Therapists in Jacksonville, FL

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Photo of Hannah Bose, Pre-Licensed Professional in Jacksonville, FL
Hannah Bose
Pre-Licensed Professional, RMHCI, E-CYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32205
I work with clients facing a spectrum of challenges, including trauma, panic, OCD, anxiety, stress, acute and chronic illness, chronic pain, and relationship issues. My therapeutic approach is rooted in a somatic and embodiment lens, recognizing the interconnectedness of body and mind in the healing process. I help people break out of old patterns and bridge the gap between where they are and where they want to be. Through gaining greater self-awareness, healing wounds, and building skills you can overcome blocks to living your most liberated and authentic life.
I work with clients facing a spectrum of challenges, including trauma, panic, OCD, anxiety, stress, acute and chronic illness, chronic pain, and relationship issues. My therapeutic approach is rooted in a somatic and embodiment lens, recognizing the interconnectedness of body and mind in the healing process. I help people break out of old patterns and bridge the gap between where they are and where they want to be. Through gaining greater self-awareness, healing wounds, and building skills you can overcome blocks to living your most liberated and authentic life.
(904) 638-3209 View (904) 638-3209
Photo of Suzanne Sinnwell, Mental Health Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Suzanne Sinnwell
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32223
Not accepting new clients
Thank you very much for considering me to be a part of your personal growth. I understand that seeking support and choosing a therapist is a difficult decision. It is my hope that you and I can work together to achieve your goals. I specialize in reducing distressing symptoms and negative beliefs about yourself as related to traumatic memories. I primarily work with individuals and other therapists who experience symptoms related to traumatic memories, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Together we will work on changing the narrative that keeps you stuck or hurting.
Thank you very much for considering me to be a part of your personal growth. I understand that seeking support and choosing a therapist is a difficult decision. It is my hope that you and I can work together to achieve your goals. I specialize in reducing distressing symptoms and negative beliefs about yourself as related to traumatic memories. I primarily work with individuals and other therapists who experience symptoms related to traumatic memories, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Together we will work on changing the narrative that keeps you stuck or hurting.
(904) 875-5549 View (904) 875-5549
Photo of Nancy Alonzo, Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Nancy Alonzo
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32216
Nancy Alonzo is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in the state of Florida. Nancy received her Bachelor’s Degree from Florida International University in 2013, and her Master in Mental Health Counseling from Nova Southeastern University in 2016. Nancy utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Mindfulness approaches to help her clients achieve their goals. Nancy believes that providing clients with a caring and safe space to explore their issues, where they feel supported, validated, and understood, is a catalyst for positive change.
Nancy Alonzo is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in the state of Florida. Nancy received her Bachelor’s Degree from Florida International University in 2013, and her Master in Mental Health Counseling from Nova Southeastern University in 2016. Nancy utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Mindfulness approaches to help her clients achieve their goals. Nancy believes that providing clients with a caring and safe space to explore their issues, where they feel supported, validated, and understood, is a catalyst for positive change.
(904) 694-5524 View (904) 694-5524
Photo of Kimberly Marie Gydish-Theobald, Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Kimberly Marie Gydish-Theobald
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CAP
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32223
It would be a privilege to assist you on your journey of self-discovery. I am an eclectic therapist which means your experience will be tailored to suit your specific needs. I utilize several therapeutic modalities including but not limited to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Client-Centered and Solution Focused.
It would be a privilege to assist you on your journey of self-discovery. I am an eclectic therapist which means your experience will be tailored to suit your specific needs. I utilize several therapeutic modalities including but not limited to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Client-Centered and Solution Focused.
(904) 875-8336 View (904) 875-8336
Photo of James Roark, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
James Roark
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32258  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm James. I'm the owner of Jacksonville Therapy. I work with individuals and couples. As a therapist, I show up as my authentic self. While I deeply value my experience and theoretical orientation, I consider the trust, connection, and comfort between a client and their therapist to be just as important. My clients want a therapist who is real, compassionate, non-judgmental, unafraid to call them out, jokes, and is just...human.
Hi, I'm James. I'm the owner of Jacksonville Therapy. I work with individuals and couples. As a therapist, I show up as my authentic self. While I deeply value my experience and theoretical orientation, I consider the trust, connection, and comfort between a client and their therapist to be just as important. My clients want a therapist who is real, compassionate, non-judgmental, unafraid to call them out, jokes, and is just...human.
(904) 736-6057 View (904) 736-6057
Photo of Paula Standberry, Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Paula Standberry
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32208
Hello, my name is Paula. I am a licensed mental health counselor, utilizing a variety of evidenced based strategies and techniques to help you with issues that may be hindering you from functioning at your full potential. I am a compassionate therapist and I try to create a therapeutic atmosphere built on unconditional positive regard, non judgement, and respect.
Hello, my name is Paula. I am a licensed mental health counselor, utilizing a variety of evidenced based strategies and techniques to help you with issues that may be hindering you from functioning at your full potential. I am a compassionate therapist and I try to create a therapeutic atmosphere built on unconditional positive regard, non judgement, and respect.
(904) 535-4072 View (904) 535-4072
Photo of Petergay Sterling, Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Petergay Sterling
Counselor, MSN, LMHC, QS-MH, EMDR
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32244
Hello, My name is Petergay Sterling. I am a psychoanalytical therapist and a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner student. We utilize eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to decrease the impact of reliving emotionally traumatizing memories. By healing past wounds, the individuals we see are able to re-engage in their lives. For a complete description of EMDR, please review the following link: http://www.emdr.com/what-is-emdr/
Hello, My name is Petergay Sterling. I am a psychoanalytical therapist and a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner student. We utilize eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to decrease the impact of reliving emotionally traumatizing memories. By healing past wounds, the individuals we see are able to re-engage in their lives. For a complete description of EMDR, please review the following link: http://www.emdr.com/what-is-emdr/
(904) 441-5467 View (904) 441-5467
Photo of Maurice Flournoy, Healing Minds Counseling, LLC, Mental Health Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Maurice Flournoy, Healing Minds Counseling, LLC
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32256
Do you feel pulled in 10 thousand directions, unable to fit all of your responsibilities in? Are you struggling to be present in your relationships? Is it hard to be kind to yourself? Do you feel overly anxious? Whether you're dealing with feeling overwhelmed, relationship issues or cycles of anxiety and depression, I'm here to help. Seeking therapy can feel scary but you're making the right choice. You deserve a safe space to heal and grow. In our sessions together, I'll meet you with compassion and evidence-based techniques so you can overcome the hangups and habits holding you back.
Do you feel pulled in 10 thousand directions, unable to fit all of your responsibilities in? Are you struggling to be present in your relationships? Is it hard to be kind to yourself? Do you feel overly anxious? Whether you're dealing with feeling overwhelmed, relationship issues or cycles of anxiety and depression, I'm here to help. Seeking therapy can feel scary but you're making the right choice. You deserve a safe space to heal and grow. In our sessions together, I'll meet you with compassion and evidence-based techniques so you can overcome the hangups and habits holding you back.
(904) 593-4674 View (904) 593-4674
Photo of Gelila Jones, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Gelila Jones
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32256
Welcome! If you need support in navigating life's challenges with a focus on emotional well-being, I'm here to help. I can assist with issues like relationship struggles, caregiver stress, anxiety, and depression. I offer coping skills and insight to manage transitions, cultural sensitivity, and a holistic approach to healing. My goal is to help you achieve sustainable balance and enhanced self-awareness, enriched with meaningful connections and inner peace. Therapy is a transformative journey toward greater well-being and resilience, and I'm excited to join you on that journey.
Welcome! If you need support in navigating life's challenges with a focus on emotional well-being, I'm here to help. I can assist with issues like relationship struggles, caregiver stress, anxiety, and depression. I offer coping skills and insight to manage transitions, cultural sensitivity, and a holistic approach to healing. My goal is to help you achieve sustainable balance and enhanced self-awareness, enriched with meaningful connections and inner peace. Therapy is a transformative journey toward greater well-being and resilience, and I'm excited to join you on that journey.
(904) 849-9957 View (904) 849-9957
Photo of Tracye A Polson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jacksonville, FL
Tracye A Polson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32205
I think as human beings we want to feel seen, heard, appreciated, respected, loved, and valued. I believe most of us want to make a difference in the lives of those around us, our loved ones, friends and community. Making a difference and enjoying healthy and gratifying relationships and contributing to one's community can take many forms but they all involve relationships. If you find yourself feeling deeply unhappy, confused and dissatisfied in any of your relationships, I'd like to learn more about you and what you are seeking in your life and in your relationships.
I think as human beings we want to feel seen, heard, appreciated, respected, loved, and valued. I believe most of us want to make a difference in the lives of those around us, our loved ones, friends and community. Making a difference and enjoying healthy and gratifying relationships and contributing to one's community can take many forms but they all involve relationships. If you find yourself feeling deeply unhappy, confused and dissatisfied in any of your relationships, I'd like to learn more about you and what you are seeking in your life and in your relationships.
(904) 567-6947 View (904) 567-6947
Photo of Tina Gillems, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jacksonville, FL
Tina Gillems
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32218  (Online Only)
I have over 17 years of experience with Children and Families, Adults and children within the community, child welfare, individual and family therapy, case management and medical social work. I have worked within the Juvenile and adult justice system, LGBTQ population and their families, children and adults with mental health, children and adults that have aged out of foster care, and others in the community. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, domestic violence, and many more.
I have over 17 years of experience with Children and Families, Adults and children within the community, child welfare, individual and family therapy, case management and medical social work. I have worked within the Juvenile and adult justice system, LGBTQ population and their families, children and adults with mental health, children and adults that have aged out of foster care, and others in the community. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, domestic violence, and many more.
(904) 467-1249 View (904) 467-1249
Photo of Jacob Gandy, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Jacob Gandy
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC, BCBA, NCC, TCT
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32223
I have experience and a passion for working with people who feel like they are on the outside, looking in. This may lead to depression, anxiety, frustration, or questions about your identity. I offer a safe space to talk about your challenges and I will do my best to help you work toward progress. I have experience working with LGBTQ+ adults and teens and hold a certification as a Transgender Care Therapist from The International Transgender Certification Association.
I have experience and a passion for working with people who feel like they are on the outside, looking in. This may lead to depression, anxiety, frustration, or questions about your identity. I offer a safe space to talk about your challenges and I will do my best to help you work toward progress. I have experience working with LGBTQ+ adults and teens and hold a certification as a Transgender Care Therapist from The International Transgender Certification Association.
(904) 842-4335 View (904) 842-4335
Photo of Emmanuel Nzuzu, Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Emmanuel Nzuzu
Counselor, PhD, CAP, LMHC
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32216  (Online Only)
I use Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) to help you identify your goals, and develop a plan to achieve those goals. SFBT requires you to actively work towards solutions. It helps you to identify what you do well and then encourages you to use your strengths to reach those goals. Desire is the mainspring of action. You will learn how to match your desire, belief, and expectancy for best results. Harness the power of attention, focus, and concentration for healing; you will learn how to do this persistently and consistently.
I use Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) to help you identify your goals, and develop a plan to achieve those goals. SFBT requires you to actively work towards solutions. It helps you to identify what you do well and then encourages you to use your strengths to reach those goals. Desire is the mainspring of action. You will learn how to match your desire, belief, and expectancy for best results. Harness the power of attention, focus, and concentration for healing; you will learn how to do this persistently and consistently.
(904) 822-8914 View (904) 822-8914
Photo of Anchor Life Clinic, Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Anchor Life Clinic
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32257  (Online Only)
At Anchor Life Clinic, we learn how to focus in ways that open our body up to experiencing freedom, creativity, and spaciousness. During the process of anchoring, we accomplish 4 intentions: 1) Slowing down repetitive thoughts, 2) Weakening the power of repetition, 3) Bringing attention to the present, and 4) Changing our focus to creative functioning. Anchoring creates a purpose that cultivates awareness of change.
At Anchor Life Clinic, we learn how to focus in ways that open our body up to experiencing freedom, creativity, and spaciousness. During the process of anchoring, we accomplish 4 intentions: 1) Slowing down repetitive thoughts, 2) Weakening the power of repetition, 3) Bringing attention to the present, and 4) Changing our focus to creative functioning. Anchoring creates a purpose that cultivates awareness of change.
(904) 891-9365 View (904) 891-9365
Photo of Jessica Moreno, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Jessica Moreno
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC-QS, IMH-E
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32225
I offer a relationship-based approach to support the emotional and behavioral needs of children ages 0-5 by working closely with the child and parents within their natural environment. Common early childhood concerns can include the following: eating/sleeping difficulties, irritability or despairing tantrums, dysregulation or inability to be consoled, inability to adapt to new situations, aggression or impulsive behavior, withdrawn or flat affect, separation distress, poor peer interaction skills, anxiety, fear, limited communication skills, regression or loss of developmental skills, traumatic experiences.
I offer a relationship-based approach to support the emotional and behavioral needs of children ages 0-5 by working closely with the child and parents within their natural environment. Common early childhood concerns can include the following: eating/sleeping difficulties, irritability or despairing tantrums, dysregulation or inability to be consoled, inability to adapt to new situations, aggression or impulsive behavior, withdrawn or flat affect, separation distress, poor peer interaction skills, anxiety, fear, limited communication skills, regression or loss of developmental skills, traumatic experiences.
(904) 822-3425 View (904) 822-3425
Photo of Guadalupe Luis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jacksonville, FL
Guadalupe Luis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32244  (Online Only)
I believe therapy should be a dynamic process enhanced by a genuine and transparent client-therapist relationship. I’m a Latinx clinician with over 10 years of experience treating adults and seniors. I specialize in women issues, depression, anxiety, veterans and military lifestyle issues as well as supporting clients through life transitions and chronic illnesses. I adopt a solution-focused therapeutic model while maintaining a client-centered philosophy.
I believe therapy should be a dynamic process enhanced by a genuine and transparent client-therapist relationship. I’m a Latinx clinician with over 10 years of experience treating adults and seniors. I specialize in women issues, depression, anxiety, veterans and military lifestyle issues as well as supporting clients through life transitions and chronic illnesses. I adopt a solution-focused therapeutic model while maintaining a client-centered philosophy.
(904) 552-3483 View (904) 552-3483
Photo of Dulce Vida Counseling LLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jacksonville, FL
Dulce Vida Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32216  (Online Only)
Welcome to your safe space. I specialize in helping those struggling with anxiety, stress, work-life issues, and relationships. Together we will work on your goals for therapy, create a plan that fits your life, and identify better ways to cope. I adapt my counseling method to you and your specific needs. My goal as a therapist is to provide a collaborative, safe, and non-judgmental space where I can help you on your journey to improve the quality of your life. I hope to do this with encouragement, understanding, and compassion.
Welcome to your safe space. I specialize in helping those struggling with anxiety, stress, work-life issues, and relationships. Together we will work on your goals for therapy, create a plan that fits your life, and identify better ways to cope. I adapt my counseling method to you and your specific needs. My goal as a therapist is to provide a collaborative, safe, and non-judgmental space where I can help you on your journey to improve the quality of your life. I hope to do this with encouragement, understanding, and compassion.
(904) 877-8314 View (904) 877-8314
Photo of Kristin Lothman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jacksonville, FL
Kristin Lothman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCW, NBC-HWC, 200RYT
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32205
Waitlist for new clients
I support individuals who are chronically stressed. They are experiencing mental & emotional dissatisfaction with their personal health, relationships, careers, or various roles/responsibilities. My clients long for greater connection & fulfillment in their minds, bodies & hearts.
I support individuals who are chronically stressed. They are experiencing mental & emotional dissatisfaction with their personal health, relationships, careers, or various roles/responsibilities. My clients long for greater connection & fulfillment in their minds, bodies & hearts.
(904) 867-2714 View (904) 867-2714
Photo of Marisa V. Byles, Psychologist in Jacksonville, FL
Marisa V. Byles
Psychologist, PsyD, CEDS
Verified Verified
Jacksonville, FL 32223
Waitlist for new clients
As a licensed psychologist and Certified Eating Disorders Specialist, I take great pride in my work with patients. I utilize an individual approach, being mindful of each person's unique experiences, needs, and goals. I use evidenced-based treatments and interventions in order to help my patients successfully manage and improve psychological distress. I primarily use Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Psychotherapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, which are effective at treating a wide variety of mental health concerns.
As a licensed psychologist and Certified Eating Disorders Specialist, I take great pride in my work with patients. I utilize an individual approach, being mindful of each person's unique experiences, needs, and goals. I use evidenced-based treatments and interventions in order to help my patients successfully manage and improve psychological distress. I primarily use Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Psychotherapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, which are effective at treating a wide variety of mental health concerns.
(904) 567-3849 View (904) 567-3849
Photo of Jennifer Ferguson, Counselor in Jacksonville, FL
Jennifer Ferguson
Counselor, EdD, LMHC, QSS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32216
Helping kids, teens, families & individuals get past hurts & life challenges. I am committed to working with patients to discover and reach their goals. My value system and philosophies rest upon the belief; that individuals have tremendous strength, spirit, and a powerful capacity for change.
Helping kids, teens, families & individuals get past hurts & life challenges. I am committed to working with patients to discover and reach their goals. My value system and philosophies rest upon the belief; that individuals have tremendous strength, spirit, and a powerful capacity for change.
(904) 900-5412 View (904) 900-5412

See more therapy options for Jacksonville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Jacksonville, FL

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Jacksonville, FL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
75% Coping Skills
75% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
67% Relationship Issues
66% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
83% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
80% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Jacksonville, FL see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Jacksonville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.