Therapists in Phoenix, AZ

View neighborhoods in Phoenix
Photo of Ben Pedraza, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Ben Pedraza
Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85044
*****Hablo Español, aceptando nuevos clientes **** Feeling like your life is missing something,  like you're going in circles,  or frustrated because you don't know what to do next? Do you often criticize yourself,  or expect yourself to “just get over it?” Do you sometimes feel like you want to scream? Let me tell you, I too, have lived through uncertain, challenging times and second-guessed myself, so let's talk!
*****Hablo Español, aceptando nuevos clientes **** Feeling like your life is missing something,  like you're going in circles,  or frustrated because you don't know what to do next? Do you often criticize yourself,  or expect yourself to “just get over it?” Do you sometimes feel like you want to scream? Let me tell you, I too, have lived through uncertain, challenging times and second-guessed myself, so let's talk!
(480) 409-2468 View (480) 409-2468
Photo of Julie Espinoza, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Julie Espinoza
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85016
I am sorry for the pain or challenge that has brought you to seek therapy. I care deeply about helping people fully inhabit their pain, learn how to explore/ "be" with it, and use it to live fuller, bigger lives. I provide my clients a supportive, nonjudgmental environment to uncover the truth about their current experience, identify their wants/needs, and ultimately live with committed action in the service of their values. Having 20+ years of experience with specialized therapies of DBT, EMDR, and ACT, I can provide you with a multitude of interventions/techniques that support either greater acceptance or change in your life.
I am sorry for the pain or challenge that has brought you to seek therapy. I care deeply about helping people fully inhabit their pain, learn how to explore/ "be" with it, and use it to live fuller, bigger lives. I provide my clients a supportive, nonjudgmental environment to uncover the truth about their current experience, identify their wants/needs, and ultimately live with committed action in the service of their values. Having 20+ years of experience with specialized therapies of DBT, EMDR, and ACT, I can provide you with a multitude of interventions/techniques that support either greater acceptance or change in your life.
(480) 409-2299 View (480) 409-2299
Photo of Shoman Center for Stress Management, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Shoman Center for Stress Management, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85020
WEEKEND & EVENING APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE. I was trained in New York and have over 20 years of counseling/therapy experience. I am a Certified EMDR therapist and predominantly utilize EMDR therapy and cognitive behavioral approaches in my practice. I believe that you are, and always will be, the foremost expert on you. My approach is very direct, honest, and specifically tailored to your needs. The most important part of the therapeutic experience is our working relationship. I will work as your partner through the entire therapeutic process. I also believe that humor can sometimes be an asset in our work.
WEEKEND & EVENING APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE. I was trained in New York and have over 20 years of counseling/therapy experience. I am a Certified EMDR therapist and predominantly utilize EMDR therapy and cognitive behavioral approaches in my practice. I believe that you are, and always will be, the foremost expert on you. My approach is very direct, honest, and specifically tailored to your needs. The most important part of the therapeutic experience is our working relationship. I will work as your partner through the entire therapeutic process. I also believe that humor can sometimes be an asset in our work.
(480) 418-8065 View (480) 418-8065
Photo of Gretchen Snyder, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Gretchen Snyder
Counselor, MSPC, LAC, NCC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85016
I am a licensed associate counselor (LAC) and licensed American sign language (ASL) interpreter who moved to Phoenix, AZ from New York, NY. I have experience working with individuals, children, and families as well as groups and couples. I have dedicated myself to excellence in care through trauma-informed integration of treatments including EMDR, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing, expressive art therapy, play therapy, among other therapeutic modalities.
I am a licensed associate counselor (LAC) and licensed American sign language (ASL) interpreter who moved to Phoenix, AZ from New York, NY. I have experience working with individuals, children, and families as well as groups and couples. I have dedicated myself to excellence in care through trauma-informed integration of treatments including EMDR, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing, expressive art therapy, play therapy, among other therapeutic modalities.
(480) 780-3429 View (480) 780-3429
Photo of Lauren Shavers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Lauren Shavers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85016
Not accepting new clients
Hi, I'm Lauren Shavers, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have over 10 years of experience in the mental health field. I provide a caring and safe environment for children, teens, adults and families who may be experiencing difficulties such as life transitions, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, trauma, emotional/behavioral dysregulation, and relational issues.
Hi, I'm Lauren Shavers, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have over 10 years of experience in the mental health field. I provide a caring and safe environment for children, teens, adults and families who may be experiencing difficulties such as life transitions, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, trauma, emotional/behavioral dysregulation, and relational issues.
(480) 351-6205 View (480) 351-6205
Photo of Jacqueline R Armstrong, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Jacqueline R Armstrong
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85022  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with issues like stress, depression, anxiety, grief, military/life balance, relationships problems, addiction, parenting or family conflict? If so, then you have come to the right place. My ideal client is a person who is tired of feeling the way they do and is open and willing to take the steps they need to affect a positive change in their life, even if change feels a little scary at times. If you are looking for a therapist who will go above and beyond to help you find the resources you need then you need not look any further.
Are you struggling with issues like stress, depression, anxiety, grief, military/life balance, relationships problems, addiction, parenting or family conflict? If so, then you have come to the right place. My ideal client is a person who is tired of feeling the way they do and is open and willing to take the steps they need to affect a positive change in their life, even if change feels a little scary at times. If you are looking for a therapist who will go above and beyond to help you find the resources you need then you need not look any further.
(623) 400-2446 View (623) 400-2446
Photo of Michele Roya Chinichian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Michele Roya Chinichian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85020
** Book an appointment with me here: https://bit.ly/3Ee0nhO** I believe everyone has the ability and desire to have an extraordinary life. I see therapy as a healing conversation that provides clients with a safe, non-judgmental place to express their challenges, and helps them to rediscover their strengths, talents and resources. My intention is to create a collaborative partnership to support my clients in finding solutions that are consistent with their values and beliefs. Whatever it is that brings you to counseling, together we can overcome self-doubt and obstacles to create the healthiest version of yourself.
** Book an appointment with me here: https://bit.ly/3Ee0nhO** I believe everyone has the ability and desire to have an extraordinary life. I see therapy as a healing conversation that provides clients with a safe, non-judgmental place to express their challenges, and helps them to rediscover their strengths, talents and resources. My intention is to create a collaborative partnership to support my clients in finding solutions that are consistent with their values and beliefs. Whatever it is that brings you to counseling, together we can overcome self-doubt and obstacles to create the healthiest version of yourself.
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Photo of Tracy Harder, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Tracy Harder
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, PIT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85027
You struggle with feeling good enough. Things may look pretty good on the outside, but inside you don't really know who you are. There is always that voice that tells you you're not good enough. Saying yes all the time, people pleasing, working harder no longer has the same effect it used to. You don't know what else to do. Deep inside you know there is a better way to live. A better way to feel. To be happier. But how?
You struggle with feeling good enough. Things may look pretty good on the outside, but inside you don't really know who you are. There is always that voice that tells you you're not good enough. Saying yes all the time, people pleasing, working harder no longer has the same effect it used to. You don't know what else to do. Deep inside you know there is a better way to live. A better way to feel. To be happier. But how?
(623) 304-5411 View (623) 304-5411
Photo of Rachael Grantham, Psychologist in Phoenix, AZ
Rachael Grantham
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85087  (Online Only)
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, I have worked for over 10 years serving adolescents, young adults, and families. I provide support to clients through an online virtual therapy platform. Working in a variety of settings, both inpatient and outpatient, has allowed me to connect at a deeper level with clients to provide them the best care. I value the time spent creating relationships, and seeing individuals start to live a life more in line with their values and passions. I aim to create a trusting space to navigate current situations and to explore the past.
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, I have worked for over 10 years serving adolescents, young adults, and families. I provide support to clients through an online virtual therapy platform. Working in a variety of settings, both inpatient and outpatient, has allowed me to connect at a deeper level with clients to provide them the best care. I value the time spent creating relationships, and seeing individuals start to live a life more in line with their values and passions. I aim to create a trusting space to navigate current situations and to explore the past.
(707) 943-2392 View (707) 943-2392
Photo of Carrie Prince, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Carrie Prince
Licensed Professional Counselor, NMD, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85012  (Online Only)
I help you get breakthroughs and heal emotionally and physically. I help you access and address past unresolved traumas that hinders you from experiencing a sound healthy mind and body. If you are willing to do the work to get well, then you will need skilled and compassionate support to get you unstuck and get your life back to purposeful living. It is here where our paths intersect as It is my intention for you to flourish, thrive and prosper and live life well. I have also authored two books: Help! My Emotions Are Out of Control. and High Blood Pressure and the foods that heal
I help you get breakthroughs and heal emotionally and physically. I help you access and address past unresolved traumas that hinders you from experiencing a sound healthy mind and body. If you are willing to do the work to get well, then you will need skilled and compassionate support to get you unstuck and get your life back to purposeful living. It is here where our paths intersect as It is my intention for you to flourish, thrive and prosper and live life well. I have also authored two books: Help! My Emotions Are Out of Control. and High Blood Pressure and the foods that heal
(602) 857-8478 View (602) 857-8478
Photo of Jacob Rundall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Jacob Rundall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85051
Pathway to Peace Psychotherapy, PLLC has DAYS, EVENING and WEEKEND appointments available both in office and telehealth! My experience includes working with veterans, first responders, adults and teens to work through trauma, depression, anxiety, help develop coping skills, resiliency, and balance in their lives. I use evidence-based CBT, DBT, IFS and and other techniques which accelerate the brain's response to learning how to change negative beliefs to positive beliefs.
Pathway to Peace Psychotherapy, PLLC has DAYS, EVENING and WEEKEND appointments available both in office and telehealth! My experience includes working with veterans, first responders, adults and teens to work through trauma, depression, anxiety, help develop coping skills, resiliency, and balance in their lives. I use evidence-based CBT, DBT, IFS and and other techniques which accelerate the brain's response to learning how to change negative beliefs to positive beliefs.
(602) 598-5692 View (602) 598-5692
Photo of Lish Shipman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Lish Shipman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85086
My name is Lish Shipman and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and founder of Lish Wellness. I graduated from Arizona State University with both my bachelor’s and master’s in social work. I have over 10 years of experience of working in both inpatient and outpatient settings and take holistic approach by treating the mind, body and soul. I want you to know that growth and change are possible. You don’t have to live every day feeling overwhelmed or lost. I can help you find that new version of yourself that you love. I can help you find that person and feel inspired and at peace with yourself.
My name is Lish Shipman and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and founder of Lish Wellness. I graduated from Arizona State University with both my bachelor’s and master’s in social work. I have over 10 years of experience of working in both inpatient and outpatient settings and take holistic approach by treating the mind, body and soul. I want you to know that growth and change are possible. You don’t have to live every day feeling overwhelmed or lost. I can help you find that new version of yourself that you love. I can help you find that person and feel inspired and at peace with yourself.
(928) 267-6238 View (928) 267-6238
Photo of Dorothy Hurd, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Dorothy Hurd
Licensed Professional Counselor, MC, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85004  (Online Only)
Life is often difficult and sometimes you may need help. It is my goal to provide a safe, comfortable and non-judgmental place for you to explore your own thoughts and feelings about your concerns. Whatever you are dealing with; relationships, work, family or individual problems such as grief, anxiety, depression or substance abuse, together we can identify options and create a plan that can help you to feel and function better. You can rediscover the joy in your life.
Life is often difficult and sometimes you may need help. It is my goal to provide a safe, comfortable and non-judgmental place for you to explore your own thoughts and feelings about your concerns. Whatever you are dealing with; relationships, work, family or individual problems such as grief, anxiety, depression or substance abuse, together we can identify options and create a plan that can help you to feel and function better. You can rediscover the joy in your life.
(480) 725-0758 View (480) 725-0758
Photo of Amber Barlow, LPC Intern in Phoenix, AZ
Amber Barlow
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85085
Reaching out and finding a counselor is a difficult step and I congratulate you on completing the first step in your healing journey. I work with children, teens, and adults on topics like trauma, depression, anxiety, PTSD, LGBTQIA+ issues, and post-partum depression.
Reaching out and finding a counselor is a difficult step and I congratulate you on completing the first step in your healing journey. I work with children, teens, and adults on topics like trauma, depression, anxiety, PTSD, LGBTQIA+ issues, and post-partum depression.
(623) 343-4997 View (623) 343-4997
Photo of Lynn Hoyland, Marriage & Family Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Lynn Hoyland
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85028  (Online Only)
I'm delighted that you've found your way here and are considering therapy for yourself, your teenager, or your relationship. As a therapist specializing in working with teens, young adults, and couples, I am dedicated to providing a space where you can explore, heal, and grow. I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship and prioritize building a strong rapport with my clients based on trust, empathy, and understanding. I have worked in the field of mental health for 36 years, and have advanced training in couples therapy, addictions, teen and young adult issues, anxiety and depressive disorders.
I'm delighted that you've found your way here and are considering therapy for yourself, your teenager, or your relationship. As a therapist specializing in working with teens, young adults, and couples, I am dedicated to providing a space where you can explore, heal, and grow. I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship and prioritize building a strong rapport with my clients based on trust, empathy, and understanding. I have worked in the field of mental health for 36 years, and have advanced training in couples therapy, addictions, teen and young adult issues, anxiety and depressive disorders.
(480) 409-2297 View (480) 409-2297
Photo of Sarah Gallimore, Psychologist in Phoenix, AZ
Sarah Gallimore
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85016
I am a Phoenix-based forensic psychologist with extensive experience in forensic evaluations of adolescents and adults at all stages of criminal and divorce proceedings as well as child abuse and neglect cases. I have provided consultation, diagnostic assessments, forensic psychological assessments, and expert testimony for both prosecution and defense. I am also a court-appointed evaluator for the Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County.
I am a Phoenix-based forensic psychologist with extensive experience in forensic evaluations of adolescents and adults at all stages of criminal and divorce proceedings as well as child abuse and neglect cases. I have provided consultation, diagnostic assessments, forensic psychological assessments, and expert testimony for both prosecution and defense. I am also a court-appointed evaluator for the Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County.
(480) 351-4875 View (480) 351-4875
Photo of Gail Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Gail Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85037
Currently taking new clients, virtual only. I am dedicated, compassionate and committed to the betterment of those I serve. It is my goal to impact each individual positively while I help them first, identify challenges and barriers to happiness and a good quality of life and second, to overcome them. Through the use of therapy modalities such as EMDR, CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, psychotherapy and psychoeducation, as well as other evidence-based practices, I have been successful at helping countless adolescents and adults achieve therapy goals. Thank you for viewing me, I look forward to meeting you and working with you.
Currently taking new clients, virtual only. I am dedicated, compassionate and committed to the betterment of those I serve. It is my goal to impact each individual positively while I help them first, identify challenges and barriers to happiness and a good quality of life and second, to overcome them. Through the use of therapy modalities such as EMDR, CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, psychotherapy and psychoeducation, as well as other evidence-based practices, I have been successful at helping countless adolescents and adults achieve therapy goals. Thank you for viewing me, I look forward to meeting you and working with you.
(623) 209-5235 View (623) 209-5235
Photo of Jessica Shetzen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Jessica Shetzen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85012  (Online Only)
Has anxiety left you feeling stuck? Do you worry about things that are out of your control? I am passionate about working with women who struggle with anxiety, depression and bipolar disorders. I enjoy connecting with others and talking them through the ups and downs of life's everyday stressors, as well as drawing connections between past and present experiences. I am a "realist" in that I act like myself in sessions, not like the stuffy armchair psychotherapist you might imagine from movies.
Has anxiety left you feeling stuck? Do you worry about things that are out of your control? I am passionate about working with women who struggle with anxiety, depression and bipolar disorders. I enjoy connecting with others and talking them through the ups and downs of life's everyday stressors, as well as drawing connections between past and present experiences. I am a "realist" in that I act like myself in sessions, not like the stuffy armchair psychotherapist you might imagine from movies.
(623) 253-7792 View (623) 253-7792
Photo of Dr. Sandra Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Dr. Sandra Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85016
Life prompts us toward growth and health, leading us to change thoughts, feelings, behaviors, or beliefs that keep us from peace and joy. Difficult childhood or adult experiences may disrupt our ability to connect well with our emotions and deepest heart's desires, making it challenging to have satisfying, healthy relationships. For over 20 years I have helped individuals and couples to heal old wounds and grow past outworn patterns into greater freedom and heart connections. Are you ready to answer life's call to grow? I offer myself as a trustworthy companion in the next phase of your life's journey.
Life prompts us toward growth and health, leading us to change thoughts, feelings, behaviors, or beliefs that keep us from peace and joy. Difficult childhood or adult experiences may disrupt our ability to connect well with our emotions and deepest heart's desires, making it challenging to have satisfying, healthy relationships. For over 20 years I have helped individuals and couples to heal old wounds and grow past outworn patterns into greater freedom and heart connections. Are you ready to answer life's call to grow? I offer myself as a trustworthy companion in the next phase of your life's journey.
(602) 207-8845 View (602) 207-8845
Photo of Micaela Miller, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Micaela Miller
Counselor, MS, LAC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85028
Not accepting new clients
Whether the needs are behavioral, relationship based, or trauma related her mission is to provide a safe environment and support mental health wellness. Micaela will discuss your unique needs and goals to develop a smart, supportive plan towards success. Every client wants to be heard and meet achievements. Micaela's desire for therapeutic partnership paired with experience can provide the balance needed to facilitate growth and meeting desired goals.
Whether the needs are behavioral, relationship based, or trauma related her mission is to provide a safe environment and support mental health wellness. Micaela will discuss your unique needs and goals to develop a smart, supportive plan towards success. Every client wants to be heard and meet achievements. Micaela's desire for therapeutic partnership paired with experience can provide the balance needed to facilitate growth and meeting desired goals.
(602) 536-4876 View (602) 536-4876

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Phoenix, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Phoenix, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
70% Stress
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Phoenix, AZ see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Phoenix?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.