Therapists in Louisville, CO
Gwendolyn Gaumond
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Louisville, CO 80027 (Online Only)
Welcome! I am a licensed therapist who specializes in working with depression, anxiety, grief and life transitions. I am grateful to be able to support my clients through some of the most challenging times in their lives. I form therapeutic relationships that are supportive, healing and transformative. I provide practical tools to help my clients navigate difficult situations in their primary relationships, parenthood and loss. Together we will establish goals for therapy and work together with practical tools and supports.
Welcome! I am a licensed therapist who specializes in working with depression, anxiety, grief and life transitions. I am grateful to be able to support my clients through some of the most challenging times in their lives. I form therapeutic relationships that are supportive, healing and transformative. I provide practical tools to help my clients navigate difficult situations in their primary relationships, parenthood and loss. Together we will establish goals for therapy and work together with practical tools and supports.
Lori Donley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, CO 80027
I'm here to help you, your family, your child (re)discover the love in your relationships with yourself and your family, as well as your inner wisdom and resiliency. I will provide you with support and coping skills in order to recover from trauma, mental illness, attachment disorders, and other stressors.
I'm here to help you, your family, your child (re)discover the love in your relationships with yourself and your family, as well as your inner wisdom and resiliency. I will provide you with support and coping skills in order to recover from trauma, mental illness, attachment disorders, and other stressors.
Andrea Kareus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, CO 80027
Not accepting new clients
I believe that people have unique strengths and abilities which enable them to change and grow. I work with my clients to instill hope, to face challenges, and to create a life that is fulfilling and meaningful.
I believe that people have unique strengths and abilities which enable them to change and grow. I work with my clients to instill hope, to face challenges, and to create a life that is fulfilling and meaningful.
Rocky Mountain Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
Is your anxiety getting the best of you? Are you struggling to adjust to life after a divorce? Is your teenager struggling and you are not sure how to help? If you answered “yes” to any of the above, you’ve come to the right place. For the past 23 years, I’ve been counseling children, teens, adults, and families. In addition, to help with anxiety and depression, I offer parenting coaching, as well as help for individuals and families who have recently gone through a divorce. I am also Certified in Brainspotting. I’m honored to say that I’ve won the Best of Louisville, Mental Health Services Award, for the past five years in a row.
Is your anxiety getting the best of you? Are you struggling to adjust to life after a divorce? Is your teenager struggling and you are not sure how to help? If you answered “yes” to any of the above, you’ve come to the right place. For the past 23 years, I’ve been counseling children, teens, adults, and families. In addition, to help with anxiety and depression, I offer parenting coaching, as well as help for individuals and families who have recently gone through a divorce. I am also Certified in Brainspotting. I’m honored to say that I’ve won the Best of Louisville, Mental Health Services Award, for the past five years in a row.
Julia Turpin
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPCC
Verified Verified
Louisville, CO 80027
I believe that everyone should have the opportunity to heal and reconnect. Therapy can be an intimidating journey and as a therapist I strive to create an environment for my clients that feels caring and supportive, welcoming all emotions and experiences into the space. I work with my clients to better themselves at the pace they feel ready to work at while establishing trust and compassion. In my counseling work I offer client centered approaches, tailoring to each clients individual needs while building a therapeutic relationship. I am passionate about holding space for trauma and specialize in working with teens and young adults.
I believe that everyone should have the opportunity to heal and reconnect. Therapy can be an intimidating journey and as a therapist I strive to create an environment for my clients that feels caring and supportive, welcoming all emotions and experiences into the space. I work with my clients to better themselves at the pace they feel ready to work at while establishing trust and compassion. In my counseling work I offer client centered approaches, tailoring to each clients individual needs while building a therapeutic relationship. I am passionate about holding space for trauma and specialize in working with teens and young adults.
Michelle DeCola
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
We all desire meaningful, close relationships to bring happiness in our lives. Developing a trusting and supportive therapy relationship can be an important start getting there. Feeling connected in relationships is an essential aspect of our emotional well-being. My passion over the past 29 years, is helping clients develop relational mindfulness through exploring thoughts, feelings, past traumas, and early attachment patterns. My work is attachment-informed, IFS informed, and emotionally focused. Together, we'll explore how to build greater self-compassion, acceptance, and strong emotional awareness.
We all desire meaningful, close relationships to bring happiness in our lives. Developing a trusting and supportive therapy relationship can be an important start getting there. Feeling connected in relationships is an essential aspect of our emotional well-being. My passion over the past 29 years, is helping clients develop relational mindfulness through exploring thoughts, feelings, past traumas, and early attachment patterns. My work is attachment-informed, IFS informed, and emotionally focused. Together, we'll explore how to build greater self-compassion, acceptance, and strong emotional awareness.
Dave Wyner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CCTP, CAGCS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
Not accepting new clients
You’ve experienced a great loss or significant trauma and your world feels dark and confusing. You feel lost, overwhelmed, anxious, angry, numb, and exhausted – often all at the same time. You’re wondering who you are now and if you’ll ever feel like yourself again. I get it. I’ve experienced it. Grief and traumatic stress are messy and unruly, and they definitely don’t obey clearly defined stages or fit neatly into any timeframe. Still, as painful as this is to hear, grief is normal, natural, and necessary. And, healing from a traumatic experience is possible. You don’t have to face either alone. I’d be honored to walk with you.
You’ve experienced a great loss or significant trauma and your world feels dark and confusing. You feel lost, overwhelmed, anxious, angry, numb, and exhausted – often all at the same time. You’re wondering who you are now and if you’ll ever feel like yourself again. I get it. I’ve experienced it. Grief and traumatic stress are messy and unruly, and they definitely don’t obey clearly defined stages or fit neatly into any timeframe. Still, as painful as this is to hear, grief is normal, natural, and necessary. And, healing from a traumatic experience is possible. You don’t have to face either alone. I’d be honored to walk with you.
Jessica Guenther
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
Not accepting new clients
Life can be tough and along the way we make adaptations to do our best to survive. We are always doing the best we know how, with what we have. However, sometimes those adaptations no longer serve us and possibly even harm us. I work with patients to work through these adaptations to have a richer, freer life.
Life can be tough and along the way we make adaptations to do our best to survive. We are always doing the best we know how, with what we have. However, sometimes those adaptations no longer serve us and possibly even harm us. I work with patients to work through these adaptations to have a richer, freer life.
Caitlin Arce
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
Caitlin is a compassionate Licensed Professional Counselor and Art Therapist who holds a Masters in Transpersonal Counseling from Naropa University. Her expertise lies in treating both adults and children with trauma, as well as women along the birth continuum. Before joining Ellie Mental Health, Caitlin worked in non-profits with children, and in private practice, using holistic methods to support women. Caitlin sees the body as key to healing and offers somatic interventions such as breathwork, meditation, and art making in her sessions. When not helping others, you will find Caitlin on the dance floor or splashing in the creek.
Caitlin is a compassionate Licensed Professional Counselor and Art Therapist who holds a Masters in Transpersonal Counseling from Naropa University. Her expertise lies in treating both adults and children with trauma, as well as women along the birth continuum. Before joining Ellie Mental Health, Caitlin worked in non-profits with children, and in private practice, using holistic methods to support women. Caitlin sees the body as key to healing and offers somatic interventions such as breathwork, meditation, and art making in her sessions. When not helping others, you will find Caitlin on the dance floor or splashing in the creek.
Brittany Hunter Rebstock
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
Have you ever desired change but felt stuck in a personal situation, experienced difficulty in a relationship, or struggled with maintaining the motivation to change behaviors over time? Almost all of us have experienced these feelings at one time or another and it is my belief that therapy can be a positive resource to generate change, growth, and forward movement in your life. We are all greatly impacted by the various relationships we have with those in our lives, and with our own experiences thus far. Therapy can offer the insight and tools to navigate the complexities of those relationships and improve your overall wellbeing.
Have you ever desired change but felt stuck in a personal situation, experienced difficulty in a relationship, or struggled with maintaining the motivation to change behaviors over time? Almost all of us have experienced these feelings at one time or another and it is my belief that therapy can be a positive resource to generate change, growth, and forward movement in your life. We are all greatly impacted by the various relationships we have with those in our lives, and with our own experiences thus far. Therapy can offer the insight and tools to navigate the complexities of those relationships and improve your overall wellbeing.
Julia Messing
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Louisville, CO 80027
Exhausted with your life and wondering how you got here? Confused about your career direction, relationships or making sense of your experiences? Have anxiety, drugs and alcohol or shadows of past trauma become too familiar? Having someone to help you sort through the pieces and re-orient to your own life and values is crucial. Getting to a place of clarity, aliveness and self-awareness is possible and so worth it.
Exhausted with your life and wondering how you got here? Confused about your career direction, relationships or making sense of your experiences? Have anxiety, drugs and alcohol or shadows of past trauma become too familiar? Having someone to help you sort through the pieces and re-orient to your own life and values is crucial. Getting to a place of clarity, aliveness and self-awareness is possible and so worth it.
15 Second Videos
Michelle DeCola
Anna Meehan | Pathways Counseling & Neurofeedback
Brennalynn Flaherty
Lisa Kennedy
Kylie Bovenzi
Erika De La Castro
Kelly Shaughnessy
Ashley Seeger
Marshall Winter | High Point Holistic Counseling
Lauren Pass Erickson
Cynthia L Divino
Annemarie Prairie
Jenny Epstein Kessem
A Boulder Body Mind Spirit Counseling Jayma Jamieson
Patrick William Prag
Louis Carlino
Jennifer Favell, Ph.D., LLC
Adrianne R. Holloran
Judy O'Neill
Gary Howard
Andy Yang
Metta Services LLC
Matthew Clausen — Accepting New Clients
Jodie Benabe
Shara Brun
Melanie Carlson
Sarah Carpenter
Jeffrey Lang
Rose Winkler
Claire Dowdle
Carrie Therese Thrall
David Lieberman
Stephanie Boulton
Joan H Block
Meredith Shefferman
Childhood Trauma Narcissistic Abuse | Christie Morgan
Paige Leedy
Arrow Zoe Rojas - Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
Barrette Spies
D.J. Bishop
Jennifer Linton
Pamela Silsby-Sharkey
Mira Cantrick - Intimacy Couples Therapist
Sara Loca
Maureen Malcolm
Dominique Bowlen
John Hankins
Judith (Judi) Laskodi
Sara Bitting
Morgen Villegas
Leah W Band
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
Are you looking for a therapist who can help you and your child connect better with one another? How about helping them to connect better with their teachers, friends and most importantly, themselves? Are you hoping your child can learn the skills needed to manage their big feelings and overcome their every day challenges? Through the use of Synergetic Play Therapy, I blend the therapeutic power of play with nervous system regulation, interpersonal neurobiology, attachment, mindfulness, and my own authenticity to help your child learn new ways to respond to the challenges they encounter as they move through the world.
Are you looking for a therapist who can help you and your child connect better with one another? How about helping them to connect better with their teachers, friends and most importantly, themselves? Are you hoping your child can learn the skills needed to manage their big feelings and overcome their every day challenges? Through the use of Synergetic Play Therapy, I blend the therapeutic power of play with nervous system regulation, interpersonal neurobiology, attachment, mindfulness, and my own authenticity to help your child learn new ways to respond to the challenges they encounter as they move through the world.
Dana A. Satir
Psychologist, PhD, CEDS
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
My experience is that many challenges we encounter are based on habits/patterns, which at one point may have felt helpful and necessary. Frequently, these ways of feeling and behaving are automatic, not within conscious awareness and not fully understood. My role is to facilitate curiosity of these repetitive cycles and work through the obstacles that interfere with leading the fullest life one desires. Part of therapy is co creating a narrative and ultimately becoming the author of one’s story. A trusting, collaborative therapeutic relationship is the foundation to begin this exploration. A dose of humor can help in the process.
My experience is that many challenges we encounter are based on habits/patterns, which at one point may have felt helpful and necessary. Frequently, these ways of feeling and behaving are automatic, not within conscious awareness and not fully understood. My role is to facilitate curiosity of these repetitive cycles and work through the obstacles that interfere with leading the fullest life one desires. Part of therapy is co creating a narrative and ultimately becoming the author of one’s story. A trusting, collaborative therapeutic relationship is the foundation to begin this exploration. A dose of humor can help in the process.
Allan N. Schwartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Fully retired
Fully retired
David Elliot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
I believe everyone has the right to pursue happiness and that everyone possesses the capacity to achieve their own happiness. Finding the right kind of therapy can be difficult. Often times, therapists require you to drive to an unfamiliar office, expect you to explain the challenges you're having at home, and then return home to try and put what you've learned into action. Why not explore, learn, and change things in your home in real time? I offer individual and/or family therapy directly in the home to address real challenges in real time. Regain control of your life and bring happiness back into your home.
I believe everyone has the right to pursue happiness and that everyone possesses the capacity to achieve their own happiness. Finding the right kind of therapy can be difficult. Often times, therapists require you to drive to an unfamiliar office, expect you to explain the challenges you're having at home, and then return home to try and put what you've learned into action. Why not explore, learn, and change things in your home in real time? I offer individual and/or family therapy directly in the home to address real challenges in real time. Regain control of your life and bring happiness back into your home.
Becca Barry
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Louisville, CO 80027
Passionate Licensed Professional Counselor dedicated to guiding individuals of all ages toward self-discovery and personal growth. Specializing in working with clients with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, learning disabilities, anxiety, depression, and emotion regulation needs. My ideal client is anyone seeking to unravel patterns hindering deep connections and striving to become the best version of themselves. I thrive on helping clients set and achieve goals, whether it's mastering the art of self-regulation, enhancing communication skills, fostering deeper relationships, or cultivating healthier habits.
Passionate Licensed Professional Counselor dedicated to guiding individuals of all ages toward self-discovery and personal growth. Specializing in working with clients with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, learning disabilities, anxiety, depression, and emotion regulation needs. My ideal client is anyone seeking to unravel patterns hindering deep connections and striving to become the best version of themselves. I thrive on helping clients set and achieve goals, whether it's mastering the art of self-regulation, enhancing communication skills, fostering deeper relationships, or cultivating healthier habits.
Joe Saavedra
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT, CMAT, CCTP
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
As a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) trained in IFS, I am absolutely passionate about helping those impacted by sexual integrity issues. I work with "addicted parts" using individual, couple, and group therapy modalities. I am quite aware of relational trauma that partners of sex, porn, and relationship addicts experience, and I compassionately work to guide addicted parts through isolating and shame-filled experiences. My role is to help reduce this shame and systematically get to the root of the addictive and compulsive behaviors that have led to intimacy disorder issues.
As a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) trained in IFS, I am absolutely passionate about helping those impacted by sexual integrity issues. I work with "addicted parts" using individual, couple, and group therapy modalities. I am quite aware of relational trauma that partners of sex, porn, and relationship addicts experience, and I compassionately work to guide addicted parts through isolating and shame-filled experiences. My role is to help reduce this shame and systematically get to the root of the addictive and compulsive behaviors that have led to intimacy disorder issues.
Jesús Sanchez
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Louisville, CO 80027
Life isn’t always easy. Sometimes, even the strongest people amongst us need a little bit of help to work through some of life’s more challenging problems. Everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, or any other issue, you should know that there is hope for a better tomorrow. You might be initially hesitant to seek out help and support for personal matters, but when you do, you will feel confident that you are taking a courageous first step towards getting to a better place and being a better you.
Life isn’t always easy. Sometimes, even the strongest people amongst us need a little bit of help to work through some of life’s more challenging problems. Everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, or any other issue, you should know that there is hope for a better tomorrow. You might be initially hesitant to seek out help and support for personal matters, but when you do, you will feel confident that you are taking a courageous first step towards getting to a better place and being a better you.
Brian Keating
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
I work with children, teens, and adults who might be experiencing overwhelming feelings and emotions, are stuck in disruptive patterns, or are feeling detached from the things that were once loved. Perhaps there has been a significant change, traumatic event or challenges at school that have made things feel different than the way they were. Sometimes you might not be sure what has changed but feel that something is just not right. Support can be helpful if you or your child are struggling with sleep concerns, physical aches and pains, behavioral changes, or an overall sense of worry or stress.
I work with children, teens, and adults who might be experiencing overwhelming feelings and emotions, are stuck in disruptive patterns, or are feeling detached from the things that were once loved. Perhaps there has been a significant change, traumatic event or challenges at school that have made things feel different than the way they were. Sometimes you might not be sure what has changed but feel that something is just not right. Support can be helpful if you or your child are struggling with sleep concerns, physical aches and pains, behavioral changes, or an overall sense of worry or stress.
Holly Jensen Widmar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, CO 80027
I admire people who consider going to counseling. It can be a difficult decision, and often, it is made during a vulnerable time in one's life or relationship. Then it is even more challenging to find a good therapist who will meet your needs. While I am an excellent therapist, I may not be right for everyone. It is a priority for me to help you find the therapist that is right for you, therefore I provide referrals to other qualified therapists, should I not meet your needs.
I admire people who consider going to counseling. It can be a difficult decision, and often, it is made during a vulnerable time in one's life or relationship. Then it is even more challenging to find a good therapist who will meet your needs. While I am an excellent therapist, I may not be right for everyone. It is a priority for me to help you find the therapist that is right for you, therefore I provide referrals to other qualified therapists, should I not meet your needs.
See more therapy options for Louisville
Nearby Searches for Louisville
- Arvada
- Boulder
- Broomfield
- Erie
- Federal Heights
- Lafayette
- Longmont
- Niwot
- Northglenn
- Superior
- Thornton
- Westminster
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Louisville, CO
300+
Average cost per session
$151
Therapists in Louisville, CO who prioritize treating:
93% | Anxiety |
88% | Depression |
85% | Relationship Issues |
79% | Self Esteem |
78% | Trauma and PTSD |
73% | Grief |
68% | Stress |
Average years in practice
14 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
64% | Aetna |
58% | Cigna and Evernorth |
58% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
How Therapists in Louisville, CO see their clients
89% | In Person and Online | |
11% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
79% | Female | |
20% | Male | |
1% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Louisville?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.