Therapists in Nashville, TN

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Photo of Sandra Habib Aziz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Nashville, TN
Sandra Habib Aziz
Pre-Licensed Professional, MMFT
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37218
BIPOC therapist - couples therapy and individual therapy. I come from a multicultural and bilingual background. I’m particularly interested in working with marginalized populations. Clients like you scroll profiles to find a therapist that might get them. At least a little. You need help in the major things of life (relationships, transitions, hardships). When you look for a therapist, you need someone that knows what it’s like to be a person of color. That gives some safety and reassurance. In order to really open up - you have to find the right fit.
BIPOC therapist - couples therapy and individual therapy. I come from a multicultural and bilingual background. I’m particularly interested in working with marginalized populations. Clients like you scroll profiles to find a therapist that might get them. At least a little. You need help in the major things of life (relationships, transitions, hardships). When you look for a therapist, you need someone that knows what it’s like to be a person of color. That gives some safety and reassurance. In order to really open up - you have to find the right fit.
(615) 326-6402 View (615) 326-6402
Photo of Midtown Nashville Counseling LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Nashville, TN
Midtown Nashville Counseling LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
Greetings from Midtown Nashville Counseling. Each team member has a specific area of expertise. Andy helps busy professionals with work-life balance and complex problems. Abby helps couples in crisis & conflict. Kristin, Lauren, Wendy, and Melissa focus on individuals, couples, and premarital counseling. Laura, Ashland, Caroline, Anna and Austin specialize in Brainspotting and anxiety related issues. Collin and Luke work with couples, individuals, and substance abuse issues. Please visit the website for full profiles.
Greetings from Midtown Nashville Counseling. Each team member has a specific area of expertise. Andy helps busy professionals with work-life balance and complex problems. Abby helps couples in crisis & conflict. Kristin, Lauren, Wendy, and Melissa focus on individuals, couples, and premarital counseling. Laura, Ashland, Caroline, Anna and Austin specialize in Brainspotting and anxiety related issues. Collin and Luke work with couples, individuals, and substance abuse issues. Please visit the website for full profiles.
(615) 489-8945 View (615) 489-8945
Photo of Roxanne Hallisey, Pre-Licensed Professional in Nashville, TN
Roxanne Hallisey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LPC, MHSP, (Temp), NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37220
Throughout my life, I've formed connections with people from all walks of life, nurturing a deep appreciation for the tapestry of human connection and the beauty of our unique differences. In the moments when we experience empathy and awe within our connections, we discover the potential for growth, self-awareness, and healing, even when life presents its most challenging moments. My therapy approach is centered around you. It's about facilitating healing through relationship, making meaning through self-awareness, and finding your unique strengths to help you live authentically.
Throughout my life, I've formed connections with people from all walks of life, nurturing a deep appreciation for the tapestry of human connection and the beauty of our unique differences. In the moments when we experience empathy and awe within our connections, we discover the potential for growth, self-awareness, and healing, even when life presents its most challenging moments. My therapy approach is centered around you. It's about facilitating healing through relationship, making meaning through self-awareness, and finding your unique strengths to help you live authentically.
(615) 709-9425 View (615) 709-9425
Photo of Stephanie Sheppard Upchurch, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Stephanie Sheppard Upchurch
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37221
I believe every patient should receive evidence based treatments which allow them the best opportunity at real and lasting recovery. This means I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Exposure Therapy in treating OCD, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders and Eating disorders. This allows me to be a very hands on therapist. I regularly take clients out into the community to engage in exposure therapy and behavioral activation which allows me to provide support and encouragement throughout the process. I genuinely believe that OCD, anxiety, depression and eating disorders are very treatable conditions when being treated with effective and active treatments.
I believe every patient should receive evidence based treatments which allow them the best opportunity at real and lasting recovery. This means I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Exposure Therapy in treating OCD, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders and Eating disorders. This allows me to be a very hands on therapist. I regularly take clients out into the community to engage in exposure therapy and behavioral activation which allows me to provide support and encouragement throughout the process. I genuinely believe that OCD, anxiety, depression and eating disorders are very treatable conditions when being treated with effective and active treatments.
(615) 913-5648 View (615) 913-5648
Photo of Keri Seay, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Keri Seay
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
I have always been aware of my undeniable passion for individual counseling, which is why I began my private practice in 2016. I want to offer people a way to live their lives effectively in the present. What does that mean? It means making wise decisions that help us feel a sense of congruence about the life we are living.
I have always been aware of my undeniable passion for individual counseling, which is why I began my private practice in 2016. I want to offer people a way to live their lives effectively in the present. What does that mean? It means making wise decisions that help us feel a sense of congruence about the life we are living.
(615) 265-6568 View (615) 265-6568
Photo of Will Radford Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Will Radford Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing in the field of behavioral health for many years. My formal education is a bachelor’s degree in Psychology and a master’s in Clinical Social Work. I am trained in CRM, EMDR, DBT, CBT (described in services and website) and have worked in the addictions field for over 25 years. My experience includes working with adolescents, couples, families and individuals dealing with issues from addiction to anxiety and depression. I normally work with people 18 and older but in the right circumstance will see younger. I see families and couples. I also offer Recovery Coaching.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing in the field of behavioral health for many years. My formal education is a bachelor’s degree in Psychology and a master’s in Clinical Social Work. I am trained in CRM, EMDR, DBT, CBT (described in services and website) and have worked in the addictions field for over 25 years. My experience includes working with adolescents, couples, families and individuals dealing with issues from addiction to anxiety and depression. I normally work with people 18 and older but in the right circumstance will see younger. I see families and couples. I also offer Recovery Coaching.
(615) 398-4523 View (615) 398-4523
Photo of Morgan Gardner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Nashville, TN
Morgan Gardner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
Life can often be difficult and hard to navigate, and I believe that we all have the strength and resilience to grow and change. Therapy with me is a challenging, yet warm process that entails self-reflection and honest conversation. My goals are to help you reach your goals in a supportive, empathetic, and compassionate space.
Life can often be difficult and hard to navigate, and I believe that we all have the strength and resilience to grow and change. Therapy with me is a challenging, yet warm process that entails self-reflection and honest conversation. My goals are to help you reach your goals in a supportive, empathetic, and compassionate space.
(615) 551-3298 View (615) 551-3298
Photo of Shaye (Pennington) Skye, Marriage & Family Therapist in Nashville, TN
Shaye (Pennington) Skye
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37204
Therapy for Women! Hi there, I am Shaye and I am a marriage and family therapist with 5+ years of experience supporting women in becoming their best selves. I guide my clients through actionable, goal-oriented therapy, combined with techniques including EMDR, attachment theory, and narrative therapy, in order to develop the coping skills and boundaries to heal their relationships and build confidence.
Therapy for Women! Hi there, I am Shaye and I am a marriage and family therapist with 5+ years of experience supporting women in becoming their best selves. I guide my clients through actionable, goal-oriented therapy, combined with techniques including EMDR, attachment theory, and narrative therapy, in order to develop the coping skills and boundaries to heal their relationships and build confidence.
(615) 475-8430 View (615) 475-8430
Photo of Tammy Camper, Pre-Licensed Professional in Nashville, TN
Tammy Camper
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37228  (Online Only)
I work with men and women of all ages who want to be the best they can be in every role they inhabit–parent, spouse, sibling, employee, leader, friend, etc. I especially enjoy helping you learn and practice effective communication strategies, cope and work through anxious and intrusive thoughts, and engage your interpersonal relationships with confidence and ease.
I work with men and women of all ages who want to be the best they can be in every role they inhabit–parent, spouse, sibling, employee, leader, friend, etc. I especially enjoy helping you learn and practice effective communication strategies, cope and work through anxious and intrusive thoughts, and engage your interpersonal relationships with confidence and ease.
(615) 819-4371 View (615) 819-4371
Photo of Hillary VandeLinde, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Hillary VandeLinde
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37207
Life doesn't always go the way we want it to- we get dealt a hand sometimes that stops us in our tracks. Maybe your life "should" be feeling okay but you feel overwhelmed and don't know where to go. Or maybe, anxiety, depression, and burnout are feeling insurmountable and you need some help getting unstuck. You don't have to navigate this alone. I'm a licensed clinician with years of experience helping people walk through the hard parts of life and I am here to support you. I believe in excellent and ethical care and have a special focus on woman's health and offer a specialty in Maternal Mental Health. All are welcome.
Life doesn't always go the way we want it to- we get dealt a hand sometimes that stops us in our tracks. Maybe your life "should" be feeling okay but you feel overwhelmed and don't know where to go. Or maybe, anxiety, depression, and burnout are feeling insurmountable and you need some help getting unstuck. You don't have to navigate this alone. I'm a licensed clinician with years of experience helping people walk through the hard parts of life and I am here to support you. I believe in excellent and ethical care and have a special focus on woman's health and offer a specialty in Maternal Mental Health. All are welcome.
(615) 956-2885 View (615) 956-2885
Photo of Megan Moss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Megan Moss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
Megan Moss (she/her) provides an accepting, nonjudgmental environment meant to empower clients to work toward healing. Due to her own experiences, she is passionate about working with people that live in bigger bodies by using a weight-inclusive framework. She offers individual and group therapy, with group work emphasizing healing through solidarity.
Megan Moss (she/her) provides an accepting, nonjudgmental environment meant to empower clients to work toward healing. Due to her own experiences, she is passionate about working with people that live in bigger bodies by using a weight-inclusive framework. She offers individual and group therapy, with group work emphasizing healing through solidarity.
(615) 994-8242 View (615) 994-8242
Photo of Benjamin Holmes Counseling, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Benjamin Holmes Counseling, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37215
You are too valuable to ignore. The issues you're facing are too solvable to avoid. The quality of your experience in this life is too important to neglect. Showing up for yourself can mean a lot of different things. Connecting with one of our therapists can be the first step in a series of meaningful steps toward a life full of success, satisfaction and serenity. We help our clients set intentions for their lives and walk with them on their journey toward mental, emotional and relational health.
You are too valuable to ignore. The issues you're facing are too solvable to avoid. The quality of your experience in this life is too important to neglect. Showing up for yourself can mean a lot of different things. Connecting with one of our therapists can be the first step in a series of meaningful steps toward a life full of success, satisfaction and serenity. We help our clients set intentions for their lives and walk with them on their journey toward mental, emotional and relational health.
(615) 909-2802 View (615) 909-2802
Photo of Alexandra Kerr, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Alexandra Kerr
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP, LMHC
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37221  (Online Only)
I have worked in various settings helping clients with a range of problems including anxiety, depression, going through life transitions, bipolar and other mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD, narcissistic abuse, substance use disorders, grief and loss, and personality disorders, etc. I like to take a person centered, solution focused approach to help you through whatever you are struggling with. Sometimes we all could use a safe, unbiased place to process things or someone to help us see that there are other ways to look at things.
I have worked in various settings helping clients with a range of problems including anxiety, depression, going through life transitions, bipolar and other mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD, narcissistic abuse, substance use disorders, grief and loss, and personality disorders, etc. I like to take a person centered, solution focused approach to help you through whatever you are struggling with. Sometimes we all could use a safe, unbiased place to process things or someone to help us see that there are other ways to look at things.
(615) 933-8584 View (615) 933-8584
Photo of Meredith Kalies, Psychologist in Nashville, TN
Meredith Kalies
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37206  (Online Only)
My goal is to help you access your depth of emotional experience to live a more authentic life. My client’s enjoy a therapist who is ethical, warm, direct, has a sense of humor, and above all, is committed to their growth. I view therapy as a collaborative process in which client and therapist work together on goals and presenting concerns. I use an integrative and exploratory approach to therapy, which combines relational, depth, emotion-focused, Gottman principles, somatic, and mindfulness-based approaches.
My goal is to help you access your depth of emotional experience to live a more authentic life. My client’s enjoy a therapist who is ethical, warm, direct, has a sense of humor, and above all, is committed to their growth. I view therapy as a collaborative process in which client and therapist work together on goals and presenting concerns. I use an integrative and exploratory approach to therapy, which combines relational, depth, emotion-focused, Gottman principles, somatic, and mindfulness-based approaches.
(615) 610-1722 View (615) 610-1722
Photo of Melissa Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Melissa Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37215  (Online Only)
Melissa is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 25 years of experience in the field of social work. She has worked in a number of specialty areas, including addiction recovery, child and family welfare, community mental health, domestic violence, sexual assault, medical/inpatient, law enforcement, military, and Veterans. Melissa has extensive experience in working with PTSD and complex trauma. She is trained in Biofeedback, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), CPT (cognitive processing therapy), PE (prolonged exposure), and EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing).
Melissa is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 25 years of experience in the field of social work. She has worked in a number of specialty areas, including addiction recovery, child and family welfare, community mental health, domestic violence, sexual assault, medical/inpatient, law enforcement, military, and Veterans. Melissa has extensive experience in working with PTSD and complex trauma. She is trained in Biofeedback, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), CPT (cognitive processing therapy), PE (prolonged exposure), and EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing).
(615) 471-6713 View (615) 471-6713
Photo of Perrin Holloway, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Nashville, TN
Perrin Holloway
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
I believe everyone possesses a core self. And many times, we look up and realize we are not sure who we are, or how we lost our way. I have learned that to find your way back is to show up for yourself with love and acceptance for all your parts. We can truly transform when we allow someone to see and hear all of us. I am not afraid to sit in the depths of my client’s pain and create safety for the wide range of emotions that take up space in the room. Trauma is a part of many of our stories. Some people act out trauma in destructive ways, and I want to help unpack those experiences to help them reclaim their voices.
I believe everyone possesses a core self. And many times, we look up and realize we are not sure who we are, or how we lost our way. I have learned that to find your way back is to show up for yourself with love and acceptance for all your parts. We can truly transform when we allow someone to see and hear all of us. I am not afraid to sit in the depths of my client’s pain and create safety for the wide range of emotions that take up space in the room. Trauma is a part of many of our stories. Some people act out trauma in destructive ways, and I want to help unpack those experiences to help them reclaim their voices.
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Photo of Ashley Hampton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Ashley Hampton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37220
It is my mission to provide an authentic and safe therapeutic environment in which women, teens and members of the LGBTQ+ and BIPOC communities feel empowered to live the lives they long for and deserve. I find joy in helping members from marginalized communities move past shame, trauma and self-doubt which is why I founded Hampton House Counseling. At Hampton House it is our mission to provide therapy for those who have struggled to feel safe, seen, and understood.
It is my mission to provide an authentic and safe therapeutic environment in which women, teens and members of the LGBTQ+ and BIPOC communities feel empowered to live the lives they long for and deserve. I find joy in helping members from marginalized communities move past shame, trauma and self-doubt which is why I founded Hampton House Counseling. At Hampton House it is our mission to provide therapy for those who have struggled to feel safe, seen, and understood.
(615) 323-2120 View (615) 323-2120
Photo of Jill Shrum, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Jill Shrum
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37207
I help folks with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, religious wounding, identity, and life transitions. I can help you cultivate hope for yourself and for the people around you, which can make all the difference in your life’s journey. My therapeutic approach emphasizes a relational, trauma-informed connection, with room for creativity and laughter. I offer a space in which clients can feel safe and seen as they are, without judgment or shame, because therapy isn’t “one size fits all”. I want to find the path that fits YOU best so you feel empowered to move towards the change you want to see.
I help folks with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, religious wounding, identity, and life transitions. I can help you cultivate hope for yourself and for the people around you, which can make all the difference in your life’s journey. My therapeutic approach emphasizes a relational, trauma-informed connection, with room for creativity and laughter. I offer a space in which clients can feel safe and seen as they are, without judgment or shame, because therapy isn’t “one size fits all”. I want to find the path that fits YOU best so you feel empowered to move towards the change you want to see.
(615) 552-0469 View (615) 552-0469
Photo of Salem Horne, Pre-Licensed Professional in Nashville, TN
Salem Horne
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37206
Hi, I'm Salem (they/he)! I'm an openly queer + neurodivergent therapist with a passion for working with trans children, teens, and adults. Much of my work focuses on the ways our identities intersect with culture and environment to create suffering. It is my hope that through our work together, clients can learn to embrace their truest selves, advocate for their needs, and experience peace.
Hi, I'm Salem (they/he)! I'm an openly queer + neurodivergent therapist with a passion for working with trans children, teens, and adults. Much of my work focuses on the ways our identities intersect with culture and environment to create suffering. It is my hope that through our work together, clients can learn to embrace their truest selves, advocate for their needs, and experience peace.
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Photo of Delilah Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Delilah Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37207
In today’s world, women and girls are faced with unimaginable stressors in everyday life — negative criticism from parents and friends about body image, anxiety and stress regarding world news, and difficulties relating to bullying, communication, and relationship difficulties on social media just to name a few. These everyday issues can trigger depression, anxiety, and trauma — not to mention exacerbate already present mental health issues such as mood disorders, eating disorders, or OCD. Our goal is to open up a conversation for women and girls to speak freely and openly about their mental heath in a space that supports women.
In today’s world, women and girls are faced with unimaginable stressors in everyday life — negative criticism from parents and friends about body image, anxiety and stress regarding world news, and difficulties relating to bullying, communication, and relationship difficulties on social media just to name a few. These everyday issues can trigger depression, anxiety, and trauma — not to mention exacerbate already present mental health issues such as mood disorders, eating disorders, or OCD. Our goal is to open up a conversation for women and girls to speak freely and openly about their mental heath in a space that supports women.
(615) 437-5646 View (615) 437-5646

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Nashville, TN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Nashville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Cigna and Evernorth
74% Aetna
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Nashville, TN see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Nashville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.