to aid in addressing and processing chronic and pervasive trauma.
(773) 906-4186 View (773) 906-4186
Photo of Maggie Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Maggie Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
I work with adults, couples, adolescents and families around issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, grief/loss, infertility and trauma. I have been trained in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT). My clients describe my approach as warm and supportive yet straightforward. My goal is to help clients better understand their past so they can make positive changes for their future. I believe in empowering my clients to live their best lives and tailor my approach to each individual or family. I truly love the work that I do and I believe that comes through to my clients in the work that we do together.
I work with adults, couples, adolescents and families around issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, grief/loss, infertility and trauma. I have been trained in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT). My clients describe my approach as warm and supportive yet straightforward. My goal is to help clients better understand their past so they can make positive changes for their future. I believe in empowering my clients to live their best lives and tailor my approach to each individual or family. I truly love the work that I do and I believe that comes through to my clients in the work that we do together.
(773) 570-6914 View (773) 570-6914
Photo of Kyle Tacia, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Kyle Tacia
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
My number one priority, above everything else, is to making therapy an approachable and enjoyable endeavor. I am open to working with adult clients of all genders and sexual orietations. I regulary work with anxiety, stress, relationship issues, as well as life transitions. I am experienced in working with LGBTQIA individuals and use an affirming approach. I also enjoy working specifically with men stuggling with sexual functioning, intimacy issues, and anger management.
My number one priority, above everything else, is to making therapy an approachable and enjoyable endeavor. I am open to working with adult clients of all genders and sexual orietations. I regulary work with anxiety, stress, relationship issues, as well as life transitions. I am experienced in working with LGBTQIA individuals and use an affirming approach. I also enjoy working specifically with men stuggling with sexual functioning, intimacy issues, and anger management.
(872) 278-1734 x500 View (872) 278-1734 x500
Photo of Antonio J Wheeler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Antonio J Wheeler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60609  (Online Only)
Antonio J. Wheeler Jr., Licensed Clinical Social Worker & Certified Alcohol & Drug Counselor, is a humble servant facilitating the space for change and resilience. Mr. Wheeler's focus is to understand what has happened to you and empower individuals to reach self-actualization and sustain being anchored in wellness. Antonio J. Wheeler Jr., started his professional career over a decade ago in 2009 in the Mental Health field as a substance abuse counselor. He is committed to providing the highest quality of resilience focused behavioral based therapeutic outpatient services. His purpose is to facilitate the space for change.
Antonio J. Wheeler Jr., Licensed Clinical Social Worker & Certified Alcohol & Drug Counselor, is a humble servant facilitating the space for change and resilience. Mr. Wheeler's focus is to understand what has happened to you and empower individuals to reach self-actualization and sustain being anchored in wellness. Antonio J. Wheeler Jr., started his professional career over a decade ago in 2009 in the Mental Health field as a substance abuse counselor. He is committed to providing the highest quality of resilience focused behavioral based therapeutic outpatient services. His purpose is to facilitate the space for change.
(773) 900-7262 View (773) 900-7262
Photo of Sean M. Dowdy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Sean M. Dowdy
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
The willingness to examine oneself—with honesty, curiosity, wonder, but also ambivalence and doubt—might be one of the bravest achievements of any human life. Acknowledging and respecting that courage in clients is my first sacred duty as a therapist. From there, we talk. We explore the unconscious dynamics of your life. We work together on getting un-stuck, grasping the multiple ways we can live with others on this beautiful yet fragile world, and building something new for yourself and for future generations.
The willingness to examine oneself—with honesty, curiosity, wonder, but also ambivalence and doubt—might be one of the bravest achievements of any human life. Acknowledging and respecting that courage in clients is my first sacred duty as a therapist. From there, we talk. We explore the unconscious dynamics of your life. We work together on getting un-stuck, grasping the multiple ways we can live with others on this beautiful yet fragile world, and building something new for yourself and for future generations.
(312) 854-8588 View (312) 854-8588
Photo of Yue Li, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Yue Li
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
It takes great courage to live out our authentic selves, find wisdom underneath our emotions, and repair and transform relationships that are close to heart. I admire your strength and humanity. As a counseling psychologist, researcher, and professor, I received doctoral and postdoctoral training in individual, couple, family, and group psychotherapy. As an immigrant, I witness life and culture in its nuances and complexities. I believe (and research shows) that, built upon a safe and trusting relationship, therapy can effectively support people to find clarity, authenticity, and resolution through the richness of our life journeys.
It takes great courage to live out our authentic selves, find wisdom underneath our emotions, and repair and transform relationships that are close to heart. I admire your strength and humanity. As a counseling psychologist, researcher, and professor, I received doctoral and postdoctoral training in individual, couple, family, and group psychotherapy. As an immigrant, I witness life and culture in its nuances and complexities. I believe (and research shows) that, built upon a safe and trusting relationship, therapy can effectively support people to find clarity, authenticity, and resolution through the richness of our life journeys.
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Photo of Leana Lopez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Leana Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60618
My ideal client seeks support in overcoming personal challenges and achieving positive change. They desire understanding, guidance, and encouragement to navigate their issues, whether mental health struggles, relationship conflicts, or self-esteem issues. They crave validation and empathy while striving to uncover their strengths and aspirations. Their ultimate goal is to lead a fulfilling life aligned with their values, empowered by newfound insights and resilience.
My ideal client seeks support in overcoming personal challenges and achieving positive change. They desire understanding, guidance, and encouragement to navigate their issues, whether mental health struggles, relationship conflicts, or self-esteem issues. They crave validation and empathy while striving to uncover their strengths and aspirations. Their ultimate goal is to lead a fulfilling life aligned with their values, empowered by newfound insights and resilience.
(773) 692-1676 View (773) 692-1676

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.