Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Rashida McCarley, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Rashida McCarley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EdS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
My approach is warm, empathic and dynamic. My intention is to hold space for self-exploration, safety and a healing container for growth. I subscribe to the philosophy that, “The body is a source of profound wisdom.” I believe a safe space is essential as we create room to explore the complexity of your journey - the curated parts and the beauty of vulnerability.
My approach is warm, empathic and dynamic. My intention is to hold space for self-exploration, safety and a healing container for growth. I subscribe to the philosophy that, “The body is a source of profound wisdom.” I believe a safe space is essential as we create room to explore the complexity of your journey - the curated parts and the beauty of vulnerability.
(646) 970-1367 View (646) 970-1367
Photo of Rachel Holtz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Rachel Holtz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10075  (Online Only)
Engaging in therapy takes courage and strength. I approach therapy with warmth and compassion to create a safe space for reflection and healing. I work with teens and adults who have experienced trauma, anxiety, relationship difficulties, depression, and general life stressors.
Engaging in therapy takes courage and strength. I approach therapy with warmth and compassion to create a safe space for reflection and healing. I work with teens and adults who have experienced trauma, anxiety, relationship difficulties, depression, and general life stressors.
(347) 523-8772 View (347) 523-8772
Photo of Jean Weille, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jean Weille
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Note: I am not currently able to accept new clients. Do people tell you that you worry too much, or you seem "down"? Are you feeling stressed by relationship problems, job/school issues, illness, age-related concerns, or other life events? Perhaps you spend so much time caring for others that it feels impossible to find the time to take care of yourself. Or you are a parent or grandparent struggling with your relationship with your child or grandchild. No matter what challenges you are facing, you are welcome here. This is a safe space where we can work together to help you feel better and become more satisfied with your life.
Note: I am not currently able to accept new clients. Do people tell you that you worry too much, or you seem "down"? Are you feeling stressed by relationship problems, job/school issues, illness, age-related concerns, or other life events? Perhaps you spend so much time caring for others that it feels impossible to find the time to take care of yourself. Or you are a parent or grandparent struggling with your relationship with your child or grandchild. No matter what challenges you are facing, you are welcome here. This is a safe space where we can work together to help you feel better and become more satisfied with your life.
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Photo of Todd Shalom, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Todd Shalom
Licensed Master Social Worker, MFA, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10018
If you struggle with sexual compulsivity, you know that regaining control of your life requires more than just management of sexual behavior. Sexual compulsivity frequently masks underlying anxiety, depression and trauma, all of which can wreak havoc on our relationships with ourselves and others. Using a “here-and-now” approach, I work with individuals, couples and groups to help heighten awareness of problematic behaviors, recognize patterns that inhibit personal growth, and restore choice in decision-making.
If you struggle with sexual compulsivity, you know that regaining control of your life requires more than just management of sexual behavior. Sexual compulsivity frequently masks underlying anxiety, depression and trauma, all of which can wreak havoc on our relationships with ourselves and others. Using a “here-and-now” approach, I work with individuals, couples and groups to help heighten awareness of problematic behaviors, recognize patterns that inhibit personal growth, and restore choice in decision-making.
(646) 859-5465 View (646) 859-5465
Photo of Jason Duncan, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jason Duncan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10007
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
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Photo of Mina L. Metreaud in New York, NY
Mina L. Metreaud
MHC, LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a trauma-informed EMDR therapist. I work with children, adolescents and adults, specializing in anxiety, depression, life transitions, family dynamics and identity and purpose realization. I believe that each of us is worthy of giving and receiving love and acceptance. It is my hope to foster a safe and welcoming space for you to feel encouraged to participate with me here to accompany you!
I am a trauma-informed EMDR therapist. I work with children, adolescents and adults, specializing in anxiety, depression, life transitions, family dynamics and identity and purpose realization. I believe that each of us is worthy of giving and receiving love and acceptance. It is my hope to foster a safe and welcoming space for you to feel encouraged to participate with me here to accompany you!
(646) 437-8425 View (646) 437-8425
Photo of Joy Yedid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Joy Yedid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10023  (Online Only)
After college, I travelled to Chennai and Ethiopia where I practiced narrative therapy and photography. My experiences learning about eastern and western treatment modalities inspired me to move to Shanghai where I earned a masters degree in social work. As a queer woman, I have been in both the client and therapist position and have experienced and understand the need for better awareness on how to offer support and to encourage self-compassion.
After college, I travelled to Chennai and Ethiopia where I practiced narrative therapy and photography. My experiences learning about eastern and western treatment modalities inspired me to move to Shanghai where I earned a masters degree in social work. As a queer woman, I have been in both the client and therapist position and have experienced and understand the need for better awareness on how to offer support and to encourage self-compassion.
(718) 885-4165 View (718) 885-4165
Photo of Johna Hansen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Johna Hansen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Welcome! I’m Dr. Johna Hansen, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. Right now you may be dealing with a lot of stress at home and need a place to process your thoughts and feelings. It can be difficult to share space with a partner, work/hunt for a job, tend to children, and/or stress out about not having anyone living with you. Please feel free to contact me as I can help you process the various emotions and thoughts that may be rushing through your mind and body at this time.
Welcome! I’m Dr. Johna Hansen, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. Right now you may be dealing with a lot of stress at home and need a place to process your thoughts and feelings. It can be difficult to share space with a partner, work/hunt for a job, tend to children, and/or stress out about not having anyone living with you. Please feel free to contact me as I can help you process the various emotions and thoughts that may be rushing through your mind and body at this time.
(718) 568-6768 View (718) 568-6768
Photo of Shelley Helmig, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Shelley Helmig
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Shelley Helmig, a licensed therapist and valued member of the clinical team at Rappore, is authorized to provide counseling services to clients residing in New York and Florida via Telehealth. Shelley possesses both the experience and passion to assist adults and couples navigating various relationship challenges and adults experiencing life transitions or loss of self identity. Additionally, she has supported individuals dealing with a range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, anger issues, personality disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, trauma, and OCD.
Shelley Helmig, a licensed therapist and valued member of the clinical team at Rappore, is authorized to provide counseling services to clients residing in New York and Florida via Telehealth. Shelley possesses both the experience and passion to assist adults and couples navigating various relationship challenges and adults experiencing life transitions or loss of self identity. Additionally, she has supported individuals dealing with a range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, anger issues, personality disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, trauma, and OCD.
(929) 249-3608 View (929) 249-3608
Photo of Michael Blecher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Michael Blecher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012  (Online Only)
My prior experience working with those suffering from substance abuse disorder, anxiety, and complicated grief has strengthened my understanding of the human condition. In addition, my past experience working as a therapist has enhanced my appreciation for the individuality each client displays, and has made me cherish the collaborative process that clients and therapists get to take part in. I cultivate a client-friendly environment and work with my clients to develop their own goals for therapy. I also feel building a rapport with my clients is vital to help them in their growth.
My prior experience working with those suffering from substance abuse disorder, anxiety, and complicated grief has strengthened my understanding of the human condition. In addition, my past experience working as a therapist has enhanced my appreciation for the individuality each client displays, and has made me cherish the collaborative process that clients and therapists get to take part in. I cultivate a client-friendly environment and work with my clients to develop their own goals for therapy. I also feel building a rapport with my clients is vital to help them in their growth.
(929) 205-7600 View (929) 205-7600
Photo of Mary Pender Greene, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Mary Pender Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CGP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
For more than 20 years I have been an expert in working with adults and couples in a compassionate, respectful, non-judgmental way. I specialize in improving love and work relationships. I am a focused listener who provides a safe environment for discussing troubling feelings. I can help you learn more about yourself, identify your strengths, gain a new perspective, as well as recognize and change destructive behavior patterns. Together we will work on the issues that are interfering with your relationship satisfaction or career success and explore solutions. I can help you be your best self!
For more than 20 years I have been an expert in working with adults and couples in a compassionate, respectful, non-judgmental way. I specialize in improving love and work relationships. I am a focused listener who provides a safe environment for discussing troubling feelings. I can help you learn more about yourself, identify your strengths, gain a new perspective, as well as recognize and change destructive behavior patterns. Together we will work on the issues that are interfering with your relationship satisfaction or career success and explore solutions. I can help you be your best self!
(917) 267-0523 View (917) 267-0523
Photo of Elizabeth Crossfield, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Elizabeth Crossfield
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Are you missing appreciation? Does he stonewall? Does she not stop criticizing? Anxious and having trust issues? Do you feel a lack of sexual desire? Fighting over sexual frequency? I can help you stop the negative cycle. Feel love again. Feel intimate again. Trained specifically as a marriage and family therapist, I am a highly trained and experienced couples therapist. I am easy to talk to and skilled at creating tools to foster healthy connections between couples and families. Together, we repair your relationship by introducing new methods of communication to increase empathy and flexibility.
Are you missing appreciation? Does he stonewall? Does she not stop criticizing? Anxious and having trust issues? Do you feel a lack of sexual desire? Fighting over sexual frequency? I can help you stop the negative cycle. Feel love again. Feel intimate again. Trained specifically as a marriage and family therapist, I am a highly trained and experienced couples therapist. I am easy to talk to and skilled at creating tools to foster healthy connections between couples and families. Together, we repair your relationship by introducing new methods of communication to increase empathy and flexibility.
(332) 249-8317 View (332) 249-8317
Photo of Rachel Parodneck, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Rachel Parodneck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
I believe that the foundation of effective therapy is the therapeutic relationship between a therapist and a client. Without that, there is no way for trust to be built and no progress to be made. I specialize in treating adults who are struggling with mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, addiction, and those experiencing infertility. I work with individuals and run groups. I know that change is not easy. I am dedicated to helping my clients create the life they've always wanted, and living it to their full potential!
I believe that the foundation of effective therapy is the therapeutic relationship between a therapist and a client. Without that, there is no way for trust to be built and no progress to be made. I specialize in treating adults who are struggling with mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, addiction, and those experiencing infertility. I work with individuals and run groups. I know that change is not easy. I am dedicated to helping my clients create the life they've always wanted, and living it to their full potential!
(646) 798-5549 View (646) 798-5549
Photo of Melissa Wergland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Melissa Wergland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10018  (Online Only)
Melissa Wergland is a licensed clinical social worker. Melissa has been a therapist since 2015 providing counseling to individuals and couples who want to improve their mental health. At the core of her practice, Melissa believes that all individuals are capable of recovery and able to regain wholesome fulfilling lives once again. Clients go to Melissa seeking a provider who is committed to offering the best professional practice to help them. You can expect that together you will collaborate to form the goals for your treatment and she will be there as a guide through the process of growth.
Melissa Wergland is a licensed clinical social worker. Melissa has been a therapist since 2015 providing counseling to individuals and couples who want to improve their mental health. At the core of her practice, Melissa believes that all individuals are capable of recovery and able to regain wholesome fulfilling lives once again. Clients go to Melissa seeking a provider who is committed to offering the best professional practice to help them. You can expect that together you will collaborate to form the goals for your treatment and she will be there as a guide through the process of growth.
(646) 492-8067 View (646) 492-8067
Photo of Jocelyn T Schwartz, Counselor in New York, NY
Jocelyn T Schwartz
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
My goal as a therapist is to help you strengthen your sense of self by engaging your creativity and spirit. Working through a culturally-responsive and antiracist lens, I utilize holistic methods to help you integrate mind, body and spirit. Our work together may include the use of expressive arts, breathing exercises, EMDR and humor to help you feel a sense of freedom and wholeness. These modalities can help you move toward post-traumatic growth, increase resilience, and get in touch with your authentic self. A sense of humor can open up new perspectives and remind us of our capacity for joy.
My goal as a therapist is to help you strengthen your sense of self by engaging your creativity and spirit. Working through a culturally-responsive and antiracist lens, I utilize holistic methods to help you integrate mind, body and spirit. Our work together may include the use of expressive arts, breathing exercises, EMDR and humor to help you feel a sense of freedom and wholeness. These modalities can help you move toward post-traumatic growth, increase resilience, and get in touch with your authentic self. A sense of humor can open up new perspectives and remind us of our capacity for joy.
(646) 859-1501 View (646) 859-1501
Photo of Dr. Cynthia Giocomarra, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Dr. Cynthia Giocomarra
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10013
Are you looking for a therapist that actually "gets it"? Do you feel anxiety first thing in the morning, randomly throughout the day, or just before bed? Do you experience fear or panic reconnecting with friends, family, and coworkers since the world changed in 2020? Are you in the process of (or thinking about) coming out and feel unsure of how to go forward? Are you wanting to restructure your life in a more meaningful way but not sure what your new life can look like? I can assist you. My clientele includes diverse religious and cultural backgrounds, LGBTQA, individuals, couples, and families. Let’s talk.
Are you looking for a therapist that actually "gets it"? Do you feel anxiety first thing in the morning, randomly throughout the day, or just before bed? Do you experience fear or panic reconnecting with friends, family, and coworkers since the world changed in 2020? Are you in the process of (or thinking about) coming out and feel unsure of how to go forward? Are you wanting to restructure your life in a more meaningful way but not sure what your new life can look like? I can assist you. My clientele includes diverse religious and cultural backgrounds, LGBTQA, individuals, couples, and families. Let’s talk.
(347) 921-9639 View (347) 921-9639
Photo of Soo Jin Kim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Soo Jin Kim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Book a session with me if you want to create a healthy and empowering narrative of your life that you can understand and reconcile with. Prior to working as a therapist, I studied comparative literature in college and worked as a copywriter in the advertising industry, discovering, creating, and sharing “stories”. I was drawn to therapy as an occupation, having learned that psychotherapy, essentially, is a process of storytelling. As a therapist, I strive to empower and support my clients in their journey of uncovering and re-arranging their thoughts and feelings to create a coherent and empowering narrative of their lives.
Book a session with me if you want to create a healthy and empowering narrative of your life that you can understand and reconcile with. Prior to working as a therapist, I studied comparative literature in college and worked as a copywriter in the advertising industry, discovering, creating, and sharing “stories”. I was drawn to therapy as an occupation, having learned that psychotherapy, essentially, is a process of storytelling. As a therapist, I strive to empower and support my clients in their journey of uncovering and re-arranging their thoughts and feelings to create a coherent and empowering narrative of their lives.
Photo of Gabriela Lupatkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Gabriela Lupatkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
I work with my clients to create an authentic and collaborative relationship while enabling clients to develop insight and coping strategies. I work with individuals and couples dealing with a range of concerns including depression, anxiety, fertility treatment and chronic illness. I help clients explore their stressors, gain insight into their patterns and develop solutions. I am trained in Internal Family Systems (IFS) and implement an active and psychodynamic approach to help clients explore challenges and reach their goals.
I work with my clients to create an authentic and collaborative relationship while enabling clients to develop insight and coping strategies. I work with individuals and couples dealing with a range of concerns including depression, anxiety, fertility treatment and chronic illness. I help clients explore their stressors, gain insight into their patterns and develop solutions. I am trained in Internal Family Systems (IFS) and implement an active and psychodynamic approach to help clients explore challenges and reach their goals.
(646) 535-7243 View (646) 535-7243
Photo of Beth A Althofer, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Beth A Althofer
Licensed Psychoanalyst, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10021
"How many therapists does it take to change a light bulb?"..."One, but the light bulb has to want to change!" My clients share a genuine desire for self-understanding and motivation for change. But my practice is truly diverse: adults of all ages, nationalities,ethnic backgrounds and sexual orientations. In addition to writers, performing and visual artists, I treat professionals, non-professionals, stay-at-home parents and retirees. I work with adult ADD and specialize in life transitions. I work best with clients who want a true therapeutic partner and an interactive approach.
"How many therapists does it take to change a light bulb?"..."One, but the light bulb has to want to change!" My clients share a genuine desire for self-understanding and motivation for change. But my practice is truly diverse: adults of all ages, nationalities,ethnic backgrounds and sexual orientations. In addition to writers, performing and visual artists, I treat professionals, non-professionals, stay-at-home parents and retirees. I work with adult ADD and specialize in life transitions. I work best with clients who want a true therapeutic partner and an interactive approach.
(646) 791-3310 View (646) 791-3310
Photo of Jenna Horowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jenna Horowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10075  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over fifteen years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. As a clinician with many years of experience working in schools, I also collaborate with teachers and other professionals when appropriate. I rock my glasses of the day and truly embody a therapist with my daily cardigans.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over fifteen years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. As a clinician with many years of experience working in schools, I also collaborate with teachers and other professionals when appropriate. I rock my glasses of the day and truly embody a therapist with my daily cardigans.
(914) 350-4272 View (914) 350-4272

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.