Therapists in Everett, WA

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Photo of Parental Alienation Consultation (NWC-LLC), Counselor in Everett, WA
Parental Alienation Consultation (NWC-LLC)
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201
Are you struggling through a high conflict divorce or custody arrangement? Is the ex-partner using your child as a weapon to lash out at you in increasingly odd ways? Does it seem like there is nowhere to turn as Guardian ad Litem, Judges, inexperienced counselors and CPS social workers seem uninterested in examining the root causes? Does your ex-spouse refuse to productively co-parent? Is your child now "parroting" their words and hatred to you? If so, you may be suffering from one of three stages of Parental Alienation. In severe forms, your child even may refuse to see you and appears to be programmed by the other parent.
Are you struggling through a high conflict divorce or custody arrangement? Is the ex-partner using your child as a weapon to lash out at you in increasingly odd ways? Does it seem like there is nowhere to turn as Guardian ad Litem, Judges, inexperienced counselors and CPS social workers seem uninterested in examining the root causes? Does your ex-spouse refuse to productively co-parent? Is your child now "parroting" their words and hatred to you? If so, you may be suffering from one of three stages of Parental Alienation. In severe forms, your child even may refuse to see you and appears to be programmed by the other parent.
(425) 217-8890 View (425) 217-8890
Photo of Raman Kaur, Counselor in Everett, WA
Raman Kaur
Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Everett, WA 98208
I work with a wide range of clients across the life span with a specialty in trauma, generational trauma, generational healing, and identity. I use a person-centered and strengths-based approach in therapy. I have experience doing evaluations and therapy with neurodivergent individuals. I can support you with individual growth and wellness, self-discovery, trauma processing, and healing. I use a holistic approach in my work and believe that healing requires integrating mind, body, and spirit.
I work with a wide range of clients across the life span with a specialty in trauma, generational trauma, generational healing, and identity. I use a person-centered and strengths-based approach in therapy. I have experience doing evaluations and therapy with neurodivergent individuals. I can support you with individual growth and wellness, self-discovery, trauma processing, and healing. I use a holistic approach in my work and believe that healing requires integrating mind, body, and spirit.
(425) 437-2190 View (425) 437-2190
Photo of Dr. Maria Yearout, Counselor in Everett, WA
Dr. Maria Yearout
Counselor, PsyD, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98204  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about offering specialized services to individuals, couples, and families in gender transition, BIPOC, and the LGBTQ2S+ community, including letter writing in support of gender affirming medical and surgical care. I use culturally competent, research-based modalities to help you shape the change and growth you want to see, and I honor your pace as we approach and engage with the work. Family Therapy fee same as Couples.
I am passionate about offering specialized services to individuals, couples, and families in gender transition, BIPOC, and the LGBTQ2S+ community, including letter writing in support of gender affirming medical and surgical care. I use culturally competent, research-based modalities to help you shape the change and growth you want to see, and I honor your pace as we approach and engage with the work. Family Therapy fee same as Couples.
(425) 217-8846 View (425) 217-8846
Photo of April Godsey, Counselor in Everett, WA
April Godsey
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201  (Online Only)
Offering Online Videoconference sessions through Psychology Today. Are anxiety, panic, or phobias limiting your life? Are you still affected by past trauma, PTSD, or issues from childhood? Do you struggle with a poor body image, or low self-esteem? I specialize in helping adults identify their personal strengths, and change their limiting beliefs, and negative patterns of behavior. I focus on building clients' self-respect and sense of empowerment.
Offering Online Videoconference sessions through Psychology Today. Are anxiety, panic, or phobias limiting your life? Are you still affected by past trauma, PTSD, or issues from childhood? Do you struggle with a poor body image, or low self-esteem? I specialize in helping adults identify their personal strengths, and change their limiting beliefs, and negative patterns of behavior. I focus on building clients' self-respect and sense of empowerment.
(360) 209-2471 View (360) 209-2471
Photo of Doug Blessington, Counselor in Everett, WA
Doug Blessington
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201  (Online Only)
Are you heartbroken? Anxious? Angry? All of the above and more? You are welcome here. You may have a relationship that is falling apart or make the same bad decisions again and again. You may be overwhelmed by an overly critical mind that says you are undeserving, less than, or too much. Perhaps you take care of others and forget to take care of yourself. You long for companionship and have a deep desire to matter, to belong, and to be respected.
Are you heartbroken? Anxious? Angry? All of the above and more? You are welcome here. You may have a relationship that is falling apart or make the same bad decisions again and again. You may be overwhelmed by an overly critical mind that says you are undeserving, less than, or too much. Perhaps you take care of others and forget to take care of yourself. You long for companionship and have a deep desire to matter, to belong, and to be respected.
(360) 401-8811 View (360) 401-8811
Photo of Port Gardner Bay Recovery Inc , Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Everett, WA
Port Gardner Bay Recovery Inc
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, SUDP
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201
Looking for answers to difficult questions about addiction and alcoholism? Needing a solid plan for yourself or a family member? Maybe I can help. I have been fully credentialed for thirty years and opened Port Gardner Bay here in Everett twenty years ago. With my time in the field there isn’t anything so difficult that it can’t be addressed. It’s why I am here. Addiction can be a direct path to piles of guilt and shame. We can’t change what’s happened, it’s done. It’s time to stop talking about and it’s time to take action.
Looking for answers to difficult questions about addiction and alcoholism? Needing a solid plan for yourself or a family member? Maybe I can help. I have been fully credentialed for thirty years and opened Port Gardner Bay here in Everett twenty years ago. With my time in the field there isn’t anything so difficult that it can’t be addressed. It’s why I am here. Addiction can be a direct path to piles of guilt and shame. We can’t change what’s happened, it’s done. It’s time to stop talking about and it’s time to take action.
(425) 510-5129 View (425) 510-5129
Photo of Laura Moretti in Everett, WA
Laura Moretti
MS, BCBA, LBA
Not Verified Not Verified
Everett, WA 98203
As a Board Certified Behavior Analyst, I offer customized services designed to facilitate behavior change, tailored specifically to the needs of individuals and families. I adopt a collaborative, compassionate, and trauma-informed approach when working with clients, aiming to foster meaningful and lasting behavior change while guiding them through their personal growth journey. I firmly believe that my clients are the authorities on their own lives, and my role is to equip them with the necessary tools and support to empower them in making significant life changes
As a Board Certified Behavior Analyst, I offer customized services designed to facilitate behavior change, tailored specifically to the needs of individuals and families. I adopt a collaborative, compassionate, and trauma-informed approach when working with clients, aiming to foster meaningful and lasting behavior change while guiding them through their personal growth journey. I firmly believe that my clients are the authorities on their own lives, and my role is to equip them with the necessary tools and support to empower them in making significant life changes
(425) 600-9664 View (425) 600-9664
Photo of Marcia Erickson Bates, Marriage & Family Therapist in Everett, WA
Marcia Erickson Bates
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201
I am excited to announce our next Hold Me Tight couples workshop: October 5 & 6, 2024! Check under Groups for more information. I enjoy working with individual adults and couples. I meet my clients with warmth and acceptance, and provide a safe, calm, and grounding space that supports them in dealing with issues such as grief and loss, life transitions, anxiety and depression, distance or conflict in relationships, developing personal identity, working through trauma, and parenting issues.
I am excited to announce our next Hold Me Tight couples workshop: October 5 & 6, 2024! Check under Groups for more information. I enjoy working with individual adults and couples. I meet my clients with warmth and acceptance, and provide a safe, calm, and grounding space that supports them in dealing with issues such as grief and loss, life transitions, anxiety and depression, distance or conflict in relationships, developing personal identity, working through trauma, and parenting issues.
(425) 441-3066 x2 View (425) 441-3066 x2
Photo of Katrina Holsather, Counselor in Everett, WA
Katrina Holsather
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201
Waitlist for new clients
Does your life feel like you’re playing a game without knowing the rules? Or that everyone else seems to know a secret that you don’t? Maybe you can’t seem to find a therapist that will understand your quirky references and unique style? If you’re ready to begin but don’t know how, or feel stuck, I can be the Fellowship to your Frodo - to fight alongside you, cry with you, laugh with you, and provide guidance and support when needed.
Does your life feel like you’re playing a game without knowing the rules? Or that everyone else seems to know a secret that you don’t? Maybe you can’t seem to find a therapist that will understand your quirky references and unique style? If you’re ready to begin but don’t know how, or feel stuck, I can be the Fellowship to your Frodo - to fight alongside you, cry with you, laugh with you, and provide guidance and support when needed.
(425) 961-9625 View (425) 961-9625
Photo of Sierra Zweig, Counselor in Everett, WA
Sierra Zweig
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98208
Not accepting new clients
The therapeutic relationship should be a safe place to breathe. Come catch your breath, and get clear about the growth you're finally ready for. Learn to see your questions, yourself and your relationships in new ways. Curiosity & compassion can turn chaos into insight and paralysis into courage. Use your courage to apply your learning in real time. Try new skills, experiment. You'll know you've got the hang of it when success and failure are both progress! With skills & perspective your experience of uncertainty can shift from anxiety to excitement. What about you and your world will become possible?
The therapeutic relationship should be a safe place to breathe. Come catch your breath, and get clear about the growth you're finally ready for. Learn to see your questions, yourself and your relationships in new ways. Curiosity & compassion can turn chaos into insight and paralysis into courage. Use your courage to apply your learning in real time. Try new skills, experiment. You'll know you've got the hang of it when success and failure are both progress! With skills & perspective your experience of uncertainty can shift from anxiety to excitement. What about you and your world will become possible?
(425) 903-3290 View (425) 903-3290
Photo of Port Gardner Counseling and Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Everett, WA
Port Gardner Counseling and Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201
Waitlist for new clients
My clinical focus is children and teens in their families. My work with families is through an attachment lens. With the goal of helping families grow in relationship with each other so that emotions can be experienced in a new, meaningful and healing way. I help caregivers shift their perspective on their child's tantrums, meltdowns, and testing/defiant behaviors to grow the caregiver/child relationship to a secure and safe training ground. The child will learn to trust their emotions and through this practice grow into teens and adults who can set boundaries, trust their gut and take healthy risks as their sense of self grows.
My clinical focus is children and teens in their families. My work with families is through an attachment lens. With the goal of helping families grow in relationship with each other so that emotions can be experienced in a new, meaningful and healing way. I help caregivers shift their perspective on their child's tantrums, meltdowns, and testing/defiant behaviors to grow the caregiver/child relationship to a secure and safe training ground. The child will learn to trust their emotions and through this practice grow into teens and adults who can set boundaries, trust their gut and take healthy risks as their sense of self grows.
(425) 470-4047 View (425) 470-4047
Photo of Basic Steps Mental Health, Marriage & Family Therapist in Everett, WA
Basic Steps Mental Health
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MFT, CDP
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98204
Having issues with generalized anxiety and substance use in the past, I believe that the people who have been there and recovered are the best guides. The formula I use is applying love to hurt. When we find the root cause of Addiction and mood disorders and treat it with compassion, amazing results can be found. I have proven this when I worked at the first Mental Health Urgent Care. I also have extensive experience with trauma, since I am an abuse survivor. I mix and match 10 different therapy approaches in an effort to treat the whole person. Each person is unique and obtains a treatment plan suited to them.
Having issues with generalized anxiety and substance use in the past, I believe that the people who have been there and recovered are the best guides. The formula I use is applying love to hurt. When we find the root cause of Addiction and mood disorders and treat it with compassion, amazing results can be found. I have proven this when I worked at the first Mental Health Urgent Care. I also have extensive experience with trauma, since I am an abuse survivor. I mix and match 10 different therapy approaches in an effort to treat the whole person. Each person is unique and obtains a treatment plan suited to them.
(425) 312-6413 View (425) 312-6413
Photo of Gail M. McDonell, Counselor in Everett, WA
Gail M. McDonell
Counselor, LMHC, MHP
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98206
I understand that finding a therapist can be an intimidating task. I am here to provide a safe non judgmental environment to begin your healing process. The client/therapist relationship is the foundation to build a solid working relationship and path to healing. Every person, at times, struggles with difficulties in life that may include depression, grief and loss, or anxiety that may feel very overwhelming. As a mental health therapist I make every attempt to help provide support and will act as a guide to help you work though any issue that you may be experiencing.
I understand that finding a therapist can be an intimidating task. I am here to provide a safe non judgmental environment to begin your healing process. The client/therapist relationship is the foundation to build a solid working relationship and path to healing. Every person, at times, struggles with difficulties in life that may include depression, grief and loss, or anxiety that may feel very overwhelming. As a mental health therapist I make every attempt to help provide support and will act as a guide to help you work though any issue that you may be experiencing.
(425) 584-6719 View (425) 584-6719
Photo of Panacea Therapies, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Everett, WA
Panacea Therapies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98203  (Online Only)
Hello I am Rebecca Worth, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years of experience working as a medical social worker. I am a licensed clinical social worker in both Washington and Oregon. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, aging concerns, terminal diagnosis, grief and transitional counseling, physical and emotional trauma, and end-of-life care. My counseling style is kind and interactive. I believe that all people should be treated with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. My approach combines solution-focused, strength-based empowerment theory.
Hello I am Rebecca Worth, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years of experience working as a medical social worker. I am a licensed clinical social worker in both Washington and Oregon. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, aging concerns, terminal diagnosis, grief and transitional counseling, physical and emotional trauma, and end-of-life care. My counseling style is kind and interactive. I believe that all people should be treated with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. My approach combines solution-focused, strength-based empowerment theory.
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Photo of Katelyn Boschert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Everett, WA
Katelyn Boschert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98203
I work with adolescents and young adults from the age of 13 providing support in the areas of anxiety, family and school issues, depression, adjustment, authority, and other issues, which are faced in our changing world. I work closely with families from all background, schools, and community to support clients as they gently work through their areas of healing. Also, as an experienced clinician with broad skills in adjustment, I understand the challenges individuals/families face in transition. As your therapist, I will provide deep support and tools for your emotional health and growth.
I work with adolescents and young adults from the age of 13 providing support in the areas of anxiety, family and school issues, depression, adjustment, authority, and other issues, which are faced in our changing world. I work closely with families from all background, schools, and community to support clients as they gently work through their areas of healing. Also, as an experienced clinician with broad skills in adjustment, I understand the challenges individuals/families face in transition. As your therapist, I will provide deep support and tools for your emotional health and growth.
(360) 743-4274 View (360) 743-4274
Photo of Alexandra Rose Schmidt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Everett, WA
Alexandra Rose Schmidt
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Everett, WA 98201  (Online Only)
Whether you’re looking for therapy for teens, adult individuals, couples, or groups, I would be honored to meet with you! I have a passion for working with people who are hurting. Therapy is such a powerful tool for healing and positive change, as individuals experience what it means to be heard and to have their emotions and experiences validated. Whether you’re struggling with a lack of purpose in your life, or you’re navigating your way through the pain of grief or a broken relationship, you don’t have to suffer alone. Help and hope are available I look forward to meeting you.
Whether you’re looking for therapy for teens, adult individuals, couples, or groups, I would be honored to meet with you! I have a passion for working with people who are hurting. Therapy is such a powerful tool for healing and positive change, as individuals experience what it means to be heard and to have their emotions and experiences validated. Whether you’re struggling with a lack of purpose in your life, or you’re navigating your way through the pain of grief or a broken relationship, you don’t have to suffer alone. Help and hope are available I look forward to meeting you.
(425) 472-4670 View (425) 472-4670
Photo of Carrie Payne, Counselor in Everett, WA
Carrie Payne
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98203
So many therapists to choose from...! My practice is simple and old-fashioned. Sessions are in person and I don't bill insurances. There is nothing simple, however, about life's bumpy roads. Between our personal concerns, family, and relationship problems and the current state of social, political and climate pressures, there is plenty to account for the rise in anxiety and even despair.
So many therapists to choose from...! My practice is simple and old-fashioned. Sessions are in person and I don't bill insurances. There is nothing simple, however, about life's bumpy roads. Between our personal concerns, family, and relationship problems and the current state of social, political and climate pressures, there is plenty to account for the rise in anxiety and even despair.
(425) 873-8589 View (425) 873-8589
Photo of Lisa Blechschmidt, Counselor in Everett, WA
Lisa Blechschmidt
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Everett, WA 98208  (Online Only)
Sometimes life feels like it is coming at us faster than we can keep up. Rising costs, constant exposure to suffering in our world, and increased pressure to work harder to survive-it's all too much. We wake up one day and realize we no longer feel like ourselves. Sound familiar? You aren't alone. It is harder to meet our needs in the world today, and even more challenging to create meaningful and sustaining connections with others. Setting aside time to sort through the chaos and find a sense of meaning and purpose can be difficult to do alone. I'm here to help.
Sometimes life feels like it is coming at us faster than we can keep up. Rising costs, constant exposure to suffering in our world, and increased pressure to work harder to survive-it's all too much. We wake up one day and realize we no longer feel like ourselves. Sound familiar? You aren't alone. It is harder to meet our needs in the world today, and even more challenging to create meaningful and sustaining connections with others. Setting aside time to sort through the chaos and find a sense of meaning and purpose can be difficult to do alone. I'm here to help.
(425) 517-1162 View (425) 517-1162
Photo of Jason Burns, Counselor in Everett, WA
Jason Burns
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201
As your counselor, I will listen to you and your story without judgment, working alongside you with your best interests in mind. My goal is to provide you with the support you need and help you achieve your goals for healing and restoration. My hope is that through our sessions you will see an improvement in your quality of life, and an increase in your joy and freedom. I hope to help you create your own methods of dealing more effectively with the life you live and become more successful at handling the challenges you will face in the future.
As your counselor, I will listen to you and your story without judgment, working alongside you with your best interests in mind. My goal is to provide you with the support you need and help you achieve your goals for healing and restoration. My hope is that through our sessions you will see an improvement in your quality of life, and an increase in your joy and freedom. I hope to help you create your own methods of dealing more effectively with the life you live and become more successful at handling the challenges you will face in the future.
(425) 537-7910 View (425) 537-7910
Photo of Alona Wellness Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Everett, WA
Alona Wellness Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCTP II, CDMDTP, LMHCA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Everett, WA 98201
Hi! At Alona Wellness Center, we recognize the value, strength, and resilience of all those we serve. We honor differences in individuals, communities, cultures, and populations. We offer a safe space to process cultural and racial trauma, as well as micro-aggressions. We also have providers from the LGBTQTS+ community, as well as LGBTQTS+ allied providers.
Hi! At Alona Wellness Center, we recognize the value, strength, and resilience of all those we serve. We honor differences in individuals, communities, cultures, and populations. We offer a safe space to process cultural and racial trauma, as well as micro-aggressions. We also have providers from the LGBTQTS+ community, as well as LGBTQTS+ allied providers.
(425) 414-3137 View (425) 414-3137

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Everett, WA

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Everett, WA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
78% Trauma and PTSD
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
69% Grief
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Premera
70% Regence
64% Aetna

How Therapists in Everett, WA see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
25% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Everett?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.