Therapists in Cranston, RI

Photo of Jennifer Prendergast, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Jennifer Prendergast
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cranston, RI 02910
You are here and you are reading this, the first step has been taken and I am proud of you for that. Facing difficult emotional and interpersonal challenges in our lives can be daunting and can also be a time for growth and healing. Talking with someone who listens without judgment, understands your concerns, and helps you clarify issues, can be invaluable and I am here to provide that to you. I approach every client with an open mind and don't make any assumptions about your life experiences. Every individual faces unique challenges and needs to work on themselves at their own pace, and I’m here to help you on your way..
You are here and you are reading this, the first step has been taken and I am proud of you for that. Facing difficult emotional and interpersonal challenges in our lives can be daunting and can also be a time for growth and healing. Talking with someone who listens without judgment, understands your concerns, and helps you clarify issues, can be invaluable and I am here to provide that to you. I approach every client with an open mind and don't make any assumptions about your life experiences. Every individual faces unique challenges and needs to work on themselves at their own pace, and I’m here to help you on your way..
(401) 205-8956 View (401) 205-8956
Patricia Donahue
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02910
Hello and thank you for taking the time to look at my profile. People seek therapy because they are in pain about something or simply want to function better and get more out of life. Everyone has their own idea of what "better" would look like.
Hello and thank you for taking the time to look at my profile. People seek therapy because they are in pain about something or simply want to function better and get more out of life. Everyone has their own idea of what "better" would look like.
(844) 588-1738 View (844) 588-1738
Photo of Suzanne O'Shea Associates, LLC, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Suzanne O'Shea Associates, LLC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02920  (Online Only)
Change. Ultimately, that’s what it’s all about and the question is how do we make it happen for you? There’s a part of you actively seeking an answer right now, and this part is likely one that has helped you through challenges before. First and foremost, it’s often a good idea to take a moment and see if you can tap into some curiosity and maybe even a little gratitude toward this part of yourself. It’s supporting the effort to find balance and face whatever emotions are causing you to feel uncomfortable right now. This gesture may help center your mind (and body) as you prioritize your mental wellness.
Change. Ultimately, that’s what it’s all about and the question is how do we make it happen for you? There’s a part of you actively seeking an answer right now, and this part is likely one that has helped you through challenges before. First and foremost, it’s often a good idea to take a moment and see if you can tap into some curiosity and maybe even a little gratitude toward this part of yourself. It’s supporting the effort to find balance and face whatever emotions are causing you to feel uncomfortable right now. This gesture may help center your mind (and body) as you prioritize your mental wellness.
(401) 264-8493 View (401) 264-8493
Photo of Thomas A. Lundin, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Thomas A. Lundin
Counselor, LMHC, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cranston, RI 02920
Currently Accepting New Patients (make inquiry for details) I specialize in the treatment of couples and families in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New York. I practice in a safe, quiet, and welcoming environment that allows for understanding and growth. I am available for sessions in person or virtually.
Currently Accepting New Patients (make inquiry for details) I specialize in the treatment of couples and families in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New York. I practice in a safe, quiet, and welcoming environment that allows for understanding and growth. I am available for sessions in person or virtually.
(401) 239-1666 View (401) 239-1666
Photo of Janet Marquez LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Cranston, RI
Janet Marquez LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02910
My approach to therapy is customized for you to give you the optimal environment to explore what is giving you distress, what you are questioning, and opportunities for personal growth. I work with you to address your challenges and identify ways to manage them. My work is through evidence based approaches. I treat adults , couples, and families in a safe and supportive manner. I will complete an assessment of your current status, identify treatment goals, and make a plan for your treatment with you. I work at a pace with which you are comfortable, taking into account the goals you have identified.
My approach to therapy is customized for you to give you the optimal environment to explore what is giving you distress, what you are questioning, and opportunities for personal growth. I work with you to address your challenges and identify ways to manage them. My work is through evidence based approaches. I treat adults , couples, and families in a safe and supportive manner. I will complete an assessment of your current status, identify treatment goals, and make a plan for your treatment with you. I work at a pace with which you are comfortable, taking into account the goals you have identified.
(401) 400-2692 View (401) 400-2692
Photo of Amy Johanna Ahlberg, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Amy Johanna Ahlberg
Counselor, MA, CGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02920
Many of my clients contact me for support in one or more areas of their life that are challenging, such as marital or relationship discord; job or career dissatisfaction; feeling that life is passing one by; uncertainty with one's path in life; disproportionate dwelling on the past or future; or seeking empathic support for grief, loss, or unresolved past or recent trauma. Most ask to learn skills to increase distress tolerance, reduce ruminations, accept uncertainty, nurture self-compassion and self-worth, improve communication style, navigate co-existence with a difficult, unavoidable person (relative, colleague , etc), and more.
Many of my clients contact me for support in one or more areas of their life that are challenging, such as marital or relationship discord; job or career dissatisfaction; feeling that life is passing one by; uncertainty with one's path in life; disproportionate dwelling on the past or future; or seeking empathic support for grief, loss, or unresolved past or recent trauma. Most ask to learn skills to increase distress tolerance, reduce ruminations, accept uncertainty, nurture self-compassion and self-worth, improve communication style, navigate co-existence with a difficult, unavoidable person (relative, colleague , etc), and more.
(401) 227-3735 View (401) 227-3735
Photo of Sarah Donfrancesco, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Sarah Donfrancesco
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cranston, RI 02921
The relationship between you and your therapist is a unique one, which cultivates the freedom to share any emotion, thought, or behavior, without fear of judgement. It is important to examine both the "why" behind our thoughts and behaviors, as well as how we can heal our inner or outer conflict, and move forward with improved insight, effective coping strategies, and a stronger sense of self. As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, the bulk of my work so far has been with young adults and adolescents, though I often work with families and older adults as well.
The relationship between you and your therapist is a unique one, which cultivates the freedom to share any emotion, thought, or behavior, without fear of judgement. It is important to examine both the "why" behind our thoughts and behaviors, as well as how we can heal our inner or outer conflict, and move forward with improved insight, effective coping strategies, and a stronger sense of self. As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, the bulk of my work so far has been with young adults and adolescents, though I often work with families and older adults as well.
(401) 208-0308 View (401) 208-0308
Photo of Marilyn Gora Fong, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cranston, RI
Marilyn Gora Fong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02920
Therapy is a unique and personal journey, therefore I practice an integrative and individualized style of therapy to best address your specific needs. My therapeutic style can be described as integrative, empathic and nonjudgmental. I focus on helping to build on a client's strengths while also directing attention to those behaviors and thoughts that hold people back from achieving their goals and living a more authentic life.
Therapy is a unique and personal journey, therefore I practice an integrative and individualized style of therapy to best address your specific needs. My therapeutic style can be described as integrative, empathic and nonjudgmental. I focus on helping to build on a client's strengths while also directing attention to those behaviors and thoughts that hold people back from achieving their goals and living a more authentic life.
(401) 214-9664 View (401) 214-9664
Photo of Peter Olivieri, Marriage & Family Therapist in Cranston, RI
Peter Olivieri
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cranston, RI 02910
I believe in lifes journey people experience changes and transitions which challenge our ability to adapt and grow. Difficulty in this process can be expressed in a variety of ways including feelings of depression, anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbance, change in appetite, reliance on alcohol/drugs, lack of energy, and other symptoms. Often these symptoms are early warning signs we are having difficulty with these changes. Sometimes normal life changes like loss of a relationship, leaving home, or birth of a child can be stressful. Unusual events like traumatic loss, illness, physical injury, and combat experiance present unique personal challenges.
I believe in lifes journey people experience changes and transitions which challenge our ability to adapt and grow. Difficulty in this process can be expressed in a variety of ways including feelings of depression, anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbance, change in appetite, reliance on alcohol/drugs, lack of energy, and other symptoms. Often these symptoms are early warning signs we are having difficulty with these changes. Sometimes normal life changes like loss of a relationship, leaving home, or birth of a child can be stressful. Unusual events like traumatic loss, illness, physical injury, and combat experiance present unique personal challenges.
(401) 400-0285 View (401) 400-0285
Photo of Jules B. Patigian, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Jules B. Patigian
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02905
Offering Walk Therapy: outdoors, in-person, year round, dogs invited. I’m licensed in MA & RI & will consider well-aligned virtual clients as well. My current practice is very queer/trans, multi-racial, poly, neurodivergent, spiritual, artistic, working in helping professions, embodied, & politically-engaged. Folks who thrive with me appreciate direct feedback, authenticity, & strengths-based ways of building safety & courage to go after the lives they want, relationally & professionally. I find that the walking modality, in combination with EMDR & somatic practices, are a trustworthy resource for addressing complex trauma.
Offering Walk Therapy: outdoors, in-person, year round, dogs invited. I’m licensed in MA & RI & will consider well-aligned virtual clients as well. My current practice is very queer/trans, multi-racial, poly, neurodivergent, spiritual, artistic, working in helping professions, embodied, & politically-engaged. Folks who thrive with me appreciate direct feedback, authenticity, & strengths-based ways of building safety & courage to go after the lives they want, relationally & professionally. I find that the walking modality, in combination with EMDR & somatic practices, are a trustworthy resource for addressing complex trauma.
(401) 812-4719 View (401) 812-4719
Photo of Barbara A Belhumeur, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Barbara A Belhumeur
Counselor, MA, CAGS, CRC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02910  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
A natural evolution from the Covid pandemic, I am currently conducting only tele-therapy sessions that are secure and protected. Myself and clients are equally enjoying the freedom to meet in a chosen environment. For new clients, we can chat about goals and expectations and see if you have a comfort level to try therapy within some technology. This mode of conducting sessions lends itself well to greater time flexibility. Let’s explore it! Barbara
A natural evolution from the Covid pandemic, I am currently conducting only tele-therapy sessions that are secure and protected. Myself and clients are equally enjoying the freedom to meet in a chosen environment. For new clients, we can chat about goals and expectations and see if you have a comfort level to try therapy within some technology. This mode of conducting sessions lends itself well to greater time flexibility. Let’s explore it! Barbara
(401) 515-4990 View (401) 515-4990
Photo of Rachel Bailey-Moore, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Rachel Bailey-Moore
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02920
Hello there! My name is Rachel Bailey-Moore, LMHC. My approach to therapy is to put the client first, working with them to find balance in their lives. I try to learn about people through a person-centered approach, using active listening and mindfulness during the rapport building process. I appreciate it when clients feel free to speak openly and without a filter. I don't get offended easily and I appreciate when people speak to me as they would their close friend. I take a light approach to communication. I don't use frilly language and I prefer to keep communication down-to-earth.
Hello there! My name is Rachel Bailey-Moore, LMHC. My approach to therapy is to put the client first, working with them to find balance in their lives. I try to learn about people through a person-centered approach, using active listening and mindfulness during the rapport building process. I appreciate it when clients feel free to speak openly and without a filter. I don't get offended easily and I appreciate when people speak to me as they would their close friend. I take a light approach to communication. I don't use frilly language and I prefer to keep communication down-to-earth.
(401) 592-5017 View (401) 592-5017
Photo of Briana Simmons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cranston, RI
Briana Simmons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02910
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about supporting teenagers who face various mental health challenges such as depression, anxiety, substance use, and family issues. With a focus on fostering resilience and promoting positive change, I am dedicated to helping teens navigate their struggles and achieve meaningful growth. Utilizing evidence-based treatment models, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), I offer compassionate and effective therapeutic support.
I am passionate about supporting teenagers who face various mental health challenges such as depression, anxiety, substance use, and family issues. With a focus on fostering resilience and promoting positive change, I am dedicated to helping teens navigate their struggles and achieve meaningful growth. Utilizing evidence-based treatment models, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), I offer compassionate and effective therapeutic support.
(401) 266-3623 View (401) 266-3623
Photo of Jennifer Kilroy, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Jennifer Kilroy
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02910
My experiences in varied settings for the past 20 years has given me the opportunity to see what works and doesn't work for patients. I combine holistic and traditional methods to help you gain emotional, physical, and spiritual balance. I help patients develop effective skills and strategies that will provide them with emotion and nervous system regulation, so they can live their lives to the fullest. We all experience unique challenges stemming from stress, anxiety, depression, work, relationships, family, and our health. I know life can be stressful and hard, but you can feel better.
My experiences in varied settings for the past 20 years has given me the opportunity to see what works and doesn't work for patients. I combine holistic and traditional methods to help you gain emotional, physical, and spiritual balance. I help patients develop effective skills and strategies that will provide them with emotion and nervous system regulation, so they can live their lives to the fullest. We all experience unique challenges stemming from stress, anxiety, depression, work, relationships, family, and our health. I know life can be stressful and hard, but you can feel better.
(401) 386-3411 View (401) 386-3411
Photo of Grace Full Counseling, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Grace Full Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02920  (Online Only)
Hi! My name is Ana Torrado. I am a bilingual licensed mental health clinician. I was born and raised in Colombia and moved to the U.S. when I was nine. I am a wife, mother, sister, daughter, and friend. Like you, I live in this multifaceted world filled with many challenges and uncertainty. After years of counseling, using theories and methods of the current psychology field, as the framework for therapy interventions, I have come to learn that true healing is incomplete without Jesus at the center.
Hi! My name is Ana Torrado. I am a bilingual licensed mental health clinician. I was born and raised in Colombia and moved to the U.S. when I was nine. I am a wife, mother, sister, daughter, and friend. Like you, I live in this multifaceted world filled with many challenges and uncertainty. After years of counseling, using theories and methods of the current psychology field, as the framework for therapy interventions, I have come to learn that true healing is incomplete without Jesus at the center.
(401) 496-8902 View (401) 496-8902
Photo of Rosa G. Giron, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Rosa G. Giron
Counselor, LMHC, LCDP, NCC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cranston, RI 02921  (Online Only)
As a Latinx therapist I take great care in developing a safe and collaborative relationship with my clients, as it is a key conductor towards healing, hope and change. Together we will identify systems that impact your well-being and use new and existing strengths to help you achieve your goals as you embark in the healing process. I would love to assist in navigating any perinatal concerns by empowering you with resources to help with transitional times in your life.
As a Latinx therapist I take great care in developing a safe and collaborative relationship with my clients, as it is a key conductor towards healing, hope and change. Together we will identify systems that impact your well-being and use new and existing strengths to help you achieve your goals as you embark in the healing process. I would love to assist in navigating any perinatal concerns by empowering you with resources to help with transitional times in your life.
(401) 312-4566 View (401) 312-4566
Photo of Kimberly Benchsky, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Kimberly Benchsky
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cranston, RI 02921
Not accepting new clients
Sometimes life presents us with challenges that are too overwhelming to navigate on our own. This is when therapy may be helpful. Hello, I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with more than 10 years of experience working with children ages 2 years old through adulthood. I have extensive experience supporting individuals with anxiety, ADHD, adjustment disorder, depression/postpartum depression, grief, trauma, social skills, coping skills, sibling conflict, family interactions, and sensory difficulties. I also have a specialty in assisting clients with autism spectrum disorders. I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families in a variety of settings.
Sometimes life presents us with challenges that are too overwhelming to navigate on our own. This is when therapy may be helpful. Hello, I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with more than 10 years of experience working with children ages 2 years old through adulthood. I have extensive experience supporting individuals with anxiety, ADHD, adjustment disorder, depression/postpartum depression, grief, trauma, social skills, coping skills, sibling conflict, family interactions, and sensory difficulties. I also have a specialty in assisting clients with autism spectrum disorders. I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families in a variety of settings.
(401) 491-2402 View (401) 491-2402
Photo of Bennett Z Hirsch, Psychologist in Cranston, RI
Bennett Z Hirsch
Psychologist, PhD, JD, MA
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02910
In practice from1989, providing a full range of therapeutic services to children, adolescents, adults, families and couples. Worked 25 years as a full-time School Psychologist in addition to maintaining a Private Practice. I specialize in Child and Family, ADHD, and the full spectrum of emotional, behavioral, school-related and learning problems. My also perform Psychological testing and Neuro-Psychological assessments. I am a past president and former board member of the RI Chapter of the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse. I have successfully passed the RI Bar.
In practice from1989, providing a full range of therapeutic services to children, adolescents, adults, families and couples. Worked 25 years as a full-time School Psychologist in addition to maintaining a Private Practice. I specialize in Child and Family, ADHD, and the full spectrum of emotional, behavioral, school-related and learning problems. My also perform Psychological testing and Neuro-Psychological assessments. I am a past president and former board member of the RI Chapter of the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse. I have successfully passed the RI Bar.
(401) 356-3091 View (401) 356-3091
Photo of Nathaniel Johnson, Psychologist in Cranston, RI
Nathaniel Johnson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02910
Dr. Johnson works with individuals and families. He treats adolescents and adults suffering from disorders of anxiety and depression, autism spectrum disorders and transition to adulthood issues. Dr. Johnson is a licensed Psychologist in Rhode Island.
Dr. Johnson works with individuals and families. He treats adolescents and adults suffering from disorders of anxiety and depression, autism spectrum disorders and transition to adulthood issues. Dr. Johnson is a licensed Psychologist in Rhode Island.
(401) 271-4978 View (401) 271-4978
Photo of Katie E. Aubin, Counselor in Cranston, RI
Katie E. Aubin
Counselor, CAGS, LMHC RI
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02920
I am a licensed mental health counselor in Rhode Island at and owner of Prestige Wellness and Co-Parenting Consulting. I am a private practice that offers individual, family, marital, co-parenting mediation and co-parenting groups. I provide a comfortable environment for individuals and families to speak openly about struggles in their life. I work with children, adolescence, adults, and families. I have an interactive counseling style. I want you to feel in control of the counseling process. I will help you set, reach and maintain treatment goals that are specific to your needs. This is your life you are in charge.
I am a licensed mental health counselor in Rhode Island at and owner of Prestige Wellness and Co-Parenting Consulting. I am a private practice that offers individual, family, marital, co-parenting mediation and co-parenting groups. I provide a comfortable environment for individuals and families to speak openly about struggles in their life. I work with children, adolescence, adults, and families. I have an interactive counseling style. I want you to feel in control of the counseling process. I will help you set, reach and maintain treatment goals that are specific to your needs. This is your life you are in charge.
(401) 526-0781 View (401) 526-0781

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cranston, RI

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Cranston, RI who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
77% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
80% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
55% Optum

How Therapists in Cranston, RI see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cranston?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.