Therapists in Las Vegas, NV

View neighborhoods in Las Vegas
Photo of Amanda Marie Serrano, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Amanda Marie Serrano
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89141  (Online Only)
It is during challenging times such as these when one is afforded the greatest opportunity for growth, transformation, and healing. If you’re feeling lost, broken, or like you've exhausted your resources to cope with life, it may be a good time to start therapy. Whether you’re depressed, overwhelmed, or struggling in a relationship, my goal is to help you overcome past trauma and arrive at a deeper understanding and appreciation for yourself. As your therapist I am interested helping you to uncover and strengthen your inner resources while teaching you new skills to help you to find a meaningful connection to yourself and others.
It is during challenging times such as these when one is afforded the greatest opportunity for growth, transformation, and healing. If you’re feeling lost, broken, or like you've exhausted your resources to cope with life, it may be a good time to start therapy. Whether you’re depressed, overwhelmed, or struggling in a relationship, my goal is to help you overcome past trauma and arrive at a deeper understanding and appreciation for yourself. As your therapist I am interested helping you to uncover and strengthen your inner resources while teaching you new skills to help you to find a meaningful connection to yourself and others.
(702) 819-9125 View (702) 819-9125
Photo of Gail Silva, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Gail Silva
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89128
I received my degree in Counseling Psychology with an emphasis in Marriage & Family Therapy from Regis University. I enjoy working with a diverse population of adults, children and teens dealing with life issues ranging from depression to post-traumatic stress, victims of abuse, homeless transitioning to parenting frustrations and behavior management. Growth occurs one step at a time and that knowledge of process and circumstances leads to more effective decision-making. I have a passion for assisting victims of abuse (sexual, physical, neglect) in healing and "growing through" to a successful and healthy life.
I received my degree in Counseling Psychology with an emphasis in Marriage & Family Therapy from Regis University. I enjoy working with a diverse population of adults, children and teens dealing with life issues ranging from depression to post-traumatic stress, victims of abuse, homeless transitioning to parenting frustrations and behavior management. Growth occurs one step at a time and that knowledge of process and circumstances leads to more effective decision-making. I have a passion for assisting victims of abuse (sexual, physical, neglect) in healing and "growing through" to a successful and healthy life.
(702) 966-9525 View (702) 966-9525
Photo of Nicole Moore, Licensed Professional Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Nicole Moore
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, CPC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89120
Taking new patients- I have always felt that life was like the ocean waves, a constant of ups and downs, but a lot of beauty. While the ocean is beautiful, such as our lives, there are times when things are not perfect and we need a little help. I am here to encourage you, motivate you, and help you through your most difficult times.
Taking new patients- I have always felt that life was like the ocean waves, a constant of ups and downs, but a lot of beauty. While the ocean is beautiful, such as our lives, there are times when things are not perfect and we need a little help. I am here to encourage you, motivate you, and help you through your most difficult times.
(702) 553-1119 View (702) 553-1119
Photo of Danuelle Shiflet, Pre-Licensed Professional in Las Vegas, NV
Danuelle Shiflet
Pre-Licensed Professional, CADC-I
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89148
**Accepting New Clients** - Sometimes we need to reevaluate the path we are on, so we can make sure that it is the path we want to take. Whether life's experiences have become overwhelming, or you need a partner in helping you live your best life, I want to extend a warm hand out to you. My goal is to help anyone who comes to me to discover what it is like living a life of empowerment, learn self-love and general life guidance.
**Accepting New Clients** - Sometimes we need to reevaluate the path we are on, so we can make sure that it is the path we want to take. Whether life's experiences have become overwhelming, or you need a partner in helping you live your best life, I want to extend a warm hand out to you. My goal is to help anyone who comes to me to discover what it is like living a life of empowerment, learn self-love and general life guidance.
(505) 587-8643 View (505) 587-8643
Photo of Dr. Erick Arguello, Psychologist in Las Vegas, NV
Dr. Erick Arguello
Psychologist, PsyD, MA, MEd
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89129  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed by emotions, unsure if it's due to a narcissist, gaslighting, or conflicting thoughts impacting your relationships or sex life? Couples and families dealing with these challenges can find it tough. I'm here with empathy to support you. Let's unravel these issues together, strengthen connections, and foster healing and growth.
Feeling overwhelmed by emotions, unsure if it's due to a narcissist, gaslighting, or conflicting thoughts impacting your relationships or sex life? Couples and families dealing with these challenges can find it tough. I'm here with empathy to support you. Let's unravel these issues together, strengthen connections, and foster healing and growth.
(702) 935-5061 View (702) 935-5061
Photo of Sarah Wiederholt, Pre-Licensed Professional in Las Vegas, NV
Sarah Wiederholt
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW, CSWI, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89129
As a natural-born people person, I gravitate toward helping those around me and enjoy meeting clients where they are, while developing trust in a therapeutic setting. The family you came from can impact the family you are creating, and using therapeutic approaches that pull from family systems, trauma, and cognitive behavioral methods are my main focus. I was drawn to this profession because of my passion for working with people who were surviving trauma and grief.
As a natural-born people person, I gravitate toward helping those around me and enjoy meeting clients where they are, while developing trust in a therapeutic setting. The family you came from can impact the family you are creating, and using therapeutic approaches that pull from family systems, trauma, and cognitive behavioral methods are my main focus. I was drawn to this profession because of my passion for working with people who were surviving trauma and grief.
(702) 659-4825 View (702) 659-4825
Photo of Sarita Edwards LLC in Las Vegas, NV
Sarita Edwards LLC
MA
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89106
Life’s challenges sometimes have you feeling like you will not make it. Are you having a hard time coping with feelings of anxiety and/or depression? Often, the hardest place to be is feeling stuck and yet helpless to change your situation. Starting a new chapter requires you to identify the challenges in your life. The question is, are you willing to accept change.
Life’s challenges sometimes have you feeling like you will not make it. Are you having a hard time coping with feelings of anxiety and/or depression? Often, the hardest place to be is feeling stuck and yet helpless to change your situation. Starting a new chapter requires you to identify the challenges in your life. The question is, are you willing to accept change.
(725) 257-2183 View (725) 257-2183
Photo of Jus' Talk Therapy, PLLC, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Jus' Talk Therapy, PLLC
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89144
Are you ready to embrace your truth and live authentically in a world filled with societal pressures? I specialize in working with individuals who are seeking to cultivate self-esteem, improve relationships, navigate family dynamics, enhance communication skills, explore identity, and discover their sense of purpose. My clients are courageous souls who are eager to step into their truth, break free from limiting beliefs, and create a life aligned with their authentic selves.
Are you ready to embrace your truth and live authentically in a world filled with societal pressures? I specialize in working with individuals who are seeking to cultivate self-esteem, improve relationships, navigate family dynamics, enhance communication skills, explore identity, and discover their sense of purpose. My clients are courageous souls who are eager to step into their truth, break free from limiting beliefs, and create a life aligned with their authentic selves.
(725) 356-1601 View (725) 356-1601
Photo of Dr. Brent Fladmo, Psychologist in Las Vegas, NV
Dr. Brent Fladmo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89134
Therapeutically, I use an integrative approach geared towards understanding self, specifically what drives one's thoughts and behaviors. I have been trained as a Clinical Psychologist, and I help identify automatic thoughts that lead to specific ideas and feelings, as well as understanding how our thoughts and behaviors are fueled by former messages that have been consistently reinforced. At the end of the day, my practice is shaped by uncovering a deeper understanding of self, discovering how our environment has constructed us, and determining what road we can choose in order to reconnect with self, others, and life.
Therapeutically, I use an integrative approach geared towards understanding self, specifically what drives one's thoughts and behaviors. I have been trained as a Clinical Psychologist, and I help identify automatic thoughts that lead to specific ideas and feelings, as well as understanding how our thoughts and behaviors are fueled by former messages that have been consistently reinforced. At the end of the day, my practice is shaped by uncovering a deeper understanding of self, discovering how our environment has constructed us, and determining what road we can choose in order to reconnect with self, others, and life.
(702) 919-5093 View (702) 919-5093
Photo of Shannon Alice Creme, Licensed Professional Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Shannon Alice Creme
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89146
Waitlist for new clients
Thank you for taking the first step into looking for help for you or your family. I have experience with a wide variety of clients after working at a residential treatment center for children and adolescents and working at an outpatient agency for all ages and needs. I am here to help you through challenging times and to achieve your goals. I specialize in working with children, teens, young adults, and parents, but I can help any individual who wants help with anxiety, trauma, depression, family conflict, or simply balancing life's stressors. Asking for help is not easy, but it "takes a village" and you do not need to do it alone.
Thank you for taking the first step into looking for help for you or your family. I have experience with a wide variety of clients after working at a residential treatment center for children and adolescents and working at an outpatient agency for all ages and needs. I am here to help you through challenging times and to achieve your goals. I specialize in working with children, teens, young adults, and parents, but I can help any individual who wants help with anxiety, trauma, depression, family conflict, or simply balancing life's stressors. Asking for help is not easy, but it "takes a village" and you do not need to do it alone.
(702) 710-6189 View (702) 710-6189
Photo of Tiffany Simonetti, Licensed Professional Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Tiffany Simonetti
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89148
Do you struggle with understanding your emotions and behaviors? Do you feel like things are becoming out of control? Do you wonder how and when will I be able to manage all the stressors in my life? If so I can help you to process what is happening and feel relief so you can live the life you are meant to live. By understanding your emotions, behaviors, why you feel them, and what purpose they serve you can begin understand your needs, wants, and work towards living a more fulfilling life. I work from a client-centered and trauma-focused approach that helps you to understand yourself and figure out where you want to go from here.
Do you struggle with understanding your emotions and behaviors? Do you feel like things are becoming out of control? Do you wonder how and when will I be able to manage all the stressors in my life? If so I can help you to process what is happening and feel relief so you can live the life you are meant to live. By understanding your emotions, behaviors, why you feel them, and what purpose they serve you can begin understand your needs, wants, and work towards living a more fulfilling life. I work from a client-centered and trauma-focused approach that helps you to understand yourself and figure out where you want to go from here.
(505) 398-7648 View (505) 398-7648
Photo of Mitchell Gabel, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Mitchell Gabel
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89149  (Online Only)
My ideal client is an adult (age 21 or older) who deeply wants positive individual behavioral change and understanding. If you struggle to understand the "why" behind your behavior, I believe I can help you. Whether individually, as a couple, or as a family system, knowledge is empowerment for positive change. I will provide the tools and resources needed for positive behavioral change. Together, we will travel through your family of origin story, attachment, personality, and possible unmet needs in order to help you understand your "why".
My ideal client is an adult (age 21 or older) who deeply wants positive individual behavioral change and understanding. If you struggle to understand the "why" behind your behavior, I believe I can help you. Whether individually, as a couple, or as a family system, knowledge is empowerment for positive change. I will provide the tools and resources needed for positive behavioral change. Together, we will travel through your family of origin story, attachment, personality, and possible unmet needs in order to help you understand your "why".
(702) 356-0768 View (702) 356-0768
Photo of Yolanda Wibowo, LPC Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Yolanda Wibowo
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89103
As a therapist who serves first responders and individuals navigating trauma, depression, and anxiety, I understand the unique challenges you face. I believe there is not a "one size fits all" approach to counseling. Each person should be worked with specifically to their needs and uniqueness of their presenting issue. It is important to work together to find your best fit. Through understanding your needs, goals and expectations, together we can find the best way for you to benefit from counseling. Working through difficulties that have emerged from traumatic experiences and other life experiences can be done together.
As a therapist who serves first responders and individuals navigating trauma, depression, and anxiety, I understand the unique challenges you face. I believe there is not a "one size fits all" approach to counseling. Each person should be worked with specifically to their needs and uniqueness of their presenting issue. It is important to work together to find your best fit. Through understanding your needs, goals and expectations, together we can find the best way for you to benefit from counseling. Working through difficulties that have emerged from traumatic experiences and other life experiences can be done together.
(702) 718-8243 View (702) 718-8243
Photo of Alana Gordon, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Alana Gordon
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-I, CCPS
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89131  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
New Clients: waitlist only. There are times in life when we may feel stretched beyond our limits, in need of repair. When we feel hopeless that things will get better, whether individually, in your relationship, or with your family. During these difficult times it can be hard to ask for help. When you take that first step of reaching out, I’ll come along side of you and aid in your journey towards healing, balance, and wellness. I will collaborate with you to help guide your journey, as we work together to find health and happiness. I do individual sessions as well as run small groups for betrayed partners.
New Clients: waitlist only. There are times in life when we may feel stretched beyond our limits, in need of repair. When we feel hopeless that things will get better, whether individually, in your relationship, or with your family. During these difficult times it can be hard to ask for help. When you take that first step of reaching out, I’ll come along side of you and aid in your journey towards healing, balance, and wellness. I will collaborate with you to help guide your journey, as we work together to find health and happiness. I do individual sessions as well as run small groups for betrayed partners.
(725) 213-4827 View (725) 213-4827
Photo of Eden Pastor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Eden Pastor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, TPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89122  (Online Only)
Whether new to therapy or not, my clients come to me looking to expand their personal growth, gain new mindsets, and learn to navigate those inner, choppy waters that keep them up at night. Being human is messy and I love the messiness of being human. My clients are able to build a new solid ship and stronger sail to navigate the endless seas of possibilities ahead of them. Our journey together can focus on your relationships, family, work, or, just you; but let's always start with you. It can be scary and confusing facing your fears on your own. I am here to be your guiding North Star.
Whether new to therapy or not, my clients come to me looking to expand their personal growth, gain new mindsets, and learn to navigate those inner, choppy waters that keep them up at night. Being human is messy and I love the messiness of being human. My clients are able to build a new solid ship and stronger sail to navigate the endless seas of possibilities ahead of them. Our journey together can focus on your relationships, family, work, or, just you; but let's always start with you. It can be scary and confusing facing your fears on your own. I am here to be your guiding North Star.
(702) 825-7262 View (702) 825-7262
Photo of Michaela Levine, Licensed Professional Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Michaela Levine
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89103
Imagine a path to personal growth and mental well-being guided by a passionate ally. I bring extensive training and experience in psychology to empower you on this journey. What sets my approach apart is its personalized nature – each session is uniquely tailored to your specific needs and goals. Together, we'll uncover the root causes of your challenges and craft practical strategies to overcome them, making your mental well-being a tangible reality.
Imagine a path to personal growth and mental well-being guided by a passionate ally. I bring extensive training and experience in psychology to empower you on this journey. What sets my approach apart is its personalized nature – each session is uniquely tailored to your specific needs and goals. Together, we'll uncover the root causes of your challenges and craft practical strategies to overcome them, making your mental well-being a tangible reality.
(702) 757-9939 View (702) 757-9939
Las Vegas Evaluation Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89120
My goal is to ensure that clients receive accurate diagnoses as correctly identifying clients issues leads to find the best and most effective treatment for their problems. When psychological testing is needed to make the correct diagnosis or to clarify the issues underlying the client's problems, I select the best measures and complete the testing efficiently so that clients can get the answers they need as quickly as possible. I was trained in a scientifically based highly rated clinical psychology program so I am trained to approach evaluations and treatment in empirically validated ways.
My goal is to ensure that clients receive accurate diagnoses as correctly identifying clients issues leads to find the best and most effective treatment for their problems. When psychological testing is needed to make the correct diagnosis or to clarify the issues underlying the client's problems, I select the best measures and complete the testing efficiently so that clients can get the answers they need as quickly as possible. I was trained in a scientifically based highly rated clinical psychology program so I am trained to approach evaluations and treatment in empirically validated ways.
(702) 935-5966 View (702) 935-5966
Photo of Season for Healing Therapy , Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Season for Healing Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89146
My therapeutic approach is collaborative, empowering, and culturally sensitive, ensuring a safe and inclusive space for all. I specialize in helping clients navigate the complex intersections of boundaries, cultural dynamics, and women's issues. I assist clients in identifying their boundaries, understanding their importance, and developing effective communication strategies to express and reinforce those boundaries. Together, we explore ways to set limits, prioritize self-care, and establish healthier relationships.
My therapeutic approach is collaborative, empowering, and culturally sensitive, ensuring a safe and inclusive space for all. I specialize in helping clients navigate the complex intersections of boundaries, cultural dynamics, and women's issues. I assist clients in identifying their boundaries, understanding their importance, and developing effective communication strategies to express and reinforce those boundaries. Together, we explore ways to set limits, prioritize self-care, and establish healthier relationships.
(702) 527-8913 View (702) 527-8913
Photo of Robyn Taube, LPC Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Robyn Taube
LPC Intern, LPC-I, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89113
Children and adults alike experience unforeseen setbacks and barriers. I want to help children and adults succeed in their goals in life while learning coping mechanisms in a supportive, trusted environment. I have over ten years experience with school aged children and their families. I have worked with children affected by Autism, ADHD, and social/emotional issues. I work with adults going through issues such as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, divorce, co-parenting and grief.
Children and adults alike experience unforeseen setbacks and barriers. I want to help children and adults succeed in their goals in life while learning coping mechanisms in a supportive, trusted environment. I have over ten years experience with school aged children and their families. I have worked with children affected by Autism, ADHD, and social/emotional issues. I work with adults going through issues such as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, divorce, co-parenting and grief.
(725) 999-4552 View (725) 999-4552
Photo of Emi Olmeztoprak, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Emi Olmeztoprak
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT, LCADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89119
Are you experiencing challenges with anxiety, depression, or trauma? These struggles can have a negative impact on relationships, work, and your ability to enjoy life. I specialize in addressing these concerns and have helped clients experience clarity and peace of mind. I also help young adults with the struggles of adjusting to independent life and embarking on their careers. My priority is to assist you in reaching your goals. I will work with you to determine the approach and service that is best suited to your individual needs.
Are you experiencing challenges with anxiety, depression, or trauma? These struggles can have a negative impact on relationships, work, and your ability to enjoy life. I specialize in addressing these concerns and have helped clients experience clarity and peace of mind. I also help young adults with the struggles of adjusting to independent life and embarking on their careers. My priority is to assist you in reaching your goals. I will work with you to determine the approach and service that is best suited to your individual needs.
(702) 957-1738 View (702) 957-1738

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Las Vegas, NV

1,000+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Las Vegas, NV who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
76% Trauma and PTSD
75% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills
71% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Las Vegas, NV see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Las Vegas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.