Therapists in Mesquite, TX

Photo of Daniel Kalanyos, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Mesquite, TX
Daniel Kalanyos
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150
Therapy is a journey, not a destination. I am deeply committed to providing comprehensive intervention strategies that honor the holistic nature of healing. My approach combines evidence-based modalities such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with innovative brain-body interventions to empower individuals on their path to recovery. Beyond my professional endeavors, I am passionate about neurocognition, human behavior, and the transformative potential of podcasts in expanding my understanding of the human body-mind controversial wonders. You are amazing, a gift just by existing, and a piece of art worth recognizing.
Therapy is a journey, not a destination. I am deeply committed to providing comprehensive intervention strategies that honor the holistic nature of healing. My approach combines evidence-based modalities such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with innovative brain-body interventions to empower individuals on their path to recovery. Beyond my professional endeavors, I am passionate about neurocognition, human behavior, and the transformative potential of podcasts in expanding my understanding of the human body-mind controversial wonders. You are amazing, a gift just by existing, and a piece of art worth recognizing.
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Photo of Samuel-Alejandro De Maria Fuentes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Samuel-Alejandro De Maria Fuentes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75149  (Online Only)
Anxiety, depression, and existential dread make living incredibly difficult by yourself. Clients often struggle with putting emotions into words, feeling seen or heard by those around them, and often think that they are the problem. These clients come seeking a way to change themselves if they are unable to affect visible change in their environment; coming to learn coping skills and feel like they are not dealing with these fears alone.
Anxiety, depression, and existential dread make living incredibly difficult by yourself. Clients often struggle with putting emotions into words, feeling seen or heard by those around them, and often think that they are the problem. These clients come seeking a way to change themselves if they are unable to affect visible change in their environment; coming to learn coping skills and feel like they are not dealing with these fears alone.
(214) 239-4364 View (214) 239-4364
Photo of Kosisochi Udozorh, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Mesquite, TX
Kosisochi Udozorh
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mesquite, TX 75150
Anxiety can feel suffocating, but it doesn't have to define you. Together, we'll unravel the knots of worry and fear, exploring the roots of your anxiety while equipping you with the tools to navigate life's challenges with confidence and resilience. Navigating racial identity in a society fraught with prejudice and misunderstanding can be isolating. But within the walls of our therapeutic space, your experiences will be validated, your voice will be heard, and your journey towards self-acceptance and empowerment will be honored and celebrated.
Anxiety can feel suffocating, but it doesn't have to define you. Together, we'll unravel the knots of worry and fear, exploring the roots of your anxiety while equipping you with the tools to navigate life's challenges with confidence and resilience. Navigating racial identity in a society fraught with prejudice and misunderstanding can be isolating. But within the walls of our therapeutic space, your experiences will be validated, your voice will be heard, and your journey towards self-acceptance and empowerment will be honored and celebrated.
(469) 361-8330 View (469) 361-8330
Photo of Ki Ase Therapy LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mesquite, TX
Ki Ase Therapy LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75181  (Online Only)
I am so excited to meet you! I have been working in mental health for over eight years in different capacities, most recently as a therapist and school social worker. I am passionate about helping clients gain control over their lives and develop a toolbox of resources and mindsets they need to succeed in the world. My goal is to make my clients feel empowered, capable, and strong. All of this is within you already; it just takes some fine tuning and practice to feel comfortable within one's own skin. I am here to support you and provide encouragement as we dive in and set out on a new positive path ahead.
I am so excited to meet you! I have been working in mental health for over eight years in different capacities, most recently as a therapist and school social worker. I am passionate about helping clients gain control over their lives and develop a toolbox of resources and mindsets they need to succeed in the world. My goal is to make my clients feel empowered, capable, and strong. All of this is within you already; it just takes some fine tuning and practice to feel comfortable within one's own skin. I am here to support you and provide encouragement as we dive in and set out on a new positive path ahead.
(972) 994-1651 View (972) 994-1651
Photo of Jasmine Waldon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Jasmine Waldon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150
I have served in the helping professions for several years and has had the opportunity to work with a multitude of populations. I completed my first degree in Industrial and organizational psychology and successfully guided many individual businesses to start existing in their purpose. After completing this Journey, I returned and received my second degree in Professional counseling and has since worked with teens, Adults and Seniors to address the needs they have related to esteem, goals and their identified purpose.
I have served in the helping professions for several years and has had the opportunity to work with a multitude of populations. I completed my first degree in Industrial and organizational psychology and successfully guided many individual businesses to start existing in their purpose. After completing this Journey, I returned and received my second degree in Professional counseling and has since worked with teens, Adults and Seniors to address the needs they have related to esteem, goals and their identified purpose.
(214) 307-9623 View (214) 307-9623
Photo of Myrtle Hawkins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Myrtle Hawkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LPHA
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75149  (Online Only)
Are you sad and confused? I can help you understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. You can get help through counseling. It is generally short-term and focused on helping you deal with a very specific problem; Virtual only (M,W,Thur 10 or 11), M-F (appointments after 5 pm CST), Saturdays (9-2p) "virtual appointments only". I am experienced in treating a wide range of disorders including: phobias, addictions, depression, and anxiety, couples issues, divorce issues and trauma.
Are you sad and confused? I can help you understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. You can get help through counseling. It is generally short-term and focused on helping you deal with a very specific problem; Virtual only (M,W,Thur 10 or 11), M-F (appointments after 5 pm CST), Saturdays (9-2p) "virtual appointments only". I am experienced in treating a wide range of disorders including: phobias, addictions, depression, and anxiety, couples issues, divorce issues and trauma.
(972) 573-9733 View (972) 573-9733
Photo of Kendra Turner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Kendra Turner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75185  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor helping women and teens manage anxiety, depression, life transitions and trauma. You may have experienced therapy in the past where you talk about your current thoughts, feelings and issues. I do incorporate this into the therapy experience but also include several other methods that clients have often never encountered before and find uniquely beneficial. Using psychodrama, we apply roleplay and role reversal to help process feelings and thoughts.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor helping women and teens manage anxiety, depression, life transitions and trauma. You may have experienced therapy in the past where you talk about your current thoughts, feelings and issues. I do incorporate this into the therapy experience but also include several other methods that clients have often never encountered before and find uniquely beneficial. Using psychodrama, we apply roleplay and role reversal to help process feelings and thoughts.
(469) 824-9157 View (469) 824-9157
Photo of Jessica Derx, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mesquite, TX
Jessica Derx
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a specialization in providing therapy and counseling services to children, teens and adults. I strongly believe that therapy can make a positive impact by giving you the tools you need to have a healthy and successful life. It is my hope that together we can meet your therapy goals.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a specialization in providing therapy and counseling services to children, teens and adults. I strongly believe that therapy can make a positive impact by giving you the tools you need to have a healthy and successful life. It is my hope that together we can meet your therapy goals.
(214) 307-8733 View (214) 307-8733
Photo of Wanda Hudson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Wanda Hudson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150
You know that saying “Never judge a book by its cover”? Well, I can honestly say that the cover of my book does not match the pages! The pages in my book of life have equipped me with the experience to connect with ALL people. In my book, I’ve encountered many conflicts. I’ve been the antagonist and the protagonist and I’m just in the rising action. Because my pages are not all filled with butterflies and sunshine, I’ve had to work to find ways to help equip myself with daily coping skills. I am happy to be in a position to share my experience with others through therapy and educational opportunities.
You know that saying “Never judge a book by its cover”? Well, I can honestly say that the cover of my book does not match the pages! The pages in my book of life have equipped me with the experience to connect with ALL people. In my book, I’ve encountered many conflicts. I’ve been the antagonist and the protagonist and I’m just in the rising action. Because my pages are not all filled with butterflies and sunshine, I’ve had to work to find ways to help equip myself with daily coping skills. I am happy to be in a position to share my experience with others through therapy and educational opportunities.
(972) 433-7695 View (972) 433-7695
Photo of EBJ Counseling , Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
EBJ Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stagnant, stuck? Do you feel overwhelmed by life, out of control and you're not sure what to do? Let's talk about it! My practice specializes in treating anxiety, depression, low self esteem, stress and difficult life transitions. We combine a variety of therapeutic tools using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Brief Solution Focused Therapy. It is our goal to help you to develop the skills and insight needed to change unhealthy thinking patterns, perceptions and behaviors that prevent your happiness.
Are you feeling stagnant, stuck? Do you feel overwhelmed by life, out of control and you're not sure what to do? Let's talk about it! My practice specializes in treating anxiety, depression, low self esteem, stress and difficult life transitions. We combine a variety of therapeutic tools using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Brief Solution Focused Therapy. It is our goal to help you to develop the skills and insight needed to change unhealthy thinking patterns, perceptions and behaviors that prevent your happiness.
(972) 703-4750 View (972) 703-4750
Photo of Rosa Irene Puente, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Rosa Irene Puente
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75181  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated and licensed professional counselor with a passion for helping individuals navigate life's challenges and achieve their full potential. My therapeutic approach is grounded in empathy, collaboration, and evidence-based practices. I specialize in utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and eclectic modalities to tailor my approach to each client's unique needs.
I am a dedicated and licensed professional counselor with a passion for helping individuals navigate life's challenges and achieve their full potential. My therapeutic approach is grounded in empathy, collaboration, and evidence-based practices. I specialize in utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and eclectic modalities to tailor my approach to each client's unique needs.
(972) 736-9670 View (972) 736-9670
Photo of Roosevelt Broach, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Roosevelt Broach
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150
If you are struggling with your mental health, whether you have anxiety, depression, grief, PTSD, relationship issues. I want you to know, you are not alone. Together we can work together to achieve the goals that are most important to you to live and enjoy the life you desire. Real change just takes one small step at time. Change can be difficult and sometimes going it alone is scary. I will walk with you on your journey of freedom, peace, and your life purpose.
If you are struggling with your mental health, whether you have anxiety, depression, grief, PTSD, relationship issues. I want you to know, you are not alone. Together we can work together to achieve the goals that are most important to you to live and enjoy the life you desire. Real change just takes one small step at time. Change can be difficult and sometimes going it alone is scary. I will walk with you on your journey of freedom, peace, and your life purpose.
(972) 833-0504 View (972) 833-0504
Photo of Dana Mitchell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mesquite, TX
Dana Mitchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150
Greetings, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), educated trained to provide counseling to the community. I have over 25 years of experience working with people in distress. My goal is to assist individuals, couples and families in finding solutions to struggles that depower their lives. I provide counseling to increase insight and awareness, education to increase knowledge, direction to build personal resources and homework assignments to build skills that promote change and wellness outside of the counseling environment. I work with my clients to reach the goals they set for themselves!
Greetings, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), educated trained to provide counseling to the community. I have over 25 years of experience working with people in distress. My goal is to assist individuals, couples and families in finding solutions to struggles that depower their lives. I provide counseling to increase insight and awareness, education to increase knowledge, direction to build personal resources and homework assignments to build skills that promote change and wellness outside of the counseling environment. I work with my clients to reach the goals they set for themselves!
(214) 974-5015 View (214) 974-5015
Photo of Qiana Donaldson, Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Qiana Donaldson
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mesquite, TX 75150
Sometimes, the turbulence of life is unavoidable, and we find ourselves in a holding pattern. What does your turbulence consist of? What keeps you strapped in your seat? Maybe, it's a broken marriage or dysfunctional relationship? Maybe, it's the loss of a loved one, depression, fear, or anxiety. Whatever the turbulence is, I want to help you set a path that leads to healing and restoration.
Sometimes, the turbulence of life is unavoidable, and we find ourselves in a holding pattern. What does your turbulence consist of? What keeps you strapped in your seat? Maybe, it's a broken marriage or dysfunctional relationship? Maybe, it's the loss of a loved one, depression, fear, or anxiety. Whatever the turbulence is, I want to help you set a path that leads to healing and restoration.
(469) 283-1935 View (469) 283-1935
Photo of ABA Vibe Ltd Company in Mesquite, TX
ABA Vibe Ltd Company
BCBA, LBA, IBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mesquite, TX 75150
At ABA Vibe, we firmly believe that effective treatment and progress can only be achieved when the “family”, that is, all stakeholders (parents or guardians, caregivers, teachers, and therapists) come together and take ownership of the treatment program and wholeheartedly collaborate and participate in the process.
At ABA Vibe, we firmly believe that effective treatment and progress can only be achieved when the “family”, that is, all stakeholders (parents or guardians, caregivers, teachers, and therapists) come together and take ownership of the treatment program and wholeheartedly collaborate and participate in the process.
(214) 817-2457 View (214) 817-2457
Photo of Eddie C. Osuagwu, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
Eddie C. Osuagwu
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, SAP, LCDC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75149
I provide inspirational mental health and substance use disorder counseling that produces lifestyle changing experiences that positively impact the way clients think, feel, believe, and behave. I also provide US DOT Substance Abuse Professionals (SAP) services-the Return to duty services. I assist clients to comply with the US DOT rules and return to duty process as soon as possible.
I provide inspirational mental health and substance use disorder counseling that produces lifestyle changing experiences that positively impact the way clients think, feel, believe, and behave. I also provide US DOT Substance Abuse Professionals (SAP) services-the Return to duty services. I assist clients to comply with the US DOT rules and return to duty process as soon as possible.
(214) 238-9033 View (214) 238-9033
Photo of Hope Heal Happiness Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Mesquite, TX
Hope Heal Happiness Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150  (Online Only)
Life. That's it just life. Life can be...well life and sometimes it sucks. Maybe you're feeling constantly on edge, worried, or alone. You may feel like this pain you are having is never going to end, and your thoughts won't stop no matter how hard you try. Maybe you beat yourself up way too much. Maybe all of these things are affecting your relationships with others and yourself. What if I told you that you can be happy? I help women and men that have experienced trauma from their childhood learn how to love themselves again and get rid of the constant feeling of guilt and blame so that they can feel better and be happy.
Life. That's it just life. Life can be...well life and sometimes it sucks. Maybe you're feeling constantly on edge, worried, or alone. You may feel like this pain you are having is never going to end, and your thoughts won't stop no matter how hard you try. Maybe you beat yourself up way too much. Maybe all of these things are affecting your relationships with others and yourself. What if I told you that you can be happy? I help women and men that have experienced trauma from their childhood learn how to love themselves again and get rid of the constant feeling of guilt and blame so that they can feel better and be happy.
(972) 914-3882 View (972) 914-3882
Photo of Cristine Jordan, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Mesquite, TX
Cristine Jordan
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mesquite, TX 75150
Looking for a bilingual (English/Spanish) Christian couples counselor? Relationships are a part of life and there are times when a trained mental health professional can support you in sorting through difficulties. Many of my clients come in wanting better for themselves, their relationship with their partners, and their relationship with their families. Do you want support healing from infidelity, having the same argument, or adjusting to life stages? Help is one email or phone call away.
Looking for a bilingual (English/Spanish) Christian couples counselor? Relationships are a part of life and there are times when a trained mental health professional can support you in sorting through difficulties. Many of my clients come in wanting better for themselves, their relationship with their partners, and their relationship with their families. Do you want support healing from infidelity, having the same argument, or adjusting to life stages? Help is one email or phone call away.
(214) 306-7496 View (214) 306-7496
Photo of God Healer Of Hearts Counseling Center, PC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mesquite, TX
God Healer Of Hearts Counseling Center, PC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC, MMFT
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75150
God Healer of Hearts Counseling Center, P. C. strongly believes that people are imperfect. They are beautiful and spectacular but can also become stuck, unhappy, and unable to live a fulfilling life. That’s where we come in. As a corporation that was built due to Michelle's need to offer affordable counseling to those in the community, our open doors became your home away from home. During the pandemic, our company was available 20 hours a day to offer assistance to those who were so in need. We offer in the office and online sessions. We never closed our doors. The pandemic caused a lot of anxiety and depression around the world.
God Healer of Hearts Counseling Center, P. C. strongly believes that people are imperfect. They are beautiful and spectacular but can also become stuck, unhappy, and unable to live a fulfilling life. That’s where we come in. As a corporation that was built due to Michelle's need to offer affordable counseling to those in the community, our open doors became your home away from home. During the pandemic, our company was available 20 hours a day to offer assistance to those who were so in need. We offer in the office and online sessions. We never closed our doors. The pandemic caused a lot of anxiety and depression around the world.
(972) 362-1733 View (972) 362-1733
Photo of Sara Arnold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mesquite, TX
Sara Arnold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mesquite, TX 75181  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides therapy to adults. I work with creative and thoughtful people looking to gain insight into their own behaviors and challenges, including persons struggling with stress, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, worry, intrusive or unwelcome thoughts, folks working on alcohol and drug abuse recovery, persons addressing identity development, adults who have difficult or absent relationships with their parents now or in childhood, and persons with psychotic disorders who are looking for supportive therapy in addition to their ongoing medication management provided by their psychiatrist.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides therapy to adults. I work with creative and thoughtful people looking to gain insight into their own behaviors and challenges, including persons struggling with stress, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, worry, intrusive or unwelcome thoughts, folks working on alcohol and drug abuse recovery, persons addressing identity development, adults who have difficult or absent relationships with their parents now or in childhood, and persons with psychotic disorders who are looking for supportive therapy in addition to their ongoing medication management provided by their psychiatrist.
(972) 996-7254 View (972) 996-7254

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mesquite, TX

100+

Average cost per session

$117

Therapists in Mesquite, TX who prioritize treating:

88% Depression
87% Anxiety
71% Stress
65% Trauma and PTSD
61% Relationship Issues
61% Coping Skills
60% Grief

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
85% BlueCross and BlueShield
80% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Mesquite, TX see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mesquite?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.