Therapists in Knoxville, TN

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Photo of Jocelyn Ivy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Jocelyn Ivy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, MHSP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Waitlist for new clients
I have always been interested in understanding the world from other people's points of view. I view my job as a therapist is to understand your story and how your worldview informs the way you react to life stressors. My goal is to help you utilize your own strengths and insight to feel calm, centered, and content in a world that often isn't. I enjoy working with adults of all ages and the LGBTQ/alternative lifestyle community.
I have always been interested in understanding the world from other people's points of view. I view my job as a therapist is to understand your story and how your worldview informs the way you react to life stressors. My goal is to help you utilize your own strengths and insight to feel calm, centered, and content in a world that often isn't. I enjoy working with adults of all ages and the LGBTQ/alternative lifestyle community.
(865) 344-2326 View (865) 344-2326
Photo of Barbara Mooney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Barbara Mooney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CDWF
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Finding the right therapist for YOU and the therapeutic relationship is one of the most important factors associated with positive therapy results. I place primary importance on our relationship providing an atmosphere of safety, warmth and understanding. While I have a wealth of professional and personal knowledge and expertise in individual and family recovery from addictions/compulsive behaviors, family of origin issues and life patterns that prevent authentic living, I do not approach the relationship as an "expert" but rather as a supportive guide who joins you on the journey. I am passionate about all things relational.
Finding the right therapist for YOU and the therapeutic relationship is one of the most important factors associated with positive therapy results. I place primary importance on our relationship providing an atmosphere of safety, warmth and understanding. While I have a wealth of professional and personal knowledge and expertise in individual and family recovery from addictions/compulsive behaviors, family of origin issues and life patterns that prevent authentic living, I do not approach the relationship as an "expert" but rather as a supportive guide who joins you on the journey. I am passionate about all things relational.
(865) 328-7519 View (865) 328-7519
Photo of Shelby Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Shelby Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Owning our story and re-writing our narrative can be incredibly empowering. You are allowed and encouraged to be human with all its complexities in my office. Whether you find growth in verbal processing, journaling, or would like to use art as a therapeutic tool, I enjoy using my skills as an abstract thinker and creative clinician to empower you to reach your goals. I believe in creating a safe and nurturing space where you can tell your story and find healing. We will work collaboratively, building a strong therapeutic alliance based on trust, respect, and open communication.
Owning our story and re-writing our narrative can be incredibly empowering. You are allowed and encouraged to be human with all its complexities in my office. Whether you find growth in verbal processing, journaling, or would like to use art as a therapeutic tool, I enjoy using my skills as an abstract thinker and creative clinician to empower you to reach your goals. I believe in creating a safe and nurturing space where you can tell your story and find healing. We will work collaboratively, building a strong therapeutic alliance based on trust, respect, and open communication.
(865) 830-6336 View (865) 830-6336
Photo of Stefani Mundy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Stefani Mundy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37934
My clients often say they feel heard, understood, and validated. They report an increase in hope and well-being within the first few sessions. I combine empathy, honesty, encouragement, and educational training offered with a non-judgmental approach.
My clients often say they feel heard, understood, and validated. They report an increase in hope and well-being within the first few sessions. I combine empathy, honesty, encouragement, and educational training offered with a non-judgmental approach.
(865) 344-1896 View (865) 344-1896
Photo of Matalyn Olvera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Matalyn Olvera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919  (Online Only)
I work with individuals who are on a journey toward self-compassion and living more fully as their authentic selves. Many individuals I work with have experienced early life trauma, religious trauma, social anxiety, overwhelm, or are in the middle of a life transition. We can work together to find helpful ways to gain more balance in your life. I offer sessions between 9am-2pm on weekdays EST.
I work with individuals who are on a journey toward self-compassion and living more fully as their authentic selves. Many individuals I work with have experienced early life trauma, religious trauma, social anxiety, overwhelm, or are in the middle of a life transition. We can work together to find helpful ways to gain more balance in your life. I offer sessions between 9am-2pm on weekdays EST.
(865) 234-4318 View (865) 234-4318
Dianne Lemieux
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Perhaps you are struggling with a recent loss, a sudden health crisis, betrayal or conflict with a loved one. Perhaps you have suffered trauma that you have never shared and holding the secret has become burdensome and lonely. Maybe you struggle with depression or anxiety or racing thoughts that keep you up at night. Maybe the old ways you used to cope no longer help and are actually causing you or your loved ones more pain. Our old ways of coping can become self-limiting and cause us to “live small”. We hide our authentic selves, become self-critical and feel powerless to change both our inner experience and our outer situation.
Perhaps you are struggling with a recent loss, a sudden health crisis, betrayal or conflict with a loved one. Perhaps you have suffered trauma that you have never shared and holding the secret has become burdensome and lonely. Maybe you struggle with depression or anxiety or racing thoughts that keep you up at night. Maybe the old ways you used to cope no longer help and are actually causing you or your loved ones more pain. Our old ways of coping can become self-limiting and cause us to “live small”. We hide our authentic selves, become self-critical and feel powerless to change both our inner experience and our outer situation.
(865) 344-6157 View (865) 344-6157
Photo of Shannon Wilson, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Shannon Wilson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37918
I earned my PhD from the University of Tennessee, and am a licensed clinical psychologist. I have received specialized training in many areas, including evaluations, hypnosis, trauma recovery, depression, and anxiety, behavioral issues and family therapy. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and families, and have specific training in the treatment of law enforcement officers and emergency responders. I do a great deal of work with families and children going through divorce. My therapeutic style is generally cognitive-behavioral, but varies from case to case depending on the needs of the client. I believe that everyone deserves to be heard and respected.
I earned my PhD from the University of Tennessee, and am a licensed clinical psychologist. I have received specialized training in many areas, including evaluations, hypnosis, trauma recovery, depression, and anxiety, behavioral issues and family therapy. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and families, and have specific training in the treatment of law enforcement officers and emergency responders. I do a great deal of work with families and children going through divorce. My therapeutic style is generally cognitive-behavioral, but varies from case to case depending on the needs of the client. I believe that everyone deserves to be heard and respected.
(865) 264-3107 View (865) 264-3107
Photo of Alexandra Lee, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Alexandra Lee
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Dr. Lee provides psychological assessment for children (e.g., autism, ADHD, learning concerns). My goal is to bring understanding of your child's behavior while emphasizing their strengths through psychological testing. Evaluations will include your child's strengths, vulnerabilities, diagnosis(es), and recommendations for next steps. I have a waitlist for therapy patients.
Dr. Lee provides psychological assessment for children (e.g., autism, ADHD, learning concerns). My goal is to bring understanding of your child's behavior while emphasizing their strengths through psychological testing. Evaluations will include your child's strengths, vulnerabilities, diagnosis(es), and recommendations for next steps. I have a waitlist for therapy patients.
(865) 503-5045 View (865) 503-5045
Photo of Matt Scheuneman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Matt Scheuneman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, AS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
All of us, at some time or other, need help. Whether we're giving or receiving help, each one of us has something valuable to bring to this world. - Fred Rogers. My passion is to help others find that value. Most of my focus is on those struggling with depression, anxiety, relational concerns, concerns with sexual health, and stress of life. I am a licensed counselor who works with clients from adolescents to adults, working with individuals, couples, and families.
All of us, at some time or other, need help. Whether we're giving or receiving help, each one of us has something valuable to bring to this world. - Fred Rogers. My passion is to help others find that value. Most of my focus is on those struggling with depression, anxiety, relational concerns, concerns with sexual health, and stress of life. I am a licensed counselor who works with clients from adolescents to adults, working with individuals, couples, and families.
(865) 328-4127 View (865) 328-4127
Photo of John Mason, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
John Mason
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-MHS, ASDCS, ADDCCSP
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Currently offering Autism and ADHD Evaluation for ages 4+. If you or a loved one have questions about development, speech, social skills or other struggles, Autism Testing may be necessary. I would love to serve you through an evaluation and see if a diagnosis of ASD is warranted. If you are struggling at home, school or work and are wondering if you have ADHD-give me a call! If you have trouble with organization, focus, attention or sitting still-give me a call! At this time, I am only taking clients for testing, not for therapy.
Currently offering Autism and ADHD Evaluation for ages 4+. If you or a loved one have questions about development, speech, social skills or other struggles, Autism Testing may be necessary. I would love to serve you through an evaluation and see if a diagnosis of ASD is warranted. If you are struggling at home, school or work and are wondering if you have ADHD-give me a call! If you have trouble with organization, focus, attention or sitting still-give me a call! At this time, I am only taking clients for testing, not for therapy.
(865) 217-1489 View (865) 217-1489
Photo of Kari Riddell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Kari Riddell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
I'm Kari Riddell, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and a compassionate therapist specializing in providing support for goal-oriented individuals who are seeking a safe and non-judgmental space to share their experiences and take actionable steps towards positive change. Whether you're a teenager or an adult, I'm here to guide you through life's complexities and help you achieve your personal goals.
I'm Kari Riddell, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and a compassionate therapist specializing in providing support for goal-oriented individuals who are seeking a safe and non-judgmental space to share their experiences and take actionable steps towards positive change. Whether you're a teenager or an adult, I'm here to guide you through life's complexities and help you achieve your personal goals.
(865) 351-6342 View (865) 351-6342
Photo of Lauren Shockley, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Lauren Shockley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
When you face challenges in your life, it's helpful to have support along the way. My role as a therapist is to work alongside you as a guide, not tell you what to do. Therapy sessions are a collaborative process, and they are aimed at empowering you to better understand yourself and to develop the coping skills necessary to live a more fulfilling life. Together, we will focus on your unique needs and explore meaningful changes you would like to see in your life so that you can be your most authentic self, and live a life of meaning and purpose.
When you face challenges in your life, it's helpful to have support along the way. My role as a therapist is to work alongside you as a guide, not tell you what to do. Therapy sessions are a collaborative process, and they are aimed at empowering you to better understand yourself and to develop the coping skills necessary to live a more fulfilling life. Together, we will focus on your unique needs and explore meaningful changes you would like to see in your life so that you can be your most authentic self, and live a life of meaning and purpose.
(865) 419-7912 View (865) 419-7912
Photo of Guy Edlis, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Guy Edlis
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
Psychotherapy is different with each person. At the heart of my therapeutic approach is careful and thoughtful listening. It is important that you feel deeply understood. Starting psychotherapy, people often feel ambivalent, unsure about what they want, and anxious of the unknown. I view psychotherapy as a two-person process. We will focus on understanding the origins and meaning of being at an impasse in life, as well as the underlying and developmental roots of repetitive characterological patterns. This will help us develop individualized ways to decrease suffering, promote insight, and foster a sense of ownership of your life.
Psychotherapy is different with each person. At the heart of my therapeutic approach is careful and thoughtful listening. It is important that you feel deeply understood. Starting psychotherapy, people often feel ambivalent, unsure about what they want, and anxious of the unknown. I view psychotherapy as a two-person process. We will focus on understanding the origins and meaning of being at an impasse in life, as well as the underlying and developmental roots of repetitive characterological patterns. This will help us develop individualized ways to decrease suffering, promote insight, and foster a sense of ownership of your life.
(865) 494-1813 View (865) 494-1813
Photo of Tony D. Weaver, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Tony D. Weaver
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Tony is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has extensive experience treating both first responders and military personnel and their dependents for trauma-related issues as well as a host of other concerns. Tony and his family reside in West Knoxville and he is well versed in the Tennessee culture having been raised in East Tennessee. In addition to an M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Tony earned a Master of Divinity and served for over 15 years in the pastoral setting. From his broad academic and experiential background he brings to the clinical setting a wealth of wisdom and skill with a unique perspective.
Tony is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has extensive experience treating both first responders and military personnel and their dependents for trauma-related issues as well as a host of other concerns. Tony and his family reside in West Knoxville and he is well versed in the Tennessee culture having been raised in East Tennessee. In addition to an M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Tony earned a Master of Divinity and served for over 15 years in the pastoral setting. From his broad academic and experiential background he brings to the clinical setting a wealth of wisdom and skill with a unique perspective.
(865) 234-3426 View (865) 234-3426
Photo of William Blackerby, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
William Blackerby
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
I have more than 30 years of experience as both a clinical psychologist and a neuropsychologist. As a neuropsychologist I provide assessments and diagnoses for ADHD, Autism, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder, Head Trauma, Dementia, Personality Disorders, and other neurological and emotional diagnoses. As a clinical psychologist, I work with stress/anxiety, depression, ADHD, autism, Bipolar, PTSD, head trauma, dementia and relationship issues and other emotional and behavioral difficulties. I use techniques proven to be helpful and work collaboratively with you to help you improve your life and resolve the issues that brought you to see me.
I have more than 30 years of experience as both a clinical psychologist and a neuropsychologist. As a neuropsychologist I provide assessments and diagnoses for ADHD, Autism, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder, Head Trauma, Dementia, Personality Disorders, and other neurological and emotional diagnoses. As a clinical psychologist, I work with stress/anxiety, depression, ADHD, autism, Bipolar, PTSD, head trauma, dementia and relationship issues and other emotional and behavioral difficulties. I use techniques proven to be helpful and work collaboratively with you to help you improve your life and resolve the issues that brought you to see me.
(865) 205-8992 View (865) 205-8992
Photo of Carrie Fair, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Carrie Fair
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
Many of us are private people, who could use a little extra support and direction to overcome life's challenges. Acceptance and Confidentiality are two important aspects of Fairhaven Counseling & Consulting. Throughout my career I have learned that clients progress most effectively with an honest, non-judgmental, compassionate, but direct approach. I love watching clients rediscover their inner strength and begin to experience the joys life has to offer. I offer both personal & professional perspectives to overcoming trauma and rebuilding a life worth living.
Many of us are private people, who could use a little extra support and direction to overcome life's challenges. Acceptance and Confidentiality are two important aspects of Fairhaven Counseling & Consulting. Throughout my career I have learned that clients progress most effectively with an honest, non-judgmental, compassionate, but direct approach. I love watching clients rediscover their inner strength and begin to experience the joys life has to offer. I offer both personal & professional perspectives to overcoming trauma and rebuilding a life worth living.
(865) 408-7198 View (865) 408-7198
Photo of Melanie S Norton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Melanie S Norton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
I began my career working in inpatient substance abuse facilities attached to hospitals. I am well-versed in groups for addiction and prefer individual counseling for issues in later recovery or dual diagnosis. I see adults and motivated adolescents in my practice. Both men and women are welcome as are couples and families. Other specialty areas are sexual abuse and mood disorders.
I began my career working in inpatient substance abuse facilities attached to hospitals. I am well-versed in groups for addiction and prefer individual counseling for issues in later recovery or dual diagnosis. I see adults and motivated adolescents in my practice. Both men and women are welcome as are couples and families. Other specialty areas are sexual abuse and mood disorders.
(865) 409-0837 View (865) 409-0837
Photo of Kristina L Hall in Knoxville, TN
Kristina L Hall
MS, CTRS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Hello, Welcome! I am accepting new clients seeking to cope with anxiety, addiction, and depression. I also offer parenting and family counseling.You or your child may need help processing overwhelming core beliefs that bind you to unhealthy behavior or negative thought patterns. I utilize a CBT based program that allows you to rediscover joy, balance and peace. I believe the most important thing I offer is my experience, strength and hope, my humanness. With over 25 years of experience as a therapist, I can help you work through life’s challenges. You are not alone. Please take the next step and schedule an appointment today.
Hello, Welcome! I am accepting new clients seeking to cope with anxiety, addiction, and depression. I also offer parenting and family counseling.You or your child may need help processing overwhelming core beliefs that bind you to unhealthy behavior or negative thought patterns. I utilize a CBT based program that allows you to rediscover joy, balance and peace. I believe the most important thing I offer is my experience, strength and hope, my humanness. With over 25 years of experience as a therapist, I can help you work through life’s challenges. You are not alone. Please take the next step and schedule an appointment today.
(865) 375-8718 View (865) 375-8718
Photo of Melissa Whelpley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Melissa Whelpley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37909
Ms. Whelpley works with ages 4 years old through adults. She works with individuals as well as families. She is trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) as well as Trauma Focused Coginitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment, Self Regulation and Competency, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Play Therapy.
Ms. Whelpley works with ages 4 years old through adults. She works with individuals as well as families. She is trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) as well as Trauma Focused Coginitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment, Self Regulation and Competency, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Play Therapy.
(865) 205-7427 View (865) 205-7427
Photo of Laura DiMatteo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Laura DiMatteo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37922
Not accepting new clients
Do you wonder where it all started? Do you ever think there could be a better way? In our work together we will look back at patterns, struggles and pain to trace the development of anxiety, depression, panic or other mental illness in your life. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I use my experience and training to help clients make the connection between their current struggles, and patterns that stretch back through their lives. Whether we are focused on the issues in the present, symptoms of anxiety or depression, or working through past trauma, the goal is to find strength and peace to live our best lives.
Do you wonder where it all started? Do you ever think there could be a better way? In our work together we will look back at patterns, struggles and pain to trace the development of anxiety, depression, panic or other mental illness in your life. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I use my experience and training to help clients make the connection between their current struggles, and patterns that stretch back through their lives. Whether we are focused on the issues in the present, symptoms of anxiety or depression, or working through past trauma, the goal is to find strength and peace to live our best lives.
(865) 503-4486 View (865) 503-4486

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Knoxville, TN

700+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Knoxville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
65% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% Aetna
67% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Knoxville, TN see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Knoxville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.