Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

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Photo of Markesha Evans, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Markesha Evans
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
If you are looking for a friendly professional that is truly interested in your well-being and your wellness, then you have come to the right place. Changing the dynamics of your life is one step away and you've already taken the first step. We will work together to break away from generational baggage, heal from broken heart, and change mindsets that no longer serve us. Let's start to unpack the heaviness and drop the bags of shame, guilt, low self-esteem, depression, trauma, etc that we have been carrying for so long. The bags that have been holding us back from us living a more fulfilled and peaceful life.
If you are looking for a friendly professional that is truly interested in your well-being and your wellness, then you have come to the right place. Changing the dynamics of your life is one step away and you've already taken the first step. We will work together to break away from generational baggage, heal from broken heart, and change mindsets that no longer serve us. Let's start to unpack the heaviness and drop the bags of shame, guilt, low self-esteem, depression, trauma, etc that we have been carrying for so long. The bags that have been holding us back from us living a more fulfilled and peaceful life.
(757) 993-7716 View (757) 993-7716
Photo of Ashley Frantz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Ashley Frantz
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, MA, MS
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23454  (Online Only)
I work with adults and children as young as six years old. I work primarily with anxiety, depression, trauma, and military issues however I have worked with various issues. I use variety of treatment methods including DBT, CBT, art therapy, and animal therapy to best serve the client and help them treating the source of the issue not just the symptoms. I try to help the client resolve whatever their underlying difficulties are to enhance all aspects of their life.
I work with adults and children as young as six years old. I work primarily with anxiety, depression, trauma, and military issues however I have worked with various issues. I use variety of treatment methods including DBT, CBT, art therapy, and animal therapy to best serve the client and help them treating the source of the issue not just the symptoms. I try to help the client resolve whatever their underlying difficulties are to enhance all aspects of their life.
(757) 942-4234 View (757) 942-4234
Photo of Sarah Kooiman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Sarah Kooiman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23452  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Just about everyone will experience difficulty at some point in their lives, whether that means grief, relationship conflict, mental health concerns, struggles with identity and purpose, or the question of worthiness and success. It can be difficult to know how to maneuver through the challenges that life can throw our way, and at times it's hard to know where to turn. My goal is to help create an opportunity to explore the workings of your mind, and to help guide you to self-discovery, knowledge, and peace.
Just about everyone will experience difficulty at some point in their lives, whether that means grief, relationship conflict, mental health concerns, struggles with identity and purpose, or the question of worthiness and success. It can be difficult to know how to maneuver through the challenges that life can throw our way, and at times it's hard to know where to turn. My goal is to help create an opportunity to explore the workings of your mind, and to help guide you to self-discovery, knowledge, and peace.
(757) 330-8737 View (757) 330-8737
Photo of Dr. Margretta F Austin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Dr. Margretta F Austin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
margrettaaustinlcsw.com - Virtually nothing is impossible in this world if you just put your mind to it and maintain a positive attitude. - Lou Holtz
margrettaaustinlcsw.com - Virtually nothing is impossible in this world if you just put your mind to it and maintain a positive attitude. - Lou Holtz
(757) 780-8671 View (757) 780-8671
Photo of Kathy Baker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Kathy Baker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
Change can be exciting...and scary. Finding the right person to assist you through the change is important. I can help you deal with issues of anxiety, depression, poor self-esteem, relationship conflicts, or marital issues. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), play therapy, energy psychology techniques, mindfulness, and family systems therapy I can guide you to a more peaceful and self-fulfilled place in your life.
Change can be exciting...and scary. Finding the right person to assist you through the change is important. I can help you deal with issues of anxiety, depression, poor self-esteem, relationship conflicts, or marital issues. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), play therapy, energy psychology techniques, mindfulness, and family systems therapy I can guide you to a more peaceful and self-fulfilled place in your life.
(757) 550-3492 View (757) 550-3492
Photo of Momilani Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Momilani Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Hello, I'm Momilani Williams, a Licensed Professional Counselor with extensive experience in the Mental Health field. My background includes advocacy in school settings, support for foster youth, and assisting military children and families. I specialize in aiding individuals overwhelmed by life's challenges or their emotions, guiding them towards positive processing. Together, we'll devise strategies to manage emotions and reconnect with your authentic self. Whether you're navigating complex relationship dynamics or grappling with anxiety and depression, I'm here to support you.
Hello, I'm Momilani Williams, a Licensed Professional Counselor with extensive experience in the Mental Health field. My background includes advocacy in school settings, support for foster youth, and assisting military children and families. I specialize in aiding individuals overwhelmed by life's challenges or their emotions, guiding them towards positive processing. Together, we'll devise strategies to manage emotions and reconnect with your authentic self. Whether you're navigating complex relationship dynamics or grappling with anxiety and depression, I'm here to support you.
(757) 210-9875 x1 View (757) 210-9875 x1
Photo of Laura Michelle Samalya, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Laura Michelle Samalya
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Welcome! I have a passion for supporting neurodiverse individuals of all ages and families seeking acceptance and understanding. I have a personal connection to this journey as well. I am what some may call, 'neuro-spicy' myself. It is this unique blend of experience and expertise that sets me apart and allows me to truly connect with my clients on a profound level. Life can be tough, and sometimes, all we need is a little empathy, humor, and realism to navigate its complexities. That is where Shooting Star Counseling comes in!
Welcome! I have a passion for supporting neurodiverse individuals of all ages and families seeking acceptance and understanding. I have a personal connection to this journey as well. I am what some may call, 'neuro-spicy' myself. It is this unique blend of experience and expertise that sets me apart and allows me to truly connect with my clients on a profound level. Life can be tough, and sometimes, all we need is a little empathy, humor, and realism to navigate its complexities. That is where Shooting Star Counseling comes in!
(757) 699-5894 View (757) 699-5894
Photo of Come Find Rest Wellness Group, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Come Find Rest Wellness Group
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464  (Online Only)
I help the Superwoman who is ready to retire her cape. I help the high achieving type, who's poised and polished on the outside, but suffers from Imposter Syndrome on the inside. I help the wellness oriented woman with smiling depression and high functioning anxiety- the one who does yoga, diffuses oil, and reads self-help resources to improve her life. I help the woman in the maintenance phase of her healing who already has several coping resources and an adequate support system. I help the woman in need of a brief respite before she continues on with her wellness journey.
I help the Superwoman who is ready to retire her cape. I help the high achieving type, who's poised and polished on the outside, but suffers from Imposter Syndrome on the inside. I help the wellness oriented woman with smiling depression and high functioning anxiety- the one who does yoga, diffuses oil, and reads self-help resources to improve her life. I help the woman in the maintenance phase of her healing who already has several coping resources and an adequate support system. I help the woman in need of a brief respite before she continues on with her wellness journey.
(757) 210-7732 View (757) 210-7732
Photo of Brianna Bowman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Brianna Bowman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23455
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Worker (LCSW), psychotherapist specializing in the treatment of adults with anxiety, depression, life stress, adjustment, grief & loss, and trauma. I strive to bring perspectives of person-centered, trauma-informed, and research in neuroscience into the therapy room as we work together to change old patterns and cultivate new ways of being and thriving.
I am a Licensed Clinical Worker (LCSW), psychotherapist specializing in the treatment of adults with anxiety, depression, life stress, adjustment, grief & loss, and trauma. I strive to bring perspectives of person-centered, trauma-informed, and research in neuroscience into the therapy room as we work together to change old patterns and cultivate new ways of being and thriving.
(757) 760-3986 View (757) 760-3986
Photo of Jessica Branham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Jessica Branham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
Waitlist for new clients
I have been practicing clinical social work for more than 14 years. Focusing on work with children, adolescents and families, I completed clinical rotations throughout New York City before relocating to Hampton Roads in 2008. In Norfolk, I was hired at Children’s Hospital of the Kings Daughters to support and aid children and their families dealing with chronic and life changing illnesses. Since then, and for over a decade, I have been embedded with the Navy, with a primary focus on the wellbeing of those serving as tactical specialists in Naval Special Warfare. In private practice I work with people looking for balance in life.
I have been practicing clinical social work for more than 14 years. Focusing on work with children, adolescents and families, I completed clinical rotations throughout New York City before relocating to Hampton Roads in 2008. In Norfolk, I was hired at Children’s Hospital of the Kings Daughters to support and aid children and their families dealing with chronic and life changing illnesses. Since then, and for over a decade, I have been embedded with the Navy, with a primary focus on the wellbeing of those serving as tactical specialists in Naval Special Warfare. In private practice I work with people looking for balance in life.
(757) 992-9729 View (757) 992-9729
Photo of Maureen Ann Kelleher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Maureen Ann Kelleher
Licensed Professional Counselor, ATR, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23455
Your goals are within reach; you are worthy of the support you seek. Although I don't yet know your story, I am confident you possess the unique strengths to achieve your goals: Healing is a remembering of those strengths. Experiencing loss and challenge in our lives is universal, yet these circumstances can leave us feeling disconnected, damaged, or discarded. You deserve to live a life you love, actively engaged as your most authentic, integrated self.
Your goals are within reach; you are worthy of the support you seek. Although I don't yet know your story, I am confident you possess the unique strengths to achieve your goals: Healing is a remembering of those strengths. Experiencing loss and challenge in our lives is universal, yet these circumstances can leave us feeling disconnected, damaged, or discarded. You deserve to live a life you love, actively engaged as your most authentic, integrated self.
(757) 300-1490 View (757) 300-1490
Photo of Danny Holland, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Danny Holland
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LCMHC, BC-TMH, NCC,ACS
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
I am so glad you have taken the time to seek out a therapist to connect with. Your relationship with your therapist is the most important factor. I have worked with individuals and couples for 32 years and would absolutely love the honor of connecting with you. I have worked with couples struggling with infidelity, blending families, and many other issues. Please call me if you'd like to connect and see if we would be a good match to help you move ahead into the next chapters of your life! I am also to meet with you through telehealth (video) or in person.
I am so glad you have taken the time to seek out a therapist to connect with. Your relationship with your therapist is the most important factor. I have worked with individuals and couples for 32 years and would absolutely love the honor of connecting with you. I have worked with couples struggling with infidelity, blending families, and many other issues. Please call me if you'd like to connect and see if we would be a good match to help you move ahead into the next chapters of your life! I am also to meet with you through telehealth (video) or in person.
(757) 517-2972 View (757) 517-2972
Photo of Phoenix Mental Health Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Phoenix Mental Health Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC-S, NCC, NCSC, RPT
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23456  (Online Only)
I treat children, adolescents, couples and families (from ages 6 to 60) .There are many problems affecting children, adolescents, families and couples today. The stress of contemporary life sometimes becomes overwhelming and can result in anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, alcohol and other addictive issues, marital conflict, infidelity, sibling conflict and financial concerns. My interventions are based on evidence-based practices which empirically demonstrated that when used they work by increasing coping skills, self-sufficiency, and overcome self-defeating behaviors.
I treat children, adolescents, couples and families (from ages 6 to 60) .There are many problems affecting children, adolescents, families and couples today. The stress of contemporary life sometimes becomes overwhelming and can result in anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, alcohol and other addictive issues, marital conflict, infidelity, sibling conflict and financial concerns. My interventions are based on evidence-based practices which empirically demonstrated that when used they work by increasing coping skills, self-sufficiency, and overcome self-defeating behaviors.
(757) 347-8408 View (757) 347-8408
Photo of Heather V Kight, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Heather V Kight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 20 years of clinical experience in the metal health field. I provide individual, family, marriage, and group therapy in multiple settings. My treatment approaches include EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessingl), biological interventions that promote brain regulation (Neurofeedback therapy), structural family therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The treatment methods that I use assist in resolving depression, anxiety, trauma related issues (PTSD), ADD/ADHD, Aspergers, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and relational issues in the patients I work with at Waves Psychotherapy Services, P.C.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 20 years of clinical experience in the metal health field. I provide individual, family, marriage, and group therapy in multiple settings. My treatment approaches include EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessingl), biological interventions that promote brain regulation (Neurofeedback therapy), structural family therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The treatment methods that I use assist in resolving depression, anxiety, trauma related issues (PTSD), ADD/ADHD, Aspergers, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and relational issues in the patients I work with at Waves Psychotherapy Services, P.C.
(757) 785-9265 View (757) 785-9265
Photo of Estrella S. Nesbit, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Estrella S. Nesbit
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
Are you on a journey of self-awareness, resilience, and determination? Are you looking for new tools to change inherited patterns? Let me help you pave the way for healing and growth by tackling some of those barriers. I'm dedicated to partnering with you on your path to emotional well-being and generational healing. Together, we'll create a nurturing environment where you can address life's obstacles with confidence and foster positive relationships. Let's pave the way for greater fulfillment, authenticity, and generational healing.
Are you on a journey of self-awareness, resilience, and determination? Are you looking for new tools to change inherited patterns? Let me help you pave the way for healing and growth by tackling some of those barriers. I'm dedicated to partnering with you on your path to emotional well-being and generational healing. Together, we'll create a nurturing environment where you can address life's obstacles with confidence and foster positive relationships. Let's pave the way for greater fulfillment, authenticity, and generational healing.
(757) 992-8430 View (757) 992-8430
Photo of Megan A Connell, Psychologist in Virginia Beach, VA
Megan A Connell
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23456  (Online Only)
Your mind is racing, you feel overwhelmed and like you can barely hold it together. You feel the pressure of the expectations of others and live in constant dread of letting them down, or worse being discovered for being a fraud. Even in the quiet of the night your mind races with all the things you need to do, and is constantly worried about what you have forgotten, or who you may have let down. You feel powerless to change any of it.
Your mind is racing, you feel overwhelmed and like you can barely hold it together. You feel the pressure of the expectations of others and live in constant dread of letting them down, or worse being discovered for being a fraud. Even in the quiet of the night your mind races with all the things you need to do, and is constantly worried about what you have forgotten, or who you may have let down. You feel powerless to change any of it.
(844) 552-0935 View (844) 552-0935
Photo of Kelly Wallis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Kelly Wallis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451  (Online Only)
I am accepting new clients via telehealth appointments who are looking for an opportunity to take a deeper look into their behaviors and feelings to gain a better understanding of how emotions can impact their life. Whether it's grief, trauma, relationships, life balance, or the in between, my goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment for you to grow and embrace your authentic self.
I am accepting new clients via telehealth appointments who are looking for an opportunity to take a deeper look into their behaviors and feelings to gain a better understanding of how emotions can impact their life. Whether it's grief, trauma, relationships, life balance, or the in between, my goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment for you to grow and embrace your authentic self.
(757) 703-3867 View (757) 703-3867
Photo of Allison Russell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Allison Russell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Accepting new clients with no wait list! Are you feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, or life’s challenges? I specialize in helping individuals navigate through difficult times and find their inner strength and resilience. My ideal client is someone who is ready to take the first step towards positive change. They may be dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, or low self-esteem. They are motivated to explore their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a supportive and non-judgmental environment. My clients want to feel happier, more fulfilled, and at peace with themselves.
Accepting new clients with no wait list! Are you feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, or life’s challenges? I specialize in helping individuals navigate through difficult times and find their inner strength and resilience. My ideal client is someone who is ready to take the first step towards positive change. They may be dealing with issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, or low self-esteem. They are motivated to explore their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a supportive and non-judgmental environment. My clients want to feel happier, more fulfilled, and at peace with themselves.
(757) 866-4358 View (757) 866-4358
Photo of Christina L. Patac, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Christina L. Patac
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CSAC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464  (Online Only)
Now accepting new clients via telehealth, for adults, teens, and children (10+) providing a comprehensive perspective on the human experience across various life stages and transitions. With a commitment to fostering a safe, transparent, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment for processing, reflection, and learning, I meet clients where they are, tailoring the therapy approach to one's individual needs.
Now accepting new clients via telehealth, for adults, teens, and children (10+) providing a comprehensive perspective on the human experience across various life stages and transitions. With a commitment to fostering a safe, transparent, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment for processing, reflection, and learning, I meet clients where they are, tailoring the therapy approach to one's individual needs.
(540) 274-0729 View (540) 274-0729
Photo of Korrin Vanderhoof, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Korrin Vanderhoof
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LISW-S, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience working with children, teens, and adults with diverse backgrounds and presenting problems. I practice from a humanist perspective, meeting my clients where they are at with compassion and understanding. My goal for treatment is to assist my clients in understanding the patterns to their problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and developing the insight and skills needed to become the best version of themselves. I have found my passion in working with complex trauma, grief, and attachment as well as anxiety, depression, and every day stress.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over a decade of experience working with children, teens, and adults with diverse backgrounds and presenting problems. I practice from a humanist perspective, meeting my clients where they are at with compassion and understanding. My goal for treatment is to assist my clients in understanding the patterns to their problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and developing the insight and skills needed to become the best version of themselves. I have found my passion in working with complex trauma, grief, and attachment as well as anxiety, depression, and every day stress.
(757) 379-8795 View (757) 379-8795

See more therapy options for Virginia Beach

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Stress
71% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
75% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Virginia Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.