Therapists in Santa Fe, NM
Megan V. Phillips
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505 (Online Only)
In psychotherapy, I aim to offer an authentic space for self-exploration and healing. My therapy practice is grounded in mindfulness and cognitive behavioral approaches. My clients include individuals and couples experiencing stressful life transitions. I practice culturally responsive and trauma sensitive therapy and provide a safe, non-judgemental place to process uncomfortable emotions and mental stress. I see my role as a guide to help you and navigate authentic healing.
In psychotherapy, I aim to offer an authentic space for self-exploration and healing. My therapy practice is grounded in mindfulness and cognitive behavioral approaches. My clients include individuals and couples experiencing stressful life transitions. I practice culturally responsive and trauma sensitive therapy and provide a safe, non-judgemental place to process uncomfortable emotions and mental stress. I see my role as a guide to help you and navigate authentic healing.
Francie Healey
Counselor, MA, CHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505
I use a holistic framework to educate my clients about how and what to eat in order to feel energized, grounded and well nourished. I help them to create habits that support their health and wellness goals. This includes counseling and education around holistic nutrition, meal planning and the connection between food and mood. I help my clients to identify the core values in their lives and to understand how emotional eating can affect the realization of their goals. I help my clients develop strategies around food that support their vision for wellness in a meaningful and sustainable way.
I use a holistic framework to educate my clients about how and what to eat in order to feel energized, grounded and well nourished. I help them to create habits that support their health and wellness goals. This includes counseling and education around holistic nutrition, meal planning and the connection between food and mood. I help my clients to identify the core values in their lives and to understand how emotional eating can affect the realization of their goals. I help my clients develop strategies around food that support their vision for wellness in a meaningful and sustainable way.
Mark Louis Boschelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPCC, LADAC, ACS
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87508
Welcome to my practice. I received my Masters degree in Counseling Psychology in 1985 from Illinois State University, and pursuing my doctorate in Counseling Education at the University of New Mexico. In 1985, I started my professional psychology career in Illinois on one of the first crisis hotline linked mobile psychiatric crisis intervention teams in the nation. It was awarded the National Award for Significant Achievement in the Field of Psychiatry from the American Psychiatric Association. I am a behavioral health clinical director for Presbyterian Medical Services specializing in Assertive Community Treatment and psychiatric Mobile Crisis Response.
Welcome to my practice. I received my Masters degree in Counseling Psychology in 1985 from Illinois State University, and pursuing my doctorate in Counseling Education at the University of New Mexico. In 1985, I started my professional psychology career in Illinois on one of the first crisis hotline linked mobile psychiatric crisis intervention teams in the nation. It was awarded the National Award for Significant Achievement in the Field of Psychiatry from the American Psychiatric Association. I am a behavioral health clinical director for Presbyterian Medical Services specializing in Assertive Community Treatment and psychiatric Mobile Crisis Response.
Diana Lightmoon
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Fe, NM 87508
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel anxious? Depressed? We are living in a very unstable world right now and so feeling grounded and centered is especially challenging. Stressful times like these activate our nervous systems and can awaken old traumas, fears, and anxiety and can cause depression. Finding that place inside where you are fundamentally okay no matter what is happening, is essential to the happy, healthy life you desire and so deserve. Believe it or not, it is possible. It also helps you be a more positive force in the world, rather than feeling like a victim of circumstances.
Do you feel anxious? Depressed? We are living in a very unstable world right now and so feeling grounded and centered is especially challenging. Stressful times like these activate our nervous systems and can awaken old traumas, fears, and anxiety and can cause depression. Finding that place inside where you are fundamentally okay no matter what is happening, is essential to the happy, healthy life you desire and so deserve. Believe it or not, it is possible. It also helps you be a more positive force in the world, rather than feeling like a victim of circumstances.
Cultivate Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Fe, NM 87505 (Online Only)
Stacey McMullen, LMSW graduated from New Mexico Highlands University. She believes that what happened to you does not define you. Her approach guides clients to consider understanding their thought patterns, values, and assumptions. Stacey has experience working with aging populations, young adults, groups, and individuals. Her background is in music, expressive arts, social, well-being, and mindfulness. She uses trauma informed therapy, narrative therapy, and unconventional tools to support clients in their discovery process. Stacey seeks to create a non-judgmental environment in support of healing and awareness.
Stacey McMullen, LMSW graduated from New Mexico Highlands University. She believes that what happened to you does not define you. Her approach guides clients to consider understanding their thought patterns, values, and assumptions. Stacey has experience working with aging populations, young adults, groups, and individuals. Her background is in music, expressive arts, social, well-being, and mindfulness. She uses trauma informed therapy, narrative therapy, and unconventional tools to support clients in their discovery process. Stacey seeks to create a non-judgmental environment in support of healing and awareness.
Thomas McCaffrey
Psychologist, PsyD, MBA
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505
If you are suffering from depression or anxiety, dysfunctional relationships, trauma, grief or a life transition, such as divorce, illness or job loss, I am here to help as these are my areas of focus. I ascribe to a bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach to therapy and believe these four elements make an important contribution to our mental well-being. To ensure healing, I will meet you where you are and we will call upon a broad array of disciplines within and outside of psychology. If you are seeking a meaningful and successful therapy experience, I offer an empathetic and caring environment which is the foundation of my work.
If you are suffering from depression or anxiety, dysfunctional relationships, trauma, grief or a life transition, such as divorce, illness or job loss, I am here to help as these are my areas of focus. I ascribe to a bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach to therapy and believe these four elements make an important contribution to our mental well-being. To ensure healing, I will meet you where you are and we will call upon a broad array of disciplines within and outside of psychology. If you are seeking a meaningful and successful therapy experience, I offer an empathetic and caring environment which is the foundation of my work.
Louis Levin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505
I see a range of clients with depression, anxiety, and dissatisfaction with adjustment to their daily lives and/ or specific situations, who hope to move through these difficulties and experience fulfilling and satisfying lives.
I see a range of clients with depression, anxiety, and dissatisfaction with adjustment to their daily lives and/ or specific situations, who hope to move through these difficulties and experience fulfilling and satisfying lives.
Miran Wayne
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505
Not accepting new clients
Healing begins through relationship. Our work together will first be to build a safe and trusting relationship to engage in a deeper process of transformation. All of our experiences, prenatally to the present, have led us to who we are today. Sometimes, we need help figuring out where we’re stuck, what’s getting in the way and how to find our way forward. This can be tricky to navigate by ourselves. Through open and honest exploration of your unique experiences, I will guide you in slowing down while finding a deeper sense of self-awareness and healthier ways to move forward.
Healing begins through relationship. Our work together will first be to build a safe and trusting relationship to engage in a deeper process of transformation. All of our experiences, prenatally to the present, have led us to who we are today. Sometimes, we need help figuring out where we’re stuck, what’s getting in the way and how to find our way forward. This can be tricky to navigate by ourselves. Through open and honest exploration of your unique experiences, I will guide you in slowing down while finding a deeper sense of self-awareness and healthier ways to move forward.
S Davis Porterfield
Counselor, MA, LMHC, MBACP
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87501
It takes courage to ask for help, and it can feel humbling to speak to a stranger about the difficult or painful parts of our life. I offer a non-judgmental and supportive space in which we can work together to help you find clarity and healing. I work compassionately, with humor and straight-forwardness, supporting greater awareness, insight, choice and fulfillment.
It takes courage to ask for help, and it can feel humbling to speak to a stranger about the difficult or painful parts of our life. I offer a non-judgmental and supportive space in which we can work together to help you find clarity and healing. I work compassionately, with humor and straight-forwardness, supporting greater awareness, insight, choice and fulfillment.
Elsa Backstrom
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87507
My goals with couples counseling is to provide temporary services that increase the strength and vitality of your friendship while improving conflict resolution and general communication flow to a self-sustainable level. I treatment plan based on a total of 10 sessions:transitioning from weekly to bi-weekly, to monthly, to none. In counseling we will Modify conflict by: 1. SOFTENING START UP, 2.ACCEPTING YOUR PARTNERS PERSPECTIVE, 3. CONFLICT REPAIRS, 4. DE-ESCALATE QUARRELS. This work will continue to improve your relationship after the counseling completes. Please visit my website for more information
My goals with couples counseling is to provide temporary services that increase the strength and vitality of your friendship while improving conflict resolution and general communication flow to a self-sustainable level. I treatment plan based on a total of 10 sessions:transitioning from weekly to bi-weekly, to monthly, to none. In counseling we will Modify conflict by: 1. SOFTENING START UP, 2.ACCEPTING YOUR PARTNERS PERSPECTIVE, 3. CONFLICT REPAIRS, 4. DE-ESCALATE QUARRELS. This work will continue to improve your relationship after the counseling completes. Please visit my website for more information
Michele Wolf
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87507
In my work as a Marriage and Family therapist I intend to co-create a supportive, secure, and genuine relationship where you feel both safe and challenged to grow. I work with clients of all races, ages, and orientations, and my lens is trauma informed. Challenging life experiences and traumatic experiences can be healed through a felt sense of safety and trust and exploration of patterns and behaviors that limits our authentic self. I have experience working with adults, families, couples, adolescents and children.
In my work as a Marriage and Family therapist I intend to co-create a supportive, secure, and genuine relationship where you feel both safe and challenged to grow. I work with clients of all races, ages, and orientations, and my lens is trauma informed. Challenging life experiences and traumatic experiences can be healed through a felt sense of safety and trust and exploration of patterns and behaviors that limits our authentic self. I have experience working with adults, families, couples, adolescents and children.
15 Second Videos
Thomas McCaffrey
Thomas Darrell Spencer
Melody Van Hoose
Nicholas David Brown
Alanna Sherstad
Elizabeth Morris
Lolly Be
Melissa M. Smith
Audra Genduso
Scott Chapman
Anna Rider
Micky DeSilva
Ya'el Chaikind
Iris Toledo
Cyd Davis-Hubler
Micah Birdshire
Samari Rodriguez Rios
JCallaway Therapy EMDR For Trauma Recovery
Kirsten Nelson
Victoria Hemphill
Andrea Campbell
Leland Guthrie
Lisa Danner
Tor Travis
Joseph Wolf
Kelly Quintia
Aimée Dale-Lucius
Black Canvas Wholistic Therapy
Annette Gates
Cerros Mentorship and Coaching
The Family Connection, LLC
Anika Kelso
Richard E Nasef
Emily Miles
Jill C Griffin
Craig Thomas McAdams
Barbara Berry
Ione Hepburn
Cat (Adhd) Findley
NOCD- Therapists for OCD
Warren M Steinman, PhD
Ivy Anna Rizzo
Juliet Kinkade-Black
Joshua Greep
Happy Whole Human Holistic Wellness Coaching
Adalina East
Robert Glanz
Mark Robert Voss
Randel Porter
Dusty L Humes, Ph.D., Clinical & Forensic Svcs
Susan E Bernstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87501
I see clients with a wide range of reasons for entering therapy, including partner and work relationships, parenting challenges, confusion around life focus, and a desire for deeper work using dreams and other unconscious sources from within, and more. I see adults and teen girls. My work is informed by various trainings, study and thought, applied depending on the client's needs and goals.
I see clients with a wide range of reasons for entering therapy, including partner and work relationships, parenting challenges, confusion around life focus, and a desire for deeper work using dreams and other unconscious sources from within, and more. I see adults and teen girls. My work is informed by various trainings, study and thought, applied depending on the client's needs and goals.
Anika Carrasco Trujillo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87507 (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker that is a native of New Mexico. I enjoy meeting and working with preteens/teens and adults. I believe in using a client centered approach, and do this by listening to your story, continually assessing needs, and finding the best therapeutic approach to address your current challenges. I specialize in addressing anxiety disorders- including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety, BFRBs, TICS, Hoarding and Social Anxiety Disorder. Using ERP and other therapeutic modalities, I can assist in diagnosing and supporting you through a healing journey.
I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker that is a native of New Mexico. I enjoy meeting and working with preteens/teens and adults. I believe in using a client centered approach, and do this by listening to your story, continually assessing needs, and finding the best therapeutic approach to address your current challenges. I specialize in addressing anxiety disorders- including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety, BFRBs, TICS, Hoarding and Social Anxiety Disorder. Using ERP and other therapeutic modalities, I can assist in diagnosing and supporting you through a healing journey.
Sylvie Eyral
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87501 (Online Only)
Would you like to live life more fully? You can. Together, we will help you discover that there is more to you than states of dys-regulation, depression, stress or anxiety. Stress and trauma come from many sources. You may have lived through - or been witness to -something that occurred too fast or lasted too long (medical interventions, childhood abuse or neglect, grief & loss).
Would you like to live life more fully? You can. Together, we will help you discover that there is more to you than states of dys-regulation, depression, stress or anxiety. Stress and trauma come from many sources. You may have lived through - or been witness to -something that occurred too fast or lasted too long (medical interventions, childhood abuse or neglect, grief & loss).
Dana M Dean
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CCTP-I, CCTP-2
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87501 (Online Only)
You are not alone in experiencing times when you need extra support - ideally from someone who makes you feel safe, accepted, understood, and warmly cared about, as well as someone skilled in their craft. My clients experience me in this way. I am passionate about working with people who are dealing with a wide range of issues, including relationship difficulties, grief and loss, major transitions, depression, anxiety, addiction, co-dependence, and trauma. Research shows that no one therapeutic approach is more effective than another – rather, the relationship between client and therapist has the greatest impact on healing.
You are not alone in experiencing times when you need extra support - ideally from someone who makes you feel safe, accepted, understood, and warmly cared about, as well as someone skilled in their craft. My clients experience me in this way. I am passionate about working with people who are dealing with a wide range of issues, including relationship difficulties, grief and loss, major transitions, depression, anxiety, addiction, co-dependence, and trauma. Research shows that no one therapeutic approach is more effective than another – rather, the relationship between client and therapist has the greatest impact on healing.
Morgan Amiel Faulkner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505
I am a Psychotherapist and Leadership Coach, working primarily with C-level executives and their families. Together, we cover a wide range of topics, from Mindful communication and leadership skills to personal relationships, family and marital issues, addiction, substance use, anxiety, depression, and even self-harm and thoughts of suicide. The pressure of maintaining high-quality deliverables while also managing work/life balance on an incredibly tight schedule is the lens through which I serve most of my clients.
I am a Psychotherapist and Leadership Coach, working primarily with C-level executives and their families. Together, we cover a wide range of topics, from Mindful communication and leadership skills to personal relationships, family and marital issues, addiction, substance use, anxiety, depression, and even self-harm and thoughts of suicide. The pressure of maintaining high-quality deliverables while also managing work/life balance on an incredibly tight schedule is the lens through which I serve most of my clients.
Jennifer Rabinowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505
Thank you for your interest. People come to therapy to address a variety of issues and needs. Therapy helps people to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, the issues impacting their lives and barriers to personal change. Therapy helps to take down those walls and aids the building of a more satisfying and authentically lived life.
Thank you for your interest. People come to therapy to address a variety of issues and needs. Therapy helps people to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, the issues impacting their lives and barriers to personal change. Therapy helps to take down those walls and aids the building of a more satisfying and authentically lived life.
Melanie Harth
Counselor, PhD, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Fe, NM 87501 (Online Only)
Are you a strong, successful woman who’s struggling on the inside, no matter how together you look on the outside? Life feels so hard; it’s all getting to be too much. You hate feeling like you’re not in control, but you also doubt your decisions. You feel worthless, taking the blame when things go wrong. Nothing stops the pain, no matter how busy you stay at work or how much you pretend that living like this is good enough. I’m Melanie. I'll help you overcome fears, frustrations, and loneliness, no matter how accomplished you are. You'll learn how to trust yourself again, to feel more alive, and fall in love with your future.
Are you a strong, successful woman who’s struggling on the inside, no matter how together you look on the outside? Life feels so hard; it’s all getting to be too much. You hate feeling like you’re not in control, but you also doubt your decisions. You feel worthless, taking the blame when things go wrong. Nothing stops the pain, no matter how busy you stay at work or how much you pretend that living like this is good enough. I’m Melanie. I'll help you overcome fears, frustrations, and loneliness, no matter how accomplished you are. You'll learn how to trust yourself again, to feel more alive, and fall in love with your future.
Brian Milliken
Counselor, LPCC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Fe, NM 87505 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
In session, we will look at what you are hoping to get from the counseling experience and collaboratively discover what will work for your situation toward getting unstuck from emotional, behavioral and relationship issues. I commonly see people with concerns such as depression, anxiety, relationship issues, financial difficulties, anger management, addictions, and grief. I also specialize in couples counseling issues such as communication, trust, and infidelity, and guide you through turbulent times. I have been in practice for over 25 years.
In session, we will look at what you are hoping to get from the counseling experience and collaboratively discover what will work for your situation toward getting unstuck from emotional, behavioral and relationship issues. I commonly see people with concerns such as depression, anxiety, relationship issues, financial difficulties, anger management, addictions, and grief. I also specialize in couples counseling issues such as communication, trust, and infidelity, and guide you through turbulent times. I have been in practice for over 25 years.
Patricia St Clare Phd
Marriage & Family Therapist, Patricia St Clare PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Fe, NM 87505
I am licensed in both New Mexico and California. I have experience woke with Military personnel and their families. My therapy style integrates elements from a psychodynamic, humanistic approach, including gestalt, ENDR and behavioral health as well as spirituality and grief counseling. I believe in developing a treatment plan that fits the individuals needs while also taking into consideration the time of life that the person may be in. I have a commitment to the process of self-growth and that of self-discovery that can take place at any age and time. My practice includes individuals as well as couples.
I am licensed in both New Mexico and California. I have experience woke with Military personnel and their families. My therapy style integrates elements from a psychodynamic, humanistic approach, including gestalt, ENDR and behavioral health as well as spirituality and grief counseling. I believe in developing a treatment plan that fits the individuals needs while also taking into consideration the time of life that the person may be in. I have a commitment to the process of self-growth and that of self-discovery that can take place at any age and time. My practice includes individuals as well as couples.
See more therapy options for Santa Fe
Nearby Searches for Santa Fe
See More TherapistsHow does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Santa Fe, NM
500+
Average cost per session
$135
Therapists in Santa Fe, NM who prioritize treating:
90% | Anxiety |
85% | Depression |
79% | Relationship Issues |
76% | Trauma and PTSD |
76% | Self Esteem |
71% | Grief |
64% | Stress |
Average years in practice
13 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
74% | Presbyterian |
72% | BlueCross and BlueShield |
65% | Medicaid |
How Therapists in Santa Fe, NM see their clients
61% | In Person and Online | |
39% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
76% | Female | |
22% | Male | |
2% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Santa Fe?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.