Therapists in Yorba Linda, CA

Photo of Katie Worden, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Katie Worden
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
Is your teenager talking about things like wanting to harm themselves or end their life? Is your teenager demonstrating signs of depression or unmanageable anxiety and you don’t know how to help? As a parent who loves their child deeply, I can only imagine how hard it is to watch your child go through this. I find that the pressures placed on teenagers in today’s environment are overwhelming.
Is your teenager talking about things like wanting to harm themselves or end their life? Is your teenager demonstrating signs of depression or unmanageable anxiety and you don’t know how to help? As a parent who loves their child deeply, I can only imagine how hard it is to watch your child go through this. I find that the pressures placed on teenagers in today’s environment are overwhelming.
(714) 364-9168 View (714) 364-9168
Photo of Brittany Beth Johns, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Brittany Beth Johns
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
Having started out with a career in family law, I have built my clinical career around giving hope to broken families. In helping family's with struggling teens I am the Inspired Resolutions specialist in helping the younger children who are often affected by issues in the home. I have had the experience consulting with elementary, middle & high school's giving me insight into helping families navigate their children's school system. I have become experienced in navigating mental health in the legal system with experience in family reunification and Drug Court Lead Therapist & currently Lead LMFT with Hoag chemical dependency unit.
Having started out with a career in family law, I have built my clinical career around giving hope to broken families. In helping family's with struggling teens I am the Inspired Resolutions specialist in helping the younger children who are often affected by issues in the home. I have had the experience consulting with elementary, middle & high school's giving me insight into helping families navigate their children's school system. I have become experienced in navigating mental health in the legal system with experience in family reunification and Drug Court Lead Therapist & currently Lead LMFT with Hoag chemical dependency unit.
(714) 442-8573 View (714) 442-8573
Photo of Nicole Myers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Nicole Myers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
I am a neurodiversity affirming therapist and I specialize working with neurodivergent clients (Autism/ADHD) and related difficulties. I have a special interest in relationship and social difficulties and how masking and rejection sensitivity impacts mental health. Issues I work with are: anxiety, depression, social anxiety, perfectionism, relationship issues and trauma, problems at school or work (motivation, attention, and interpersonal problems). I use an individualized approach based on my client's needs, using evidence based approaches: CBT, Mindfulness, ACT, family systems, self-compassion, Social Support, and DBT-informed.
I am a neurodiversity affirming therapist and I specialize working with neurodivergent clients (Autism/ADHD) and related difficulties. I have a special interest in relationship and social difficulties and how masking and rejection sensitivity impacts mental health. Issues I work with are: anxiety, depression, social anxiety, perfectionism, relationship issues and trauma, problems at school or work (motivation, attention, and interpersonal problems). I use an individualized approach based on my client's needs, using evidence based approaches: CBT, Mindfulness, ACT, family systems, self-compassion, Social Support, and DBT-informed.
(206) 203-2352 View (206) 203-2352
Photo of Alexa Farraj, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Alexa Farraj
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
During my time as a therapist, I have worked closely with adults who suffer from persistent and severe mental health, as well as substance use disorders. I facilitate conversations to help you understand these problems, analyze the root, and how they have affected your life. I have worked with clients with a range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship issues, bipolar, schizophrenia disorders, couples issues, communication issues, traumas, grief and loss, substance use, and personality disorders.
During my time as a therapist, I have worked closely with adults who suffer from persistent and severe mental health, as well as substance use disorders. I facilitate conversations to help you understand these problems, analyze the root, and how they have affected your life. I have worked with clients with a range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship issues, bipolar, schizophrenia disorders, couples issues, communication issues, traumas, grief and loss, substance use, and personality disorders.
(657) 301-3145 View (657) 301-3145
Photo of Ashley Hudson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Ashley Hudson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
From the outside you are this high achieving teenager that meets everyone's expectations. But on the inside, you have anxiety and are silently drowning. You never feel good enough. You feel exhausted constantly worrying about what others think of you and trying to keep afloat. You consistently push your emotions to the side to please others and not disappoint. You are feeling lonely, outgrowing friendships, and feeling guilty wanting more in your friendships. You feel nervous and anxious about making new friends for fear they won't like you. We understand and we are here to help.
From the outside you are this high achieving teenager that meets everyone's expectations. But on the inside, you have anxiety and are silently drowning. You never feel good enough. You feel exhausted constantly worrying about what others think of you and trying to keep afloat. You consistently push your emotions to the side to please others and not disappoint. You are feeling lonely, outgrowing friendships, and feeling guilty wanting more in your friendships. You feel nervous and anxious about making new friends for fear they won't like you. We understand and we are here to help.
(714) 202-6721 View (714) 202-6721
Photo of Jennifer M. Edwards, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Jennifer M. Edwards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, ASW, MSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92887  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients. Reaching out for support can feel scary and takes courage. I use a strengths-based approach when working collaboratively with clients to identify goals and develop a plan to move forward. I believe a safe and comfortable therapy environment is created through empathy, teaching, and humor.
Currently accepting new clients. Reaching out for support can feel scary and takes courage. I use a strengths-based approach when working collaboratively with clients to identify goals and develop a plan to move forward. I believe a safe and comfortable therapy environment is created through empathy, teaching, and humor.
(949) 799-4334 View (949) 799-4334
Photo of Angela Garcia, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Yorba Linda, CA
Angela Garcia
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
Hello, My name is Angela Garcia. I am an LPCC and have been in the mental health field for about 11 years. My specialty and love is working with clients in the criminal justice system, and mental health/drug court. However, I love also working with all individuals to help them create opportunities to change their lives. I have gained a lot of experience working with a range of mental health challenges, including highly acute clients with significant diagnoses such as Bipolar and Schizophrenia. I am comfortable working in many settings and would describe myself as strength-based, and inclusive.
Hello, My name is Angela Garcia. I am an LPCC and have been in the mental health field for about 11 years. My specialty and love is working with clients in the criminal justice system, and mental health/drug court. However, I love also working with all individuals to help them create opportunities to change their lives. I have gained a lot of experience working with a range of mental health challenges, including highly acute clients with significant diagnoses such as Bipolar and Schizophrenia. I am comfortable working in many settings and would describe myself as strength-based, and inclusive.
(657) 837-3830 View (657) 837-3830
Photo of Kimberly Miller, Psychologist in Yorba Linda, CA
Kimberly Miller
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
DON'T SUFFER ALONE IN PAIN. RELATIONSHIP COUNSELLING CAN HELP. Dr. Miller has helped over 1000 individuals and couples create lasting relationships and she has dedicated her career to helping people overcome relationship challenges. Relationship counseling isn't just for couples. If you're currently single or in a relationship you can benefit from counseling to resolve your issues. Working individually in counseling can be very effective for changing your relationships with friends, family members or loved ones, or learning how to start a relationship.
DON'T SUFFER ALONE IN PAIN. RELATIONSHIP COUNSELLING CAN HELP. Dr. Miller has helped over 1000 individuals and couples create lasting relationships and she has dedicated her career to helping people overcome relationship challenges. Relationship counseling isn't just for couples. If you're currently single or in a relationship you can benefit from counseling to resolve your issues. Working individually in counseling can be very effective for changing your relationships with friends, family members or loved ones, or learning how to start a relationship.
(714) 215-9841 View (714) 215-9841
Photo of Joy Shabandar, Counselor in Yorba Linda, CA
Joy Shabandar
Counselor, PhD, NCC, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
Waitlist for new clients
The type of therapy I do is called existential and person-centered. I believe in unconditional positive regard and that all people are entitled to respect, care, empathy, and to seek what is in their best interest as a human being. My approach to therapy is that we all have the ability to change and grow if provided with the right tools and insight. Treatment goals assist you in what you want and I am an instrument to assist you in obtaining your goals whatever those may be. Trauma, Addiction, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues are my specialty.
The type of therapy I do is called existential and person-centered. I believe in unconditional positive regard and that all people are entitled to respect, care, empathy, and to seek what is in their best interest as a human being. My approach to therapy is that we all have the ability to change and grow if provided with the right tools and insight. Treatment goals assist you in what you want and I am an instrument to assist you in obtaining your goals whatever those may be. Trauma, Addiction, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues are my specialty.
(714) 451-7593 View (714) 451-7593
Photo of Journey Onward Child and Family Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Journey Onward Child and Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPT-S™
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
Not accepting new clients
Is your child feeling fearful and anxious? Does he/she have a hard time separating from you? Has your child gone through a traumatic event? Is your teenager appearing to withdraw, and is easily irritable? Is your family currently going through a major life-changing transition? Do you, as a parent/caregiver, feel overwhelmed and helpless? And no matter what you do, your child continues to struggle? If you answered "yes" to any of these questions, you have made the right choice to be here. You've probably been debating about seeking help for a while. I am glad you found me and have taken the courageous step to seek support.
Is your child feeling fearful and anxious? Does he/she have a hard time separating from you? Has your child gone through a traumatic event? Is your teenager appearing to withdraw, and is easily irritable? Is your family currently going through a major life-changing transition? Do you, as a parent/caregiver, feel overwhelmed and helpless? And no matter what you do, your child continues to struggle? If you answered "yes" to any of these questions, you have made the right choice to be here. You've probably been debating about seeking help for a while. I am glad you found me and have taken the courageous step to seek support.
(714) 361-0967 View (714) 361-0967
Photo of Greg Logan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Greg Logan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
I believe you can change our life. But you don't have to do it alone. I'm committed to helping people just like you overcome obstacles that are holding them back and preventing them from living a happier and healthier life. Do you feel stuck or hopeless? Are you looking for more balance in your life? Are you trying to figure out who you are? Maybe you're struggling with relationships, anxiety or depression. Life's challenges can be overwhelming and we all need help at times.
I believe you can change our life. But you don't have to do it alone. I'm committed to helping people just like you overcome obstacles that are holding them back and preventing them from living a happier and healthier life. Do you feel stuck or hopeless? Are you looking for more balance in your life? Are you trying to figure out who you are? Maybe you're struggling with relationships, anxiety or depression. Life's challenges can be overwhelming and we all need help at times.
(949) 536-7730 View (949) 536-7730
Photo of New Beginnings Christian Counseling, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Yorba Linda, CA
New Beginnings Christian Counseling
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW, ACSW, PPSC
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
I am passionate about being of support to others during their time of hurt, depression, anxiety, or struggling with the stressors of life. If you are feeling overwhelmed, need direction, or have lost hope, you do not have to go through it alone. As a trained therapist, I want to encourage you and assist in guiding you in meeting your mental health goals.
I am passionate about being of support to others during their time of hurt, depression, anxiety, or struggling with the stressors of life. If you are feeling overwhelmed, need direction, or have lost hope, you do not have to go through it alone. As a trained therapist, I want to encourage you and assist in guiding you in meeting your mental health goals.
(657) 332-0883 View (657) 332-0883
Photo of Dr. Stephanie Stefanelli, Psychologist in Yorba Linda, CA
Dr. Stephanie Stefanelli
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92886  (Online Only)
Everyone has the ability to thrive and reach their full potential, and it is through this process of discovery that makes me passionate about working with my clients. I provide support, empathy, and understanding in every session while we explore life's challenges that often make us feel "stuck." I believe that therapy is a journey of self-discovery of not only one's own underlying issues, but also of our own unique potential to strive for hope and resiliency. Services in Spanish are also available.
Everyone has the ability to thrive and reach their full potential, and it is through this process of discovery that makes me passionate about working with my clients. I provide support, empathy, and understanding in every session while we explore life's challenges that often make us feel "stuck." I believe that therapy is a journey of self-discovery of not only one's own underlying issues, but also of our own unique potential to strive for hope and resiliency. Services in Spanish are also available.
(714) 844-5418 View (714) 844-5418
Photo of Nick Lazaris, Psychologist in Yorba Linda, CA
Nick Lazaris
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92886  (Online Only)
Virtual Anxiety Coaching from the comfort of your home or office. Overcome Anxiety and Panic forever! There is absolutely no reason to live another day with the fear that holds you back from the life you dream about. I can show you that it IS possible to maximize your performance while under pressure and eliminate the anxiety that keeps you from achieving your goals in life! I offer Psychological Skills Training and Coaching Sessions to help you unleash your potential & performance!
Virtual Anxiety Coaching from the comfort of your home or office. Overcome Anxiety and Panic forever! There is absolutely no reason to live another day with the fear that holds you back from the life you dream about. I can show you that it IS possible to maximize your performance while under pressure and eliminate the anxiety that keeps you from achieving your goals in life! I offer Psychological Skills Training and Coaching Sessions to help you unleash your potential & performance!
(714) 823-3410 View (714) 823-3410
Photo of Natalie Brooke Atkinson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Yorba Linda, CA
Natalie Brooke Atkinson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
I received my Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology from Pepperdine University in 2022. While still in school, I started my career in community mental health at Straight Talk Counseling. Straight Talk was where I found my passion for working with individuals and families. I started working at Inspired Resolutions Counseling in 2022. Most of my clientele consists of teenagers in high school and young adults in college. I love this population because of their investment in their mental health and willingness to listen. It's okay to ask for help, and it's okay to share your feelings. Be honest. Be authentic.
I received my Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology from Pepperdine University in 2022. While still in school, I started my career in community mental health at Straight Talk Counseling. Straight Talk was where I found my passion for working with individuals and families. I started working at Inspired Resolutions Counseling in 2022. Most of my clientele consists of teenagers in high school and young adults in college. I love this population because of their investment in their mental health and willingness to listen. It's okay to ask for help, and it's okay to share your feelings. Be honest. Be authentic.
(714) 243-5252 View (714) 243-5252
Photo of Andria S Chatfield, Psychologist in Yorba Linda, CA
Andria S Chatfield
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
The most central ideas in my work are that we all have the ability to change and grow if provided with the right tools and insight. My general goals in treatment are to assist you in what you want. I am attentive and responsive to my client's needs and goals. I see myself as your instrument to assist you in obtaining your goals, whatever those may be. I provide the mental and emotional tools and resources, provide you with support, and guide you.
The most central ideas in my work are that we all have the ability to change and grow if provided with the right tools and insight. My general goals in treatment are to assist you in what you want. I am attentive and responsive to my client's needs and goals. I see myself as your instrument to assist you in obtaining your goals, whatever those may be. I provide the mental and emotional tools and resources, provide you with support, and guide you.
(714) 598-2519 View (714) 598-2519
Photo of Donna M Minor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Donna M Minor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92886
Get the life changing results you need, want, and deserve. Donna has the training and experience to assist her clients with issues that span a lifetime. When relationships break down because of illness, addiction, mental health, or age related issues, having the right professional to assist you is a must. Using a number of proven therapies including cognitive-behavioral therapy, Donna will help you find your way out of the problem and into the solution. She also has experience with 12-step and church based recovery programs. Heal your emotions and find solutions in a non-judgemental environment.
Get the life changing results you need, want, and deserve. Donna has the training and experience to assist her clients with issues that span a lifetime. When relationships break down because of illness, addiction, mental health, or age related issues, having the right professional to assist you is a must. Using a number of proven therapies including cognitive-behavioral therapy, Donna will help you find your way out of the problem and into the solution. She also has experience with 12-step and church based recovery programs. Heal your emotions and find solutions in a non-judgemental environment.
(714) 752-0892 View (714) 752-0892
Photo of Nancy Rocco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Nancy Rocco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RN
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
My ideal client is someone with an open mind facing life's problems. Most people really need to be listened to and feel understood. The beauty of a crisis in one's life is that it can become an opportunity for positive change.
My ideal client is someone with an open mind facing life's problems. Most people really need to be listened to and feel understood. The beauty of a crisis in one's life is that it can become an opportunity for positive change.
(657) 444-1060 View (657) 444-1060
Photo of Amy Lerae Herter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Amy Lerae Herter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Yorba Linda, CA 92887
Have you been feeling overwhelmed by thoughts or fears, avoiding more, and feeling less present in your life? Is your comfort zone starting to shrink? Perhaps you are struggling with intrusive thoughts, depression, or panic attacks. I work collaboratively with clients on these issues to help them become more present and enjoy rich full lives. I especially enjoy assisting clients who are experiencing alarming or disturbing intrusive thoughts. It is important to find a therapist you can trust, as well as a therapist who has experience and training in working with your concerns.
Have you been feeling overwhelmed by thoughts or fears, avoiding more, and feeling less present in your life? Is your comfort zone starting to shrink? Perhaps you are struggling with intrusive thoughts, depression, or panic attacks. I work collaboratively with clients on these issues to help them become more present and enjoy rich full lives. I especially enjoy assisting clients who are experiencing alarming or disturbing intrusive thoughts. It is important to find a therapist you can trust, as well as a therapist who has experience and training in working with your concerns.
(657) 208-4630 View (657) 208-4630
Photo of Tricia Kendrick Buttkus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Yorba Linda, CA
Tricia Kendrick Buttkus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Yorba Linda, CA 92886  (Online Only)
Tricia believes in being hands on interactive with her clients, and does not utilize passive listening. She understands most importantly, that although your pain and experiences may be similar to someone else, that no two people are alike, therefore, the degree to which it effects you is unique and personal to yourself. She is compassionate and her goal is to empower you to get back in touch with your needs, and find effective / healthy ways to get your core needs met. Tricia believes in treating the whole person, as it is the most successful way to achieve life long happiness within yourself, and your relationships.
Tricia believes in being hands on interactive with her clients, and does not utilize passive listening. She understands most importantly, that although your pain and experiences may be similar to someone else, that no two people are alike, therefore, the degree to which it effects you is unique and personal to yourself. She is compassionate and her goal is to empower you to get back in touch with your needs, and find effective / healthy ways to get your core needs met. Tricia believes in treating the whole person, as it is the most successful way to achieve life long happiness within yourself, and your relationships.
(714) 482-6686 View (714) 482-6686

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Yorba Linda, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Yorba Linda, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
72% Grief
70% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
59% Cigna and Evernorth
53% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Yorba Linda, CA see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Yorba Linda?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.