Therapists in Phoenix, AZ

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Photo of Marbi Gallaway, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Marbi Gallaway
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85028
I work with Individuals and Couples addressing Substance Abuse, Sex Addiction, Eating disorders, Depression, anxiety and Codependency. I believe in addressing core Trauma work when present. Trauma resolution is a specialty of mine, I have extensive training in this complex area of Therapy. I also work with anxiety, depression and Couples issues. I offer Individual Counseling, Customized Intensive Workshop's and hold a long standing Women's group. The group holds eight women and has been ongoing for several years. If you are interested in group therapy contact me for an assessment.
I work with Individuals and Couples addressing Substance Abuse, Sex Addiction, Eating disorders, Depression, anxiety and Codependency. I believe in addressing core Trauma work when present. Trauma resolution is a specialty of mine, I have extensive training in this complex area of Therapy. I also work with anxiety, depression and Couples issues. I offer Individual Counseling, Customized Intensive Workshop's and hold a long standing Women's group. The group holds eight women and has been ongoing for several years. If you are interested in group therapy contact me for an assessment.
(480) 409-2381 View (480) 409-2381
Photo of Precious Chapman, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Precious Chapman
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85085
Now Accepting New Clients! I'm a devoted Counselor, committed to empowering healthier relationships within and with loved ones. My journey centers on dismantling damaging behaviors, habits, and beliefs. My approach is direct: it's all about you. No scripts, just real connection. I nurture trust, empathy, and openness. Patience is key as we explore and celebrate together. Why Counselor? I've seen its transformative magic. It's crafting a brighter future that echoes through generations. Join me on this journey of self-discovery, healing, and growth. Let's paint a radiant tomorrow!
Now Accepting New Clients! I'm a devoted Counselor, committed to empowering healthier relationships within and with loved ones. My journey centers on dismantling damaging behaviors, habits, and beliefs. My approach is direct: it's all about you. No scripts, just real connection. I nurture trust, empathy, and openness. Patience is key as we explore and celebrate together. Why Counselor? I've seen its transformative magic. It's crafting a brighter future that echoes through generations. Join me on this journey of self-discovery, healing, and growth. Let's paint a radiant tomorrow!
(480) 690-8941 View (480) 690-8941
Photo of Symmetry Counseling in Phoenix, AZ
Symmetry Counseling
PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85004  (Online Only)
Welcome to Symmetry Counseling. We are a group of mental health professionals located in Phoenix specializing in counseling, psychotherapy, and coaching for individuals, couples, and families. We chose the name Symmetry because the word evokes our goal to assist you in developing an ability to remain balanced and resilient under the forces of change. Our therapists provide a supportive, empathetic, and hopeful environment. Sessions revolve around pragmatic approaches to strategically address and resolve issues clients bring to therapy.
Welcome to Symmetry Counseling. We are a group of mental health professionals located in Phoenix specializing in counseling, psychotherapy, and coaching for individuals, couples, and families. We chose the name Symmetry because the word evokes our goal to assist you in developing an ability to remain balanced and resilient under the forces of change. Our therapists provide a supportive, empathetic, and hopeful environment. Sessions revolve around pragmatic approaches to strategically address and resolve issues clients bring to therapy.
(480) 660-5776 View (480) 660-5776
Photo of Cynthia Trollope, Pre-Licensed Professional in Phoenix, AZ
Cynthia Trollope
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85028
Not accepting new clients
My clients come to me from all stages of life. They might be facing relational challenges, life transitions, or burnout. Stress, anxiety, or trauma all may push a client toward seeking help. I also work with those in high-stress occupations, including athletes, medical professionals, and law enforcement officers. My clients seek relief, restoration, and wellness. My goal is to aid you in becoming the best version of yourself: the You that you want to be.
My clients come to me from all stages of life. They might be facing relational challenges, life transitions, or burnout. Stress, anxiety, or trauma all may push a client toward seeking help. I also work with those in high-stress occupations, including athletes, medical professionals, and law enforcement officers. My clients seek relief, restoration, and wellness. My goal is to aid you in becoming the best version of yourself: the You that you want to be.
(602) 497-3060 View (602) 497-3060
Photo of Anthony Locascio, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Anthony Locascio
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85001  (Online Only)
Therapy is a collaborative experience where we work together on the reasons why you came to therapy. Through the growth and the development of the therapeutic relationship the reasons why you come to therapy can be explored in a safe and friendly environment so that you can become the person that you want to be. Also I accept many insurance plans through my private practice.
Therapy is a collaborative experience where we work together on the reasons why you came to therapy. Through the growth and the development of the therapeutic relationship the reasons why you come to therapy can be explored in a safe and friendly environment so that you can become the person that you want to be. Also I accept many insurance plans through my private practice.
(623) 462-3777 View (623) 462-3777
Photo of Jaclyn Kimmel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Jaclyn Kimmel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85016
Waitlist for new clients
Hey there! If you're thinking about taking the first step towards healing and self-discovery, I'm here for you! My name is Jackie Kimmel, and I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in sunny Arizona. I'm here to offer support with a focus on compassion and effectiveness, especially for those navigating trauma, narcissistic abuse, ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger management, grief, relationship issues, and women's concerns. Whether you're an adult or an adolescent, my aim is to provide a safe space for growth and healing. I use evidence-based approaches like EMDR, CBT, and DBT, tailoring my interventions to fit your unique needs.
Hey there! If you're thinking about taking the first step towards healing and self-discovery, I'm here for you! My name is Jackie Kimmel, and I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in sunny Arizona. I'm here to offer support with a focus on compassion and effectiveness, especially for those navigating trauma, narcissistic abuse, ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger management, grief, relationship issues, and women's concerns. Whether you're an adult or an adolescent, my aim is to provide a safe space for growth and healing. I use evidence-based approaches like EMDR, CBT, and DBT, tailoring my interventions to fit your unique needs.
(623) 343-6369 View (623) 343-6369
Photo of Lindsay Mills, Psychologist in Phoenix, AZ
Lindsay Mills
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85020
Does it ever feel like stuff from your past keeps creeping in without a welcomed invitation? As if that wasn't enough to deal with, the more you try to push it away, the longer it seems to stay. Maybe you're here because you wish that you could be kinder to yourself. Time and time again you notice that you are understanding towards others but pretty harsh when it comes to similar things in your world. Others see you as talented and high achieving, but you keep feeling the urge to shy away from things and second guess yourself along the way. If any of this sounds familiar, I am here to help!
Does it ever feel like stuff from your past keeps creeping in without a welcomed invitation? As if that wasn't enough to deal with, the more you try to push it away, the longer it seems to stay. Maybe you're here because you wish that you could be kinder to yourself. Time and time again you notice that you are understanding towards others but pretty harsh when it comes to similar things in your world. Others see you as talented and high achieving, but you keep feeling the urge to shy away from things and second guess yourself along the way. If any of this sounds familiar, I am here to help!
(602) 345-1851 View (602) 345-1851
Photo of Marissa Sandoval, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Marissa Sandoval
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BC-THM
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85016  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! Life can be challenging after the last few years and Marissa wants to meet you where you are at in this journey to help you move to not just survive life but to thrive in life in whatever manner that looks like for you. You might be someone who is currently living or has lived through trauma, anxiety, not being able to leave the house, or even depression. Marissa is committed to helping you reach the goals of living your fullest life with the least amount of mental and physical discomfort that has brought to you.
Accepting new clients! Life can be challenging after the last few years and Marissa wants to meet you where you are at in this journey to help you move to not just survive life but to thrive in life in whatever manner that looks like for you. You might be someone who is currently living or has lived through trauma, anxiety, not being able to leave the house, or even depression. Marissa is committed to helping you reach the goals of living your fullest life with the least amount of mental and physical discomfort that has brought to you.
(623) 294-7501 View (623) 294-7501
Photo of Bri French, Pre-Licensed Professional in Phoenix, AZ
Bri French
Pre-Licensed Professional, BS
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85016
Not accepting new clients
I have a passion for working with individuals and couples who are experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, or relationship difficulties. I also love to work with those who are interested in fostering deeper emotional connections to their partner or building back a better relationship after infidelity or violation of each others' trust. I also have experience working with individuals with sex addiction/ compulsive sexual behaviors and maintaining sobriety from substances and alcohol
I have a passion for working with individuals and couples who are experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, or relationship difficulties. I also love to work with those who are interested in fostering deeper emotional connections to their partner or building back a better relationship after infidelity or violation of each others' trust. I also have experience working with individuals with sex addiction/ compulsive sexual behaviors and maintaining sobriety from substances and alcohol
(623) 257-6821 View (623) 257-6821
Photo of Regina O'Brien, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Regina O'Brien
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CST
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85016
As an AASECT certified sex and relationship therapist with extensive training in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, I am passionate about guiding people toward deeper emotional connections and greater sexual health. I specialize in treating the following sexual concerns: desire discrepancy, sexual pain, erectile and ejaculation difficulties, infidelity/betrayal, aging and sex, sexuality and recovery and mixed orientation partnerships. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming and I strive to provide an inclusive space for ALL individuals seeking support for their sexual wellbeing and relationships.
As an AASECT certified sex and relationship therapist with extensive training in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, I am passionate about guiding people toward deeper emotional connections and greater sexual health. I specialize in treating the following sexual concerns: desire discrepancy, sexual pain, erectile and ejaculation difficulties, infidelity/betrayal, aging and sex, sexuality and recovery and mixed orientation partnerships. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming and I strive to provide an inclusive space for ALL individuals seeking support for their sexual wellbeing and relationships.
(480) 613-5962 View (480) 613-5962
Photo of Jennifer Beall, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Jennifer Beall
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85018  (Online Only)
Do you feel like an imposter? Does it feel like everyone else got a rulebook that you didn't? Are you trying to overcome the effects of trauma, whether from a major life event, or from many smaller things throughout your life that have eaten away at your self-esteem? I'm guessing that you have many negative beliefs about yourself that you know, logically, aren't true. It's really hard to turn that logic into true belief about your worth as a human being, though. I can help you to go from just knowing in your head that you're worthy of love and a fulfilling life to truly believing it deep down. That makes a huge difference!
Do you feel like an imposter? Does it feel like everyone else got a rulebook that you didn't? Are you trying to overcome the effects of trauma, whether from a major life event, or from many smaller things throughout your life that have eaten away at your self-esteem? I'm guessing that you have many negative beliefs about yourself that you know, logically, aren't true. It's really hard to turn that logic into true belief about your worth as a human being, though. I can help you to go from just knowing in your head that you're worthy of love and a fulfilling life to truly believing it deep down. That makes a huge difference!
(602) 428-7701 View (602) 428-7701
Photo of Chelsea Lambert, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Chelsea Lambert
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, EMDR, Coach
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85028  (Online Only)
Choosing to go to therapy can be an overwhelming decision, and finding a therapist that you can feel comfortable to open up to about the deeper things can be daunting. Don't over think it, just be proud that, in this moment, you have become self aware enough to want to take the time to work on yourself and become a person with the capacity to change, heal, grow, and rebuild. I am trained in CBT, DBT, and EMDR and I will always do my best to create a comfortable, secure (and sometimes even comical) therapeutic environment for you. No matter what you choose to do from here, remember that you are worthy of your own effort !
Choosing to go to therapy can be an overwhelming decision, and finding a therapist that you can feel comfortable to open up to about the deeper things can be daunting. Don't over think it, just be proud that, in this moment, you have become self aware enough to want to take the time to work on yourself and become a person with the capacity to change, heal, grow, and rebuild. I am trained in CBT, DBT, and EMDR and I will always do my best to create a comfortable, secure (and sometimes even comical) therapeutic environment for you. No matter what you choose to do from here, remember that you are worthy of your own effort !
(602) 878-9476 View (602) 878-9476
Photo of Nonie E Maupin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Nonie E Maupin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85024
I enjoy my work! I spent 19 years working in a church-based Christian counseling center. During that time I counseled primarily women. Each woman taught me something about their relationships, their challenges, and their hearts. I believe adult women (over 18) experience a safe haven, a lot of grace, and well-developed clinical skills. My training focused on relationship issues, depression, anxiety disorders, domestic violence, and childhood abuse.
I enjoy my work! I spent 19 years working in a church-based Christian counseling center. During that time I counseled primarily women. Each woman taught me something about their relationships, their challenges, and their hearts. I believe adult women (over 18) experience a safe haven, a lot of grace, and well-developed clinical skills. My training focused on relationship issues, depression, anxiety disorders, domestic violence, and childhood abuse.
(480) 418-4636 View (480) 418-4636
Photo of AZ Speech & Psychological Institute, Psychologist in Phoenix, AZ
AZ Speech & Psychological Institute
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85044
>>>>> FREE 30 MINUTE CONSULTATION <<<<< We are a place for individuals to shine - where learning becomes inspirational and succeeding allows for maximum potential. We specialize in educational, psychological, and speech evaluations with experience in special needs and a personalized approach in assessments and recommendations. We have multiple locations across Arizona helping family meet their needs.
>>>>> FREE 30 MINUTE CONSULTATION <<<<< We are a place for individuals to shine - where learning becomes inspirational and succeeding allows for maximum potential. We specialize in educational, psychological, and speech evaluations with experience in special needs and a personalized approach in assessments and recommendations. We have multiple locations across Arizona helping family meet their needs.
(480) 660-2648 View (480) 660-2648
Photo of Erica Holmes-Harris, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Erica Holmes-Harris
Counselor, LAC, MCMHC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85028
Greetings! I have FREE sessions for Veterans (DD214 required). I have a Learning Center for 11-16 years old. I look forward to walking with you on their journey towards healing and discovery. As a servant leader, having a heart to help those who need guidance, clarity, and encouragement is my priority. Just being a listening ear with no judgment, can be the healing salve needed for those clients that feel misunderstood or overlooked. I have a heart especially to help youth and young adults on their journey of identity discovery. Using creative ways to help each client reach their goals, makes each experience exciting and rewarding.
Greetings! I have FREE sessions for Veterans (DD214 required). I have a Learning Center for 11-16 years old. I look forward to walking with you on their journey towards healing and discovery. As a servant leader, having a heart to help those who need guidance, clarity, and encouragement is my priority. Just being a listening ear with no judgment, can be the healing salve needed for those clients that feel misunderstood or overlooked. I have a heart especially to help youth and young adults on their journey of identity discovery. Using creative ways to help each client reach their goals, makes each experience exciting and rewarding.
(480) 771-8521 View (480) 771-8521
Photo of Riley Monahan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Riley Monahan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85085
Life can be stressful and filled with difficulties. Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, family issues, or inner conflict? Are you feeling uncomfortable being yourself and feeling stuck with how to improve your life? I know how difficult it can be to finally face our challenges. If you believe even for a moment things can get better you are right where you need to be.
Life can be stressful and filled with difficulties. Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, family issues, or inner conflict? Are you feeling uncomfortable being yourself and feeling stuck with how to improve your life? I know how difficult it can be to finally face our challenges. If you believe even for a moment things can get better you are right where you need to be.
(520) 436-2596 View (520) 436-2596
Photo of Bryan Terence Gastelle, Psychologist in Phoenix, AZ
Bryan Terence Gastelle
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85008  (Online Only)
My goal is always to learn your wellness goals and help you reach them on your terms. I take the guess work out of treatment and give the power back to my clients. Change can be a challenge, but I will be there with you every step of the way.
My goal is always to learn your wellness goals and help you reach them on your terms. I take the guess work out of treatment and give the power back to my clients. Change can be a challenge, but I will be there with you every step of the way.
(928) 437-1734 View (928) 437-1734
Photo of Tara Liffey Fischer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Tara Liffey Fischer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSPC, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85016
I believe in consciously decluttering negative thoughts and feelings while actively making room for new ideas about what is possible for the future. I enjoy helping my clients move towards change while examining past traumas through understanding and compassion. I have experience working with teens and adults with complex sexual, emotional, and physical trauma using evidence-based modalities. I am EMDR I and II, SFBT and TF-CBT trained.
I believe in consciously decluttering negative thoughts and feelings while actively making room for new ideas about what is possible for the future. I enjoy helping my clients move towards change while examining past traumas through understanding and compassion. I have experience working with teens and adults with complex sexual, emotional, and physical trauma using evidence-based modalities. I am EMDR I and II, SFBT and TF-CBT trained.
(480) 771-8885 View (480) 771-8885
Photo of Find Freedom Coaching w/Dr Sharon Johnson Williams in Phoenix, AZ
Find Freedom Coaching w/Dr Sharon Johnson Williams
PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85022  (Online Only)
Life‘s unexpected twists and turns can often make our journey feel lonely and empty. Sometimes we need someone to take the journey with us. To hear us out. And to encourage us in taking the steps we know we need to take. Someone who will be there to walk us through to finding freedom in whatever our circumstances may be.
Life‘s unexpected twists and turns can often make our journey feel lonely and empty. Sometimes we need someone to take the journey with us. To hear us out. And to encourage us in taking the steps we know we need to take. Someone who will be there to walk us through to finding freedom in whatever our circumstances may be.
(623) 294-8974 View (623) 294-8974
Photo of Matt Slavsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Matt Slavsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85021
I now have evening and weekend availability! Knowing how to seek help and support for whatever issues are going on in your life or the life of someone you care about such as a spouse or child can be very difficult. I have been told that I provide a safe and supportive environment which facilitates opening up and confronting issues. As a therapist, I strongly believe that it is critical to meet people where they are at in their life, not forcing change, but rather stimulating and motivating change providing individualized treatment for each client. I provide individual, couples, and family therapy.
I now have evening and weekend availability! Knowing how to seek help and support for whatever issues are going on in your life or the life of someone you care about such as a spouse or child can be very difficult. I have been told that I provide a safe and supportive environment which facilitates opening up and confronting issues. As a therapist, I strongly believe that it is critical to meet people where they are at in their life, not forcing change, but rather stimulating and motivating change providing individualized treatment for each client. I provide individual, couples, and family therapy.
(602) 932-3054 View (602) 932-3054

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Phoenix, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Phoenix, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Phoenix, AZ see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Phoenix?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.