Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

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Photo of James Edwin Chadwick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
James Edwin Chadwick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55447
It’s difficult enough to figure out what you want. But saying it out loud to a partner? That can be even scarier. What if we don’t want the same things? Or, worse still, what if I hurt them? Does any of this sound familiar? Many people live in silence to avoid the pain of hurting another. But at some point that backs up on you. Therapy is your place to give voice to those feelings and decide what, if anything, you want to do with them..
It’s difficult enough to figure out what you want. But saying it out loud to a partner? That can be even scarier. What if we don’t want the same things? Or, worse still, what if I hurt them? Does any of this sound familiar? Many people live in silence to avoid the pain of hurting another. But at some point that backs up on you. Therapy is your place to give voice to those feelings and decide what, if anything, you want to do with them..
(612) 448-3159 View (612) 448-3159
Photo of Jen Nelson, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Jen Nelson
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55419
Now accepting Blue Cross BlueShield. I believe that each person is their own healer and is capable of living life fully. My approach to therapy includes exploring our past experience, present circumstances, and future goals. I strive to create a non-judgmental, compassionate, and collaborative space for my clients. I have been a licensed masters level therapist for 6 years. My experience includes anxiety, depression, trauma, EMDR, substance use disorder, eating disorder, self esteem, body image, perinatal mental health, and parenting. Before becoming an LPCC I worked with severe and persistent mental health in residential settings.
Now accepting Blue Cross BlueShield. I believe that each person is their own healer and is capable of living life fully. My approach to therapy includes exploring our past experience, present circumstances, and future goals. I strive to create a non-judgmental, compassionate, and collaborative space for my clients. I have been a licensed masters level therapist for 6 years. My experience includes anxiety, depression, trauma, EMDR, substance use disorder, eating disorder, self esteem, body image, perinatal mental health, and parenting. Before becoming an LPCC I worked with severe and persistent mental health in residential settings.
(952) 900-3403 View (952) 900-3403
Photo of Angela Callais, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Angela Callais
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55407  (Online Only)
I work with people who want to show up in the world and be embraced for ALL of who they are. Most of us have things that we keep hidden from others around us - locked away because we are worried that we are broken, weird, fearful of how we will be judged. The problem is, even when we are great at hiding - these things slowly but surely permeate our lives from the inside out. Everyone around you thinks you've got it all together, but on the inside - you know something is off, and you're ready to figure it out and do something different. You're ready to be honest and curious and open and make a change - to find YOUR courageous truth.
I work with people who want to show up in the world and be embraced for ALL of who they are. Most of us have things that we keep hidden from others around us - locked away because we are worried that we are broken, weird, fearful of how we will be judged. The problem is, even when we are great at hiding - these things slowly but surely permeate our lives from the inside out. Everyone around you thinks you've got it all together, but on the inside - you know something is off, and you're ready to figure it out and do something different. You're ready to be honest and curious and open and make a change - to find YOUR courageous truth.
(612) 260-9359 View (612) 260-9359
Photo of Tamin R Totzke, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Tamin R Totzke
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LAMFT, SEP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55409
I am a Somatic Psychotherapist and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, specializing in mind-body approaches to heal trauma. I work with individuals, couples, and youth who are healing from the effects developmental trauma and PTSD. In session, I invite clients to track their sensations, images, and emotions that may arise as they share about their lives. Staying attuned to these elements allows the body to integrate past events, moving a person into a state of presence and balance. Together, we bring curiosity and a plan to support a life that feels enriching and aligned with one's dreams and goals.
I am a Somatic Psychotherapist and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, specializing in mind-body approaches to heal trauma. I work with individuals, couples, and youth who are healing from the effects developmental trauma and PTSD. In session, I invite clients to track their sensations, images, and emotions that may arise as they share about their lives. Staying attuned to these elements allows the body to integrate past events, moving a person into a state of presence and balance. Together, we bring curiosity and a plan to support a life that feels enriching and aligned with one's dreams and goals.
(612) 268-6931 View (612) 268-6931
Photo of Stacy M. Husebo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Stacy M. Husebo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55406
Life brings challenges for us all! I offer a person-centered therapeutic experience that is deliberate, supportive, and empowers you to change and grow in intentional and meaningful ways. Change happens when we become aware of and act upon patterns in our lives that limit us. I will support you in pursuing satisfying relationships, work, and overcoming obstacles and difficulties. We will work through grief, loss, inner conflicts, life challenges and difficulty in relationships. Changing our lives takes courage and unfolds in the context of a nourishing and accepting environment where one can explore new possibilities for their life.
Life brings challenges for us all! I offer a person-centered therapeutic experience that is deliberate, supportive, and empowers you to change and grow in intentional and meaningful ways. Change happens when we become aware of and act upon patterns in our lives that limit us. I will support you in pursuing satisfying relationships, work, and overcoming obstacles and difficulties. We will work through grief, loss, inner conflicts, life challenges and difficulty in relationships. Changing our lives takes courage and unfolds in the context of a nourishing and accepting environment where one can explore new possibilities for their life.
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Photo of Lydia Vreeland, LPC Intern in Minneapolis, MN
Lydia Vreeland
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55403
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about helping clients with life transitions, stress, anxiety, and self-esteem. I work with individual clients age 18 or older. My goal is to help you engage in self-discovery and reflection in order to promote personal growth and healing.
I am passionate about helping clients with life transitions, stress, anxiety, and self-esteem. I work with individual clients age 18 or older. My goal is to help you engage in self-discovery and reflection in order to promote personal growth and healing.
(612) 887-9725 x909 View (612) 887-9725 x909
Photo of Joan Gudorf, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Joan Gudorf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55410
I am dedicated to creating a non-judgmental and collaborative environment for my clients to explore their thoughts and feelings, to understand patterns that may no longer be serving a useful purpose, and to find the skills and tools to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. I have over 25 years experience as a clinician working with adolescents, adults, and families. My professional experiences include helping clients overcome a wide range of challenges such as anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, and relationship issues.
I am dedicated to creating a non-judgmental and collaborative environment for my clients to explore their thoughts and feelings, to understand patterns that may no longer be serving a useful purpose, and to find the skills and tools to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. I have over 25 years experience as a clinician working with adolescents, adults, and families. My professional experiences include helping clients overcome a wide range of challenges such as anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, and relationship issues.
(952) 234-6735 View (952) 234-6735
Photo of Katie Reger, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Katie Reger
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55417
I evaluate children and teens who may have learning difficulties, problems focusing, general school problems, mood or anxiety-related concerns, or peer issues. These struggles could impact many aspects of their life and their ability to thrive in their environment. Even if you feel you know your child very well, sometimes it is unclear why they are having such a hard time. Parents who bring their children to my practice are seeking guidance for how to best understand their difficulties and for recommendations for how they can help their child succeed.
I evaluate children and teens who may have learning difficulties, problems focusing, general school problems, mood or anxiety-related concerns, or peer issues. These struggles could impact many aspects of their life and their ability to thrive in their environment. Even if you feel you know your child very well, sometimes it is unclear why they are having such a hard time. Parents who bring their children to my practice are seeking guidance for how to best understand their difficulties and for recommendations for how they can help their child succeed.
(651) 689-3293 View (651) 689-3293
Photo of Nadia Hecker-O'Brien, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Nadia Hecker-O'Brien
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55416
Waitlist for new clients
From an early age we learn ways of being from the people in our lives and from our circumstances. My approach to therapy is to honor where you’ve been, while helping you move toward growth that starts with your present conditions and perspectives. We often feel like silencing what troubles us is less painful– I join with clients to access this part of ourselves gently and with great care. I see the therapeutic relationship as a place to practice new dynamics and change past patterns of behavior that no longer serve us. Essential to my philosophy is that individuals are impacted by larger, systemic forces.
From an early age we learn ways of being from the people in our lives and from our circumstances. My approach to therapy is to honor where you’ve been, while helping you move toward growth that starts with your present conditions and perspectives. We often feel like silencing what troubles us is less painful– I join with clients to access this part of ourselves gently and with great care. I see the therapeutic relationship as a place to practice new dynamics and change past patterns of behavior that no longer serve us. Essential to my philosophy is that individuals are impacted by larger, systemic forces.
(612) 482-8564 View (612) 482-8564
Photo of Kate Daly, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Kate Daly
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
Together we attend to concerns and uncertainties, “what ifs”, and possibilities for enduring change. We work with intention to make possible the softening of stress, fear, or worry. We watch for the budding return of relief, clarity, ease, and hope. Potential shifts make possible the lessening of physical symptoms, as well as allowing for fear to settle; for intimacy, creativity, and inspiration to flourish; for thinking to clear and decisions to be made, action taken, and a deep sense of aliveness felt.
Together we attend to concerns and uncertainties, “what ifs”, and possibilities for enduring change. We work with intention to make possible the softening of stress, fear, or worry. We watch for the budding return of relief, clarity, ease, and hope. Potential shifts make possible the lessening of physical symptoms, as well as allowing for fear to settle; for intimacy, creativity, and inspiration to flourish; for thinking to clear and decisions to be made, action taken, and a deep sense of aliveness felt.
(612) 619-2878 View (612) 619-2878
Photo of Laura Chapeau, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Laura Chapeau
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55439  (Online Only)
I enjoy supporting families facing parenting challenges, as well as the unique gifts and experiences of parenting children with special needs. I also enjoy working with adolescents and young adults who are struggling with life transitions, managing relationships, school concerns, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, I have significant experience working with individuals in the adoption triad, as well as those considering or in the midst of the adoption process, and following placement transition. It is common for families to experience increased stress, grief, and challenges related to trauma and attachment.
I enjoy supporting families facing parenting challenges, as well as the unique gifts and experiences of parenting children with special needs. I also enjoy working with adolescents and young adults who are struggling with life transitions, managing relationships, school concerns, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, I have significant experience working with individuals in the adoption triad, as well as those considering or in the midst of the adoption process, and following placement transition. It is common for families to experience increased stress, grief, and challenges related to trauma and attachment.
(612) 482-1646 View (612) 482-1646
Photo of Jessica C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Jessica C
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55439
Jess’s ideal clients are college students and young adults facing anxiety, stress, life transitions, low self-esteem, grief, and depression. Jess invites those in helping professions to consider therapy as well, as she knows firsthand how workplace trauma and compassion fatigue can hijack your relationships, your self-esteem, and overall health. Jess wants you to improve the way you care for yourself while you care for others.
Jess’s ideal clients are college students and young adults facing anxiety, stress, life transitions, low self-esteem, grief, and depression. Jess invites those in helping professions to consider therapy as well, as she knows firsthand how workplace trauma and compassion fatigue can hijack your relationships, your self-esteem, and overall health. Jess wants you to improve the way you care for yourself while you care for others.
(952) 522-3788 View (952) 522-3788
Photo of Carrie Snyder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Carrie Snyder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I believe it is important to empower others to consciously narrate their lives. I value helping people through empowerment, nurturance, and education. I am innovative provider and enjoy creativity in the therapy room. I utilize a strengths based approach in therapy, and see the therapy as a collaborative process. I am passionate for helping individuals find confidence and courage, and I admire their resilience.
I believe it is important to empower others to consciously narrate their lives. I value helping people through empowerment, nurturance, and education. I am innovative provider and enjoy creativity in the therapy room. I utilize a strengths based approach in therapy, and see the therapy as a collaborative process. I am passionate for helping individuals find confidence and courage, and I admire their resilience.
(612) 688-4138 View (612) 688-4138
Photo of Tamara Statz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Tamara Statz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, FT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55406
Currently accepting new clients for telehealth in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Florida as well as Supervisees in MN who are seeking LMFT/LPC/LPCC licensure. My clients are often either grieving, caring for a parent or spouse, or experiencing their own chronic or terminal illness. Oftentimes I help families have hard conversations about end-of-life decisions and potential moves into residential long-term care. It's true, there is always something more pleasant to talk about. And these conversations need to happen, too.
Currently accepting new clients for telehealth in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Florida as well as Supervisees in MN who are seeking LMFT/LPC/LPCC licensure. My clients are often either grieving, caring for a parent or spouse, or experiencing their own chronic or terminal illness. Oftentimes I help families have hard conversations about end-of-life decisions and potential moves into residential long-term care. It's true, there is always something more pleasant to talk about. And these conversations need to happen, too.
(612) 223-7492 View (612) 223-7492
Photo of Allie Devney, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Allie Devney
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55413
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in working with couples, families, and individuals (adolescents and adults). Utilizing a collaborative, eclectic approach, I bring warmth, humor, and curiosity to the therapeutic relationship.
I specialize in working with couples, families, and individuals (adolescents and adults). Utilizing a collaborative, eclectic approach, I bring warmth, humor, and curiosity to the therapeutic relationship.
(612) 509-5477 View (612) 509-5477
Photo of Andrea J Steele, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Andrea J Steele
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55403  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Entering therapy is a bold, brave commitment to examining your life as it is and creating the life you choose to live. As a therapist I use a variety of modalities to assist you in reaching your particular goals. Cognitive behavioral therapies are effective for treating a variety of issues and insight-oriented therapies are better suited for other issues. You and I will map the therapy course together, collaboratively. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is extremely important and strive to create a warm, approachable and genuine therapeutic alliance.
Entering therapy is a bold, brave commitment to examining your life as it is and creating the life you choose to live. As a therapist I use a variety of modalities to assist you in reaching your particular goals. Cognitive behavioral therapies are effective for treating a variety of issues and insight-oriented therapies are better suited for other issues. You and I will map the therapy course together, collaboratively. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is extremely important and strive to create a warm, approachable and genuine therapeutic alliance.
(952) 260-1536 View (952) 260-1536
Photo of Fred Kiesel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Fred Kiesel
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55410
My clinical interests are currently within the realms of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance/Commitment Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. I have experience in utilizing Dialectic Behavior Training (DBT) approaches and continue to study and implement DBT. I am interested in providing group therapy, couples’ therapy, and individual therapy.
My clinical interests are currently within the realms of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance/Commitment Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. I have experience in utilizing Dialectic Behavior Training (DBT) approaches and continue to study and implement DBT. I am interested in providing group therapy, couples’ therapy, and individual therapy.
(952) 592-4092 View (952) 592-4092
Photo of Nicole Hill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Nicole Hill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55403
You can't stop the waves, but you can learn to surf. – Jon Kabat-Zinn Welcome to a transformative journey of self-discovery and holistic healing. I'm Nicole Hill, and I'm here to guide you on your path to personal growth. Taking the first step towards therapy is an act of courage, and I'm committed to supporting you every step of the way. With a deep passion for mindfulness and a person-centered approach, I'm dedicated to helping individuals of all ages navigate life's challenges. My practice is firmly rooted in the belief that overall well-being is intricately connected to the mind-body relationship.
You can't stop the waves, but you can learn to surf. – Jon Kabat-Zinn Welcome to a transformative journey of self-discovery and holistic healing. I'm Nicole Hill, and I'm here to guide you on your path to personal growth. Taking the first step towards therapy is an act of courage, and I'm committed to supporting you every step of the way. With a deep passion for mindfulness and a person-centered approach, I'm dedicated to helping individuals of all ages navigate life's challenges. My practice is firmly rooted in the belief that overall well-being is intricately connected to the mind-body relationship.
(612) 662-8027 View (612) 662-8027
Photo of Natallie Chivers-Lockhart, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Natallie Chivers-Lockhart
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55413  (Online Only)
When working with clients, I use a collaborative approach. With this in mind, I want to make sure the relational aspect as well as interpersonal aspects of a person are an important part of the process. I work with adolescents, adults, families and couples struggling with interpersonal issues, relational discord, life transitions, familial conflict, body imaging struggles, trauma and other stressors that may arise. I have experience working with adults and adolescents in generational poverty, domestic violence survivors, teen pregnancy, grief and loss, self-esteem issues, sexual trauma and social justice concerns.
When working with clients, I use a collaborative approach. With this in mind, I want to make sure the relational aspect as well as interpersonal aspects of a person are an important part of the process. I work with adolescents, adults, families and couples struggling with interpersonal issues, relational discord, life transitions, familial conflict, body imaging struggles, trauma and other stressors that may arise. I have experience working with adults and adolescents in generational poverty, domestic violence survivors, teen pregnancy, grief and loss, self-esteem issues, sexual trauma and social justice concerns.
(763) 363-5427 View (763) 363-5427
Photo of Reviving Roots Therapy & Wellness, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Reviving Roots Therapy & Wellness
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55403
Our ideal client seeks a holistic approach to healing, navigating trauma, stress, and societal pressures. They desire wellness practices that honor their cultural identity, aiming for peace, resilience, and self-discovery. At Reviving Roots, they find a community and strategies rooted in a deep understanding of the Black experience, seeking to thrive mentally, physically, and spiritually.
Our ideal client seeks a holistic approach to healing, navigating trauma, stress, and societal pressures. They desire wellness practices that honor their cultural identity, aiming for peace, resilience, and self-discovery. At Reviving Roots, they find a community and strategies rooted in a deep understanding of the Black experience, seeking to thrive mentally, physically, and spiritually.
(612) 712-9135 View (612) 712-9135

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Minneapolis, MN who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Minneapolis, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minneapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.