Therapists in Alexandria, VA

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Photo of Julie Eill, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Julie Eill
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I enjoy consulting with adolescents, adults, and couples, and specialize in treating first-time mothers. As a new patient and I develop a way of working together, I focus on building a connection, shaping goals and symptom relief. While I address these immediate issues, I am also thinking more globally about what these particular experiences mean for this particular person. My style is both conversational and collaborative, and I tend to switch back and forth between a close-in, practical approach toward symptoms and dilemmas, and a wider view, to help patients make more permanent changes in their lives.
I enjoy consulting with adolescents, adults, and couples, and specialize in treating first-time mothers. As a new patient and I develop a way of working together, I focus on building a connection, shaping goals and symptom relief. While I address these immediate issues, I am also thinking more globally about what these particular experiences mean for this particular person. My style is both conversational and collaborative, and I tend to switch back and forth between a close-in, practical approach toward symptoms and dilemmas, and a wider view, to help patients make more permanent changes in their lives.
(703) 634-4740 View (703) 634-4740
Photo of Gabrielle Oblena, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Gabrielle Oblena
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
Hello there! I'm Gabby Oblena, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. Should you choose to embark on this journey with me, my aim is to empower you with the ability to embrace vulnerability, discover your resilience, foster healthier relationships with both yourself and others, and untangle any complexities you may be facing. You are in control of your voyage, and I am here to serve as your navigator, meeting you at your current point and collaborating towards achieving your desired outcomes.
Hello there! I'm Gabby Oblena, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. Should you choose to embark on this journey with me, my aim is to empower you with the ability to embrace vulnerability, discover your resilience, foster healthier relationships with both yourself and others, and untangle any complexities you may be facing. You are in control of your voyage, and I am here to serve as your navigator, meeting you at your current point and collaborating towards achieving your desired outcomes.
(571) 517-2612 x1 View (571) 517-2612 x1
Photo of Jason Kudurogianis in Alexandria, VA
Jason Kudurogianis
DO
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Dr. Jason Kudurogianis holds the position of psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He is board-certified in adult psychiatry and has been practicing for over five years. Dr. Kudurogianis’s practices focuses on medication management for adults and he typically offers this in conjunction with supportive therapy in 30-minute follow-up visits. On occasion, Dr. Kudurogianis may believe that additional therapy is also needed and asks that you bring a therapist into your care team to provide the best outcome.
Dr. Jason Kudurogianis holds the position of psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He is board-certified in adult psychiatry and has been practicing for over five years. Dr. Kudurogianis’s practices focuses on medication management for adults and he typically offers this in conjunction with supportive therapy in 30-minute follow-up visits. On occasion, Dr. Kudurogianis may believe that additional therapy is also needed and asks that you bring a therapist into your care team to provide the best outcome.
(703) 782-4482 View (703) 782-4482
Photo of Maclovia Butler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Maclovia Butler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Maclovia has over twenty-five years of experience in the mental health field, and more than twelve years as a licensed professional counselor. She is a licensed professional counselor in the states of Virginia and Georgia. She is also a National Certified Counselor with the National Board of Certified Counselors. She has worked with adults, children, and families in private to non-profit settings, specializing in clientele dealing with depression, anxiety and trauma. Her therapeutic approach involves modalities such as CBT, EMDR and Positive Psychology.
Maclovia has over twenty-five years of experience in the mental health field, and more than twelve years as a licensed professional counselor. She is a licensed professional counselor in the states of Virginia and Georgia. She is also a National Certified Counselor with the National Board of Certified Counselors. She has worked with adults, children, and families in private to non-profit settings, specializing in clientele dealing with depression, anxiety and trauma. Her therapeutic approach involves modalities such as CBT, EMDR and Positive Psychology.
(571) 568-7866 View (571) 568-7866
Katerra Monique Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, or transitions in life? Katerra brings a wealth of experience spanning more than 20 years and is a seasoned social worker known for her empathetic approach and unwavering commitment to fostering well-being. She has successfully worked with diverse populations and those impacted by HIV/AIDS, physical disabilities, and domestic violence. She has also worked with clients who have experienced ADHD, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, self-esteem, and transition of life issues.
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, or transitions in life? Katerra brings a wealth of experience spanning more than 20 years and is a seasoned social worker known for her empathetic approach and unwavering commitment to fostering well-being. She has successfully worked with diverse populations and those impacted by HIV/AIDS, physical disabilities, and domestic violence. She has also worked with clients who have experienced ADHD, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, self-esteem, and transition of life issues.
(703) 584-5953 View (703) 584-5953
Photo of Keller Cosimano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Keller Cosimano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22305  (Online Only)
Sometimes even the strongest people need help to work through life’s more challenging problems. I use a client-centered approach that is collaborative, non-judgemental, and empathetic, with the hope to provide a safe place to process life’s curveballs together. To promote healing and validate self worth, I empower clients to identify natural skills and strengths to overcome obstacles and develop coping skills. I do not believe in a one size fits all approach, and I will collaborate with you to create an individualized approach that will address your difficulties and speak to your strengths and goals.
Sometimes even the strongest people need help to work through life’s more challenging problems. I use a client-centered approach that is collaborative, non-judgemental, and empathetic, with the hope to provide a safe place to process life’s curveballs together. To promote healing and validate self worth, I empower clients to identify natural skills and strengths to overcome obstacles and develop coping skills. I do not believe in a one size fits all approach, and I will collaborate with you to create an individualized approach that will address your difficulties and speak to your strengths and goals.
(571) 556-9904 View (571) 556-9904
Photo of Melanie K Flossman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Melanie K Flossman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPA
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I am a solution focused therapist who works with primarily adults. I am a clinician with Over The Rainbow , a practice that specializes in trauma informed care in beautiful Old Town Alexandria. My approach is eclectic and specifically tailored to the needs of each individual client. It is a journey we take together.
I am a solution focused therapist who works with primarily adults. I am a clinician with Over The Rainbow , a practice that specializes in trauma informed care in beautiful Old Town Alexandria. My approach is eclectic and specifically tailored to the needs of each individual client. It is a journey we take together.
(703) 505-2674 View (703) 505-2674
Photo of Kilexyus Moore, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Alexandria, VA
Kilexyus Moore
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22304  (Online Only)
I am a Supervisee in Social Work under Tierra Hereford. I offer tele-health services in Virginia and DC. You will find that I provide a judgement free space where you can be honest about the struggles that have led you to therapy. I help support clients in reaching their goals, increasing their understanding of themselves and others, and healing by providing a supportive, safe, and warm therapeutic environment. I specialize in trauma/PTSD diagnosis and grief & loss. I also provide therapy for other issues such as depression and anxiety.
I am a Supervisee in Social Work under Tierra Hereford. I offer tele-health services in Virginia and DC. You will find that I provide a judgement free space where you can be honest about the struggles that have led you to therapy. I help support clients in reaching their goals, increasing their understanding of themselves and others, and healing by providing a supportive, safe, and warm therapeutic environment. I specialize in trauma/PTSD diagnosis and grief & loss. I also provide therapy for other issues such as depression and anxiety.
(571) 200-4760 View (571) 200-4760
Photo of Lauren Ashley George, Resident in Psychology in Alexandria, VA
Lauren Ashley George
Resident in Psychology, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Are you missing out on things that are important to you because of anxiety or depression? Has a major life change left you feeling the need to spend more time aligning with your values, but you don’t know where to start? I work collaboratively with clients to figure out how to remove obstacles to living your best life. I enjoy teaching clients skills that have lasting effects and fit seamlessly into your day-to-day life. My training includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Habit Reversal Training, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
Are you missing out on things that are important to you because of anxiety or depression? Has a major life change left you feeling the need to spend more time aligning with your values, but you don’t know where to start? I work collaboratively with clients to figure out how to remove obstacles to living your best life. I enjoy teaching clients skills that have lasting effects and fit seamlessly into your day-to-day life. My training includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Habit Reversal Training, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
(703) 643-4508 View (703) 643-4508
Photo of Alexandra Dickson Hartz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Alexandra Dickson Hartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Waitlist for new clients
Life transitions in relationships, career, and family, can overwhelm our typically competent ways of coping. I work with adults and adolescents on managing the anxiety, depression and other reactions to changes in their lives as they find a new understanding of themselves and build constructive, new coping skills.
Life transitions in relationships, career, and family, can overwhelm our typically competent ways of coping. I work with adults and adolescents on managing the anxiety, depression and other reactions to changes in their lives as they find a new understanding of themselves and build constructive, new coping skills.
(540) 947-1960 View (540) 947-1960
Photo of Lynee Sparrow, Resident in Counseling in Alexandria, VA
Lynee Sparrow
Resident in Counseling, RIC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
As a dedicated and compassionate counselor, I bring a wealth of experience from my background as a School Counselor, Educator, and Training Specialist where I've had the privilege of supporting children, adolescents, adults, and families through various life transitions. In my therapeutic approach, I recognize that true change involves a holistic understanding of one's self and a connection between our mental, physical, and emotional health. My commitment is to create a therapeutic space where individuals feel seen, heard, and supported in their journey towards self-discovery and personal growth.
As a dedicated and compassionate counselor, I bring a wealth of experience from my background as a School Counselor, Educator, and Training Specialist where I've had the privilege of supporting children, adolescents, adults, and families through various life transitions. In my therapeutic approach, I recognize that true change involves a holistic understanding of one's self and a connection between our mental, physical, and emotional health. My commitment is to create a therapeutic space where individuals feel seen, heard, and supported in their journey towards self-discovery and personal growth.
(571) 616-9621 View (571) 616-9621
Photo of Anita Abotsi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Anita Abotsi
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
I'm Anita Abotsi, a Licensed Professional Counselor with 9 years of experience in the mental health field. I earned my Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Rhode Island College and my Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Liberty University. Throughout my career, I've worked in diverse settings including community-based mental health programs, crisis stabilization units, and substance abuse recovery centers. I provide counseling services to both youth and adults, addressing a wide array of concerns.
I'm Anita Abotsi, a Licensed Professional Counselor with 9 years of experience in the mental health field. I earned my Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Rhode Island College and my Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Liberty University. Throughout my career, I've worked in diverse settings including community-based mental health programs, crisis stabilization units, and substance abuse recovery centers. I provide counseling services to both youth and adults, addressing a wide array of concerns.
(703) 936-2886 View (703) 936-2886
Photo of Jasmine Morehead, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Jasmine Morehead
Pre-Licensed Professional, RCSW-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Finding an individual to be vulnerable and discuss hardships with can be difficult and overwhelming. My focus is to allow clients to be hands on with their therapeutic journey as we collaboratively navigate through the ups and downs of life.
Finding an individual to be vulnerable and discuss hardships with can be difficult and overwhelming. My focus is to allow clients to be hands on with their therapeutic journey as we collaboratively navigate through the ups and downs of life.
(540) 845-6940 x1 View (540) 845-6940 x1
Photo of Elizabeth Lopez-Cardona, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Elizabeth Lopez-Cardona
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT, LLC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22305  (Online Only)
I am a bilingual (English/Spanish) therapist practicing in the northern Virginia/Metropolitan DC region for over 25 years. I am a licensed professional counselor and marriage and family therapist. My emphasis and training includes the treatment of and consultation for: depression, relationship difficulties, infidelity, anxiety, adoption, parenting issues, past trauma and gender identity questioning . I have extensive experience assisting clients cope with acculturation issues and challenges commonly faced by immigrant populations. I would love to discuss with you different ways that I could help you achieve your life goals.
I am a bilingual (English/Spanish) therapist practicing in the northern Virginia/Metropolitan DC region for over 25 years. I am a licensed professional counselor and marriage and family therapist. My emphasis and training includes the treatment of and consultation for: depression, relationship difficulties, infidelity, anxiety, adoption, parenting issues, past trauma and gender identity questioning . I have extensive experience assisting clients cope with acculturation issues and challenges commonly faced by immigrant populations. I would love to discuss with you different ways that I could help you achieve your life goals.
(703) 828-0502 View (703) 828-0502
Photo of Valerie Larkin, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Valerie Larkin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22301
As a Clinical Psychologist for the past 30+ years, I have worked with individuals, couples and families with a wide variety of issues and concerns. While problems need to be identified, I prefer to focus on the strengths that are often obscured by the stress and the immediate crisis. As the stress becomes manageable, so too can we together discover the strengths that will result in solutions, growth and improvement. I look forward to sharing that challenge with you.
As a Clinical Psychologist for the past 30+ years, I have worked with individuals, couples and families with a wide variety of issues and concerns. While problems need to be identified, I prefer to focus on the strengths that are often obscured by the stress and the immediate crisis. As the stress becomes manageable, so too can we together discover the strengths that will result in solutions, growth and improvement. I look forward to sharing that challenge with you.
(703) 594-4045 View (703) 594-4045
Photo of Maria-Pilar Pina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Maria-Pilar Pina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am honored to be trusted in all of my clients' lives. I believe that holding a safe holistic therapeutic space supports individuals to address their emotional needs, allowing for the development of a deeper authentic relationship with self and others that they love, as well as reach their personal goals. My style of therapy is highly individualized and collaboratively designed with each client. I provide both short-term and long-term therapy in Virginia and DC.
I am honored to be trusted in all of my clients' lives. I believe that holding a safe holistic therapeutic space supports individuals to address their emotional needs, allowing for the development of a deeper authentic relationship with self and others that they love, as well as reach their personal goals. My style of therapy is highly individualized and collaboratively designed with each client. I provide both short-term and long-term therapy in Virginia and DC.
(571) 777-0120 View (571) 777-0120
Photo of Pearl Vitality Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Pearl Vitality Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
My main focus is relationship/ couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with individuals across the life span, couples, families and groups from various backgrounds i.e cultures and age groups with a wide range of psychosocial stressors with areas of focus, including but not limited to, testing for ADHD, marital/ relationship conflicts, divorce, mental health, eating disorders, substance abuse, domestic violence, maturational stress, military lifestyle, interpersonal/intrapersonal conflicts, suicidal ideations, grief and loss, child/adult abuse, parent child -relational issues.
My main focus is relationship/ couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with individuals across the life span, couples, families and groups from various backgrounds i.e cultures and age groups with a wide range of psychosocial stressors with areas of focus, including but not limited to, testing for ADHD, marital/ relationship conflicts, divorce, mental health, eating disorders, substance abuse, domestic violence, maturational stress, military lifestyle, interpersonal/intrapersonal conflicts, suicidal ideations, grief and loss, child/adult abuse, parent child -relational issues.
(571) 322-8293 View (571) 322-8293
Photo of Marissa Cassens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Marissa Cassens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
I strongly believe my clients are the experts in their own lives and can experience healing and personal growth through regaining self-efficacy in their own abilities. My goals are to provide an empathetic, genuine, and constructive space for growth and healing. I utilize evidence-based modalities of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and motivational interviewing to assist clients in addressing negative thought patterns, gain acceptance towards themselves, and increase their tool box of helpful coping skills.
I strongly believe my clients are the experts in their own lives and can experience healing and personal growth through regaining self-efficacy in their own abilities. My goals are to provide an empathetic, genuine, and constructive space for growth and healing. I utilize evidence-based modalities of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and motivational interviewing to assist clients in addressing negative thought patterns, gain acceptance towards themselves, and increase their tool box of helpful coping skills.
(571) 556-1575 View (571) 556-1575
Photo of Anna Clay Bailey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Anna Clay Bailey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CSAC
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
I understand that reaching out to schedule the initial therapy session can be intimidating. For this reason, my priority in session is to provide a safe and confidential therapeutic space for my clients in which they can share their challenges and feel heard and understood. My counseling experience includes assisting individuals with life transitions, anxiety, communication skills, depression, stress management, relationship difficulties, and addictive behaviors. I have worked in a variety of settings, including private practice, hospice care, mental health agencies, schools, and out-patient substance abuse treatment settings.
I understand that reaching out to schedule the initial therapy session can be intimidating. For this reason, my priority in session is to provide a safe and confidential therapeutic space for my clients in which they can share their challenges and feel heard and understood. My counseling experience includes assisting individuals with life transitions, anxiety, communication skills, depression, stress management, relationship difficulties, and addictive behaviors. I have worked in a variety of settings, including private practice, hospice care, mental health agencies, schools, and out-patient substance abuse treatment settings.
(703) 997-2560 x250 View (703) 997-2560 x250
Tiffanie A Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22315
Seeking help takes courage and strength. Sometimes we are simply surviving in our lives but desire to thrive. We may struggle with depression, anxiety, addictions, challenging relationships, loss of relationships, loss of self esteem or confidence, etc. I believe there are turning points in our lives when we are ready to work and we need someone who can help us. I have over 22 years working with clients and have been inspired by their strength, persistence, courage, vulnerability, desire to change and hope. Sometimes, when all feels dark and hopeless, we need the help of others. I am happy to help you in your journey.
Seeking help takes courage and strength. Sometimes we are simply surviving in our lives but desire to thrive. We may struggle with depression, anxiety, addictions, challenging relationships, loss of relationships, loss of self esteem or confidence, etc. I believe there are turning points in our lives when we are ready to work and we need someone who can help us. I have over 22 years working with clients and have been inspired by their strength, persistence, courage, vulnerability, desire to change and hope. Sometimes, when all feels dark and hopeless, we need the help of others. I am happy to help you in your journey.
(571) 257-0207 View (571) 257-0207

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Alexandria, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Alexandria, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
80% Self Esteem
76% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Alexandria, VA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Alexandria?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.