Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Giana Azizeh, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Sacramento, CA
Giana Azizeh
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
Hi there! It’s important to experience a warm, nurturing, playful, personalized space to help you reconnect with yourself and in your relationships. I’m passionate about helping individuals and couples overcome challenges surrounding intimacy, infidelity, communication, and connection. I promote my client’s individual growth and relationship health by incorporating Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Inner-Child Work, and Strength-Based approaches.
Hi there! It’s important to experience a warm, nurturing, playful, personalized space to help you reconnect with yourself and in your relationships. I’m passionate about helping individuals and couples overcome challenges surrounding intimacy, infidelity, communication, and connection. I promote my client’s individual growth and relationship health by incorporating Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Inner-Child Work, and Strength-Based approaches.
(916) 252-5439 View (916) 252-5439
Photo of Anne Rose, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Anne Rose
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95831  (Online Only)
It can be a lonely and overwhelming feeling to realize that your life doesn't match who you were meant to be. I will help you identify the origin of your maladaptive coping skills, the effect early issues have on you in the present day, and help you learn new, healthy behaviors to live a better and more fulfilling life. I have over 18 years of experience working with individuals, couples and families dealing with dual diagnoses, trauma and PTSD, substance abuse, personality disorders, mood disorders and thought disorders.
It can be a lonely and overwhelming feeling to realize that your life doesn't match who you were meant to be. I will help you identify the origin of your maladaptive coping skills, the effect early issues have on you in the present day, and help you learn new, healthy behaviors to live a better and more fulfilling life. I have over 18 years of experience working with individuals, couples and families dealing with dual diagnoses, trauma and PTSD, substance abuse, personality disorders, mood disorders and thought disorders.
(323) 445-4295 View (323) 445-4295
Photo of Pang Martin, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Sacramento, CA
Pang Martin
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Therapy is a place where you can show up as you are, where you won’t be judged or shamed. It’s a place where you can work on yourself, focus on you and be met with positive regard and acceptance. No matter whether you are seeking therapy for trauma, anxiety, depression, PTSD, Bipolar Personality Disorder, etc., whether it's for emotional health reasons, or if you just need someone who is objective/neutral to be there while you are going through a tough time in your life, just know that you are welcomed here and this is a safe space for you.
Therapy is a place where you can show up as you are, where you won’t be judged or shamed. It’s a place where you can work on yourself, focus on you and be met with positive regard and acceptance. No matter whether you are seeking therapy for trauma, anxiety, depression, PTSD, Bipolar Personality Disorder, etc., whether it's for emotional health reasons, or if you just need someone who is objective/neutral to be there while you are going through a tough time in your life, just know that you are welcomed here and this is a safe space for you.
(916) 566-5948 View (916) 566-5948
Photo of Jasmeen Kairam, Pre-Licensed Professional in Sacramento, CA
Jasmeen Kairam
Pre-Licensed Professional, AMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
I have a strong interest in working with individuals who have faced trauma, especially sexual trauma, to help them rediscover their voice and feel heard. As well as, couples who are struggling with connection, infidelity and more. I acknowledge that every individual is unique and has their own story. As someone who identifies as South Asian, I understand being at the crossroads of societal pressures while trying to balance multiple expectations with various cultural considerations and the stigma that may come around mental health.
I have a strong interest in working with individuals who have faced trauma, especially sexual trauma, to help them rediscover their voice and feel heard. As well as, couples who are struggling with connection, infidelity and more. I acknowledge that every individual is unique and has their own story. As someone who identifies as South Asian, I understand being at the crossroads of societal pressures while trying to balance multiple expectations with various cultural considerations and the stigma that may come around mental health.
(916) 586-7019 View (916) 586-7019
Photo of Razalyn Nickola, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Razalyn Nickola
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95833  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with adult clients to improve anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and self-worth. I have a background working with anxiety disorders such as Generalized Anxiety, OCD, Social Anxiety, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias, as well as Depression, workplace stress, and Adjustment Disorder. I use various therapeutic modalities to support my clients in making positive life changes and improve their wellbeing and quality of life.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works with adult clients to improve anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and self-worth. I have a background working with anxiety disorders such as Generalized Anxiety, OCD, Social Anxiety, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias, as well as Depression, workplace stress, and Adjustment Disorder. I use various therapeutic modalities to support my clients in making positive life changes and improve their wellbeing and quality of life.
(916) 432-4471 View (916) 432-4471
Photo of David Giorgio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
David Giorgio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, KAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95814
Many of us lead busy lives with little space to breathe, think, and make choices with clarity. We hold ourselves to unsustainable standards in our careers, relationships and as individuals. We move from day to day with anxious thoughts, or float numbly with disconnection and over-scheduling as a way to avoid pain. Often our expectations, goals and circumstances come at the expense of our own healthy well being.
Many of us lead busy lives with little space to breathe, think, and make choices with clarity. We hold ourselves to unsustainable standards in our careers, relationships and as individuals. We move from day to day with anxious thoughts, or float numbly with disconnection and over-scheduling as a way to avoid pain. Often our expectations, goals and circumstances come at the expense of our own healthy well being.
(916) 794-3636 View (916) 794-3636
Photo of Chrissy Cate LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Chrissy Cate LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95819
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling to find joy again? Struggling to get over the past and move on? Cannot connect with your spouse, your children and family like you used to? Not just talk, I provide tools to better manage the relationship challenges you face. As an experienced mother, yogi and licensed marriage, child and family therapist, I can assist you to get the tools you need to feel better and have more rewarding relationships. Call me for a free consultation.
Are you struggling to find joy again? Struggling to get over the past and move on? Cannot connect with your spouse, your children and family like you used to? Not just talk, I provide tools to better manage the relationship challenges you face. As an experienced mother, yogi and licensed marriage, child and family therapist, I can assist you to get the tools you need to feel better and have more rewarding relationships. Call me for a free consultation.
(916) 621-5724 View (916) 621-5724
Photo of Nathaniel Mills, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Nathaniel Mills
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
I treat adults suffering from anxiety, depression, and relationship difficulties in my midtown Sacramento office. I've found success working with intelligent people stuck in situations they can't think their way out of. I enjoy challenging cases and working with diverse clients. I enjoy LGBT clients, people struggling with existential issues, and busy people trying to balance life with career. I have extensive experience working with treatment-resistant Depression, Anxiety, and Bipolar Disorders and can often help clients with innovative treatments. I am also Past President of the Sacramento Valley Psychological Association.
I treat adults suffering from anxiety, depression, and relationship difficulties in my midtown Sacramento office. I've found success working with intelligent people stuck in situations they can't think their way out of. I enjoy challenging cases and working with diverse clients. I enjoy LGBT clients, people struggling with existential issues, and busy people trying to balance life with career. I have extensive experience working with treatment-resistant Depression, Anxiety, and Bipolar Disorders and can often help clients with innovative treatments. I am also Past President of the Sacramento Valley Psychological Association.
(916) 722-7792 View (916) 722-7792
Photo of Bethany Coburn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Bethany Coburn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95864
Womanhood can be joyful, beautiful and also incredibly challenging. Life transitions, career decisions, moving, infertility, pregnancy, parenting, changing body and personal identity, juggling work and family responsibilities may lead us to feeling anxious, overwhelmed, lonely, lost or stuck.
Womanhood can be joyful, beautiful and also incredibly challenging. Life transitions, career decisions, moving, infertility, pregnancy, parenting, changing body and personal identity, juggling work and family responsibilities may lead us to feeling anxious, overwhelmed, lonely, lost or stuck.
(916) 439-8295 View (916) 439-8295
Photo of Danielle Wood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Danielle Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831
I know we are all born as a promise to the world with a unique set of gifts and abilities, with a divine right to space on the planet by virtue of our birth, but life can get in the way of us knowing these truths. If you are looking for a therapist to help you on your healing journey, congratulations! Starting is the hard part! You can call Heart of the Matter Counseling to set up an assessment appointment now to get started with me if you would like- (916) 245-0715
I know we are all born as a promise to the world with a unique set of gifts and abilities, with a divine right to space on the planet by virtue of our birth, but life can get in the way of us knowing these truths. If you are looking for a therapist to help you on your healing journey, congratulations! Starting is the hard part! You can call Heart of the Matter Counseling to set up an assessment appointment now to get started with me if you would like- (916) 245-0715
(916) 245-0715 View (916) 245-0715
Photo of Heather L. Damon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Heather L. Damon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
(916) 619-5841 View (916) 619-5841
Photo of Mariah Hudler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Mariah Hudler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95822
You aren’t quite where you thought you would be in life. Whether comparing yourself to others, experiencing a change in financial, mental or physical health, or pain and suffering in general, you are hesitant to make a change. Overall, you are feeling stressed, overwhelmed, or burnt out. Daily, it is hard to overcome the intrusive or negative thoughts and feelings. If experiencing a life transition, you feel alone or vulnerable to what are the right next steps. If in a relationship, maybe you find it challenging to talk about and it is starting to impact your relationship. You are exhausted, vulnerable, and ready for a change.
You aren’t quite where you thought you would be in life. Whether comparing yourself to others, experiencing a change in financial, mental or physical health, or pain and suffering in general, you are hesitant to make a change. Overall, you are feeling stressed, overwhelmed, or burnt out. Daily, it is hard to overcome the intrusive or negative thoughts and feelings. If experiencing a life transition, you feel alone or vulnerable to what are the right next steps. If in a relationship, maybe you find it challenging to talk about and it is starting to impact your relationship. You are exhausted, vulnerable, and ready for a change.
(916) 252-5136 View (916) 252-5136
Photo of Elizabeth Cappel-Rice, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Sacramento, CA
Elizabeth Cappel-Rice
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95823
My name is Tracy Cappel-Rice, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I have been providing therapy for over 20 years. My approach tends to be client centered. I work collaboratively with you to gain a thorough understanding of your needs and goals in therapy. I work with a variety of clients experiencing depression, anxiety, grief/loss, trauma, and stress from life's transitions. My therapeutic approach is eclectic including family systems theory, cognitive behavioral techniques, and mindfulness, while utilizing creative therapies for development, growth, and change.
My name is Tracy Cappel-Rice, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I have been providing therapy for over 20 years. My approach tends to be client centered. I work collaboratively with you to gain a thorough understanding of your needs and goals in therapy. I work with a variety of clients experiencing depression, anxiety, grief/loss, trauma, and stress from life's transitions. My therapeutic approach is eclectic including family systems theory, cognitive behavioral techniques, and mindfulness, while utilizing creative therapies for development, growth, and change.
(916) 439-8287 View (916) 439-8287
Photo of Rosalba Tercero, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Rosalba Tercero
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825  (Online Only)
Therapy is a collaborative process. We can work together to identify the deeper roots of your current symptoms and lifestyle choices and patterns. Solution-focused therapy can be effective and empowering. We have to trust the process.
Therapy is a collaborative process. We can work together to identify the deeper roots of your current symptoms and lifestyle choices and patterns. Solution-focused therapy can be effective and empowering. We have to trust the process.
(916) 915-0031 View (916) 915-0031
Photo of Brittany Wade, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Brittany Wade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
Engaging in therapy is a courageous, empowering choice. I believe the foundations of a healing, productive therapeutic relationship are trust, authenticity, and collaboration. I strive to create a safe, nonjudgemental space to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to build insight into and change painful or unskillful patterns. I seek to help you illuminate stories you tell yourself about your emotional experiences and to shift narratives that aren’t serving you to build a joyful, connected, fulfilling life. My approach is eclectic and strengths-based, drawing from an array of modalities tailored to your unique needs and goals.
Engaging in therapy is a courageous, empowering choice. I believe the foundations of a healing, productive therapeutic relationship are trust, authenticity, and collaboration. I strive to create a safe, nonjudgemental space to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to build insight into and change painful or unskillful patterns. I seek to help you illuminate stories you tell yourself about your emotional experiences and to shift narratives that aren’t serving you to build a joyful, connected, fulfilling life. My approach is eclectic and strengths-based, drawing from an array of modalities tailored to your unique needs and goals.
(916) 623-7641 View (916) 623-7641
Photo of Barbara Bachmeier-Levy, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Barbara Bachmeier-Levy
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95864
Hello from Barbara Bachmeier. I am a licensed clinical psychologist. with over 20 years’ experience in the field of mental health providing compassionate care. I have brought my years of experience to the tele mental health to offer the solution of time management and logistical issues to many individuals who might otherwise find it difficult to show up to their psychotherapy appointment. Lets work together through life transitions, grief, anxiety or depression and the fustrations of life.
Hello from Barbara Bachmeier. I am a licensed clinical psychologist. with over 20 years’ experience in the field of mental health providing compassionate care. I have brought my years of experience to the tele mental health to offer the solution of time management and logistical issues to many individuals who might otherwise find it difficult to show up to their psychotherapy appointment. Lets work together through life transitions, grief, anxiety or depression and the fustrations of life.
(916) 507-0969 View (916) 507-0969
Photo of Eric Burns, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Eric Burns
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95823  (Online Only)
Your mental health is very important. Whether you are struggling with a new problem or one that has been on-going, an emotional problem or a bio-chemical one, or even relationship challenges, getting support can make a world of difference. Establishing a safe environment to talk and building a trusting relationship is essential in building a therapeutic relationship. I provide a warm and caring environment for you to trust and share intimate thoughts and feelings, including at times, conflicting thoughts, anxious feelings, depressed mood, traumatic events, etc.
Your mental health is very important. Whether you are struggling with a new problem or one that has been on-going, an emotional problem or a bio-chemical one, or even relationship challenges, getting support can make a world of difference. Establishing a safe environment to talk and building a trusting relationship is essential in building a therapeutic relationship. I provide a warm and caring environment for you to trust and share intimate thoughts and feelings, including at times, conflicting thoughts, anxious feelings, depressed mood, traumatic events, etc.
(916) 252-4151 View (916) 252-4151
Photo of Carol Knight, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Carol Knight
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
I work with adults and couples using a relational approach that emphasizes connection: being seen, heard, and valued for who you are and where you are in your journey. My goal is to create a welcoming, nurturing, non-judgmental space where you feel safe to share your needs and explore the factors and patterns that may be impacting your quality of life. As an immigrant, I am particularly sensitive to the many ways different people show vulnerability, and strive to take multicultural, interpersonal, and contextual factors into account in order to get to know the multiple identities forming our whole selves.
I work with adults and couples using a relational approach that emphasizes connection: being seen, heard, and valued for who you are and where you are in your journey. My goal is to create a welcoming, nurturing, non-judgmental space where you feel safe to share your needs and explore the factors and patterns that may be impacting your quality of life. As an immigrant, I am particularly sensitive to the many ways different people show vulnerability, and strive to take multicultural, interpersonal, and contextual factors into account in order to get to know the multiple identities forming our whole selves.
(916) 665-4251 View (916) 665-4251
Photo of Barbara Bachmeier, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Barbara Bachmeier
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95864  (Online Only)
Hello fellow traveler, Life that is lived to the fullest is our greatest adventure. Sometimes, we get smacked with a road block. It is common to react with anxiety, depression, or a need to sort things out. It is normal to feel this way, yet it can seem that our ability to function optimally is affected with this happens. You can do this. You can be successful in moving through the struggle. You are not alone. I care, I will listen, I will respond, and I know what I am doing. Let me walk with you and apply my clinical knowledge as you gather new life hacks to facilitate your great journey.
Hello fellow traveler, Life that is lived to the fullest is our greatest adventure. Sometimes, we get smacked with a road block. It is common to react with anxiety, depression, or a need to sort things out. It is normal to feel this way, yet it can seem that our ability to function optimally is affected with this happens. You can do this. You can be successful in moving through the struggle. You are not alone. I care, I will listen, I will respond, and I know what I am doing. Let me walk with you and apply my clinical knowledge as you gather new life hacks to facilitate your great journey.
(916) 587-7792 View (916) 587-7792
Photo of Cindy McCrea, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Cindy McCrea
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95820
When the way you usually handle things is no longer working for you, it's time to look in to changing yourself. Change your thoughts and you really can change your world. Difficulties with others in your life as well as emotions you are struggling with can be looked at differently and lead to increased peace and happiness. Panic, Anxiety, Excessive Worry, Depression and Anger can all arise from thoughts that trigger your fight or flight response. Change your thinking and you can change how you feel and how you behave.
When the way you usually handle things is no longer working for you, it's time to look in to changing yourself. Change your thoughts and you really can change your world. Difficulties with others in your life as well as emotions you are struggling with can be looked at differently and lead to increased peace and happiness. Panic, Anxiety, Excessive Worry, Depression and Anger can all arise from thoughts that trigger your fight or flight response. Change your thinking and you can change how you feel and how you behave.
(916) 546-1316 View (916) 546-1316

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.