Therapists in Las Vegas, NV

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Photo of Liberty Pfeffer, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Liberty Pfeffer
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, MFT-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89129
Accepting new clients! My therapeutic approach is inclusive and trauma-informed. I value my clients as whole human beings, by acknowledging the parts of themselves that have been impacted by trauma and highlighting their inner strengths and resiliency. I integrate a variety of holistic healing modalities such as Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) and EMDR to enhance secure connections to yourself, others, and the world.
Accepting new clients! My therapeutic approach is inclusive and trauma-informed. I value my clients as whole human beings, by acknowledging the parts of themselves that have been impacted by trauma and highlighting their inner strengths and resiliency. I integrate a variety of holistic healing modalities such as Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) and EMDR to enhance secure connections to yourself, others, and the world.
(702) 887-1066 View (702) 887-1066
Photo of Karinda Rousseau, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Karinda Rousseau
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADC, MFT-Int
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89104
My ideal client will have a desire for change, and may have anxiety and or depression, or may be suffering from PTSD. My ideal client may have been through a substance abuse treatment program and has been unable to maintain long term recovery. My ideal client may have legal or welfare issues that will not be resolved unless they seek an evaluation or substance abuse counseling. My client maybe skeptical about recovering but is willing to look at themselves and try therapy. My clients are usually adults, but I do work with children and teens.
My ideal client will have a desire for change, and may have anxiety and or depression, or may be suffering from PTSD. My ideal client may have been through a substance abuse treatment program and has been unable to maintain long term recovery. My ideal client may have legal or welfare issues that will not be resolved unless they seek an evaluation or substance abuse counseling. My client maybe skeptical about recovering but is willing to look at themselves and try therapy. My clients are usually adults, but I do work with children and teens.
(702) 919-7624 View (702) 919-7624
Photo of Tiffany Harris, Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Tiffany Harris
Counselor, CPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89144
My therapeutic practice serves individuals, couples, teens and children looking to address themes like grief, trauma, detachment, anxiety and depression. Additionally, I have a professional background in personal fitness training, yoga and integrative nutrition which contributes to my stance that whole health encompasses mind, body and centeredness.
My therapeutic practice serves individuals, couples, teens and children looking to address themes like grief, trauma, detachment, anxiety and depression. Additionally, I have a professional background in personal fitness training, yoga and integrative nutrition which contributes to my stance that whole health encompasses mind, body and centeredness.
(702) 745-7886 View (702) 745-7886
Photo of Scarlett Funkhouser, Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Scarlett Funkhouser
Counselor, CPC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89129
Email me for faster response! I am currently pursuing a Doctorate in Psychology and have established myself as a reputable Licensed Mental Health Counselor with more than a decade of experience. Throughout my career, I have successfully worked with individuals of all ages, offering therapy for a diverse array of psychological concerns. My expertise encompasses a wide range of mental health issues, including but not limited to Depression, Anxiety, family and parenting difficulties, stress management, trauma, drug and alcohol-related issues, and navigating life changes.
Email me for faster response! I am currently pursuing a Doctorate in Psychology and have established myself as a reputable Licensed Mental Health Counselor with more than a decade of experience. Throughout my career, I have successfully worked with individuals of all ages, offering therapy for a diverse array of psychological concerns. My expertise encompasses a wide range of mental health issues, including but not limited to Depression, Anxiety, family and parenting difficulties, stress management, trauma, drug and alcohol-related issues, and navigating life changes.
(702) 867-2636 View (702) 867-2636
Photo of Roots & Blossom Therapy LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Roots & Blossom Therapy LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89102  (Online Only)
Embarking on a journey of self-discovery and healing can be profoundly transformative. As a passionate advocate for the power of therapy, I am committed to guiding you through this life-changing process. With a deep understanding of the challenges that life can present, I offer a sanctuary where growth, healing, and positive change aren't just goals—they're achievements waiting to be unlocked. My approach is rooted in the belief that therapy can significantly impact lives, offering a beacon of hope and a path toward resilience.
Embarking on a journey of self-discovery and healing can be profoundly transformative. As a passionate advocate for the power of therapy, I am committed to guiding you through this life-changing process. With a deep understanding of the challenges that life can present, I offer a sanctuary where growth, healing, and positive change aren't just goals—they're achievements waiting to be unlocked. My approach is rooted in the belief that therapy can significantly impact lives, offering a beacon of hope and a path toward resilience.
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Photo of Deborah Rolley-Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Deborah Rolley-Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, PhD, MAed, MAMFT, BME
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89134  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am currently not accepting new clients at this time. In addition to my Marriage and Family Therapy training, I have earned both a Masters degree and Doctoral degree in education. I have forty years experience as an educator. I have professional experience working with civilian and military families and couples, as well as, juvenile and adult learners.
I am currently not accepting new clients at this time. In addition to my Marriage and Family Therapy training, I have earned both a Masters degree and Doctoral degree in education. I have forty years experience as an educator. I have professional experience working with civilian and military families and couples, as well as, juvenile and adult learners.
(702) 979-7465 View (702) 979-7465
Photo of Kevin Cole in Las Vegas, NV
Kevin Cole
CHT, MNLP
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89120
If you're ready to experience fast working & life changing Hypnosis Coaching programs, then you want a hypnotherapist with a track record like Kevin Cole. Whether your goal is to Quit Smoking, Relieve Stress & Anxiety, Relieve Chronic Pain, Overcome a Fear or Phobia, Help Getting Over A Breakup, or one of the many other areas Kevin is highly skilled to help you with, you owe it to yourself to take full advantage of a completely Free Hypnosis Screening to have all of your questions answered about Hypnotherapy & Coaching along with exactly how Kevin can help you. Call (702) 979-7569 for your Free Hypnosis Screening.
If you're ready to experience fast working & life changing Hypnosis Coaching programs, then you want a hypnotherapist with a track record like Kevin Cole. Whether your goal is to Quit Smoking, Relieve Stress & Anxiety, Relieve Chronic Pain, Overcome a Fear or Phobia, Help Getting Over A Breakup, or one of the many other areas Kevin is highly skilled to help you with, you owe it to yourself to take full advantage of a completely Free Hypnosis Screening to have all of your questions answered about Hypnotherapy & Coaching along with exactly how Kevin can help you. Call (702) 979-7569 for your Free Hypnosis Screening.
(702) 979-7569 View (702) 979-7569
Photo of Karin Burden, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Karin Burden
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89128
I've been working with clients since 1997. I have a strong desire to help and assist others. I love meeting with people and helping them generate solutions to their specific life issues. I use a client centered, strength based approach. I strive to have an effective and positive practice.
I've been working with clients since 1997. I have a strong desire to help and assist others. I love meeting with people and helping them generate solutions to their specific life issues. I use a client centered, strength based approach. I strive to have an effective and positive practice.
(702) 727-4541 View (702) 727-4541
Photo of Ariana N Throne, Pre-Licensed Professional in Las Vegas, NV
Ariana N Throne
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89144
Ariana is a Marriage and Family Therapist graduate student who is dedicated to creating a safe space for people of all walks of life to work on their goals. She works through Red Rock Counseling with couples, children, teens, families, and individuals. Her areas of focus include CNM/Poly/Alternative relationships, sexual assault, trauma, LQBTQ+ issues, sex and relational counseling, depression and anxiety, stress, cultural diversity, and personal growth. Through a collaborative, creative and open-minded approach, she strives to empower her clients to harness their unique inner strengths through a variety of therapeutic techniques.
Ariana is a Marriage and Family Therapist graduate student who is dedicated to creating a safe space for people of all walks of life to work on their goals. She works through Red Rock Counseling with couples, children, teens, families, and individuals. Her areas of focus include CNM/Poly/Alternative relationships, sexual assault, trauma, LQBTQ+ issues, sex and relational counseling, depression and anxiety, stress, cultural diversity, and personal growth. Through a collaborative, creative and open-minded approach, she strives to empower her clients to harness their unique inner strengths through a variety of therapeutic techniques.
(725) 234-3279 View (725) 234-3279
Photo of Winter Tempest, LPC Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Winter Tempest
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89119  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Winter. I specialize in men's mental health, relationships, sex and porn addiction, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and supporting sex workers and the LGBTQ+ community. Offering a safe, inclusive space for individuals facing personal and relational challenges, my therapy aims to foster healing, growth, and stronger connections. Committed to each individual through their unique journey, I work with clients to navigate life's complexities, embracing resilience and fulfillment in their personal and relational lives. Together, we'll work towards meaningful change and improved well-being.
Hi, I’m Winter. I specialize in men's mental health, relationships, sex and porn addiction, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and supporting sex workers and the LGBTQ+ community. Offering a safe, inclusive space for individuals facing personal and relational challenges, my therapy aims to foster healing, growth, and stronger connections. Committed to each individual through their unique journey, I work with clients to navigate life's complexities, embracing resilience and fulfillment in their personal and relational lives. Together, we'll work towards meaningful change and improved well-being.
(702) 842-0619 View (702) 842-0619
Photo of April Watson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
April Watson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89148
Therapy is an exceptionally intimate working relationship, wherein our most personal and intense experiences are revealed and explored. I work with my clients to support and assist through current pain and difficult times, while also uncovering what feels like more persistent and repetitive dysfunctional patterns in our personalities and relationships. We can understand and change what keeps a meaningful and satisfying life out of reach. When we make efforts to understand ourselves in a deep and intimate way, we discover a sense of self, create meaning and find purpose within.
Therapy is an exceptionally intimate working relationship, wherein our most personal and intense experiences are revealed and explored. I work with my clients to support and assist through current pain and difficult times, while also uncovering what feels like more persistent and repetitive dysfunctional patterns in our personalities and relationships. We can understand and change what keeps a meaningful and satisfying life out of reach. When we make efforts to understand ourselves in a deep and intimate way, we discover a sense of self, create meaning and find purpose within.
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Photo of Kathleen Patricia Hemrich, Counselor in Las Vegas, NV
Kathleen Patricia Hemrich
Counselor, CPC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89128  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My ideal client is a human being that is ready to stop letting their past trauma determine their present state. They will be ready to look deeply and also know we will come up for air if things get too dark. They will have compassion for themselves and also take accountability. They will allow me to help them see that the answers are already inside of them. They will finally become who they are instead of surviving by being what others wanted them to be.
My ideal client is a human being that is ready to stop letting their past trauma determine their present state. They will be ready to look deeply and also know we will come up for air if things get too dark. They will have compassion for themselves and also take accountability. They will allow me to help them see that the answers are already inside of them. They will finally become who they are instead of surviving by being what others wanted them to be.
(702) 623-5161 View (702) 623-5161
Photo of Rhonda L Kildea, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Rhonda L Kildea
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, CEDS, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89117
Are you stressed or depressed? Struggling with an eating disorder? Can't seem to come to peace with your body or yourself? I am the Director of New Horizons Counseling Center which has been helping people make peace with themselves for over 10 years. We specialize in helping people lead happier, healthier lives and do this by challenging depressive thinking and helping you face and tackle your worst fears. We offer individual, couples and family therapy as well as some workshops.
Are you stressed or depressed? Struggling with an eating disorder? Can't seem to come to peace with your body or yourself? I am the Director of New Horizons Counseling Center which has been helping people make peace with themselves for over 10 years. We specialize in helping people lead happier, healthier lives and do this by challenging depressive thinking and helping you face and tackle your worst fears. We offer individual, couples and family therapy as well as some workshops.
(702) 905-1738 View (702) 905-1738
Photo of Rashanna Stewart, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Rashanna Stewart
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CADC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89134
Being vulnerable and asking for help with personal problems is not always the easiest thing to do. I am dedicated and committed to making a change that aims to empower and strengthen, individuals, families, and couples. I specialize in treating relationship communication problems, depression and anxiety, adjustment to divorce and separation, parenting concerns and addiction. As an experienced counselor, I have had an opportunity to work with those who have struggled with a variety of problems and concerns. I have an ability to remain open to many perspectives and feel that this is an important tool when resolving communication issues.
Being vulnerable and asking for help with personal problems is not always the easiest thing to do. I am dedicated and committed to making a change that aims to empower and strengthen, individuals, families, and couples. I specialize in treating relationship communication problems, depression and anxiety, adjustment to divorce and separation, parenting concerns and addiction. As an experienced counselor, I have had an opportunity to work with those who have struggled with a variety of problems and concerns. I have an ability to remain open to many perspectives and feel that this is an important tool when resolving communication issues.
(702) 800-6832 View (702) 800-6832
Photo of Kyrsten Sprewell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Kyrsten Sprewell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89121
Feeling overwhelmed by depression or stress? You're not alone. Let's break free together with compassion and resilience. My specialties cover anger management, career counseling, domestic abuse, emotional disturbance, gender transitioning, life coaching, parenting, racial identity, self-esteem, spirituality, and mood disorders. Let's embark on a journey towards healing and growth, hand in hand.
Feeling overwhelmed by depression or stress? You're not alone. Let's break free together with compassion and resilience. My specialties cover anger management, career counseling, domestic abuse, emotional disturbance, gender transitioning, life coaching, parenting, racial identity, self-esteem, spirituality, and mood disorders. Let's embark on a journey towards healing and growth, hand in hand.
(702) 830-5229 View (702) 830-5229
Photo of Rhonda Duncombe, Marriage & Family Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Rhonda Duncombe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89117
Connection can be one of the most transforming experiences in your life. Counseling is a process that can offer a therapeutic connection to enable you make transformations in your relationships, find healing from trauma, and find relief from depression and anxiety; just to name a few. I have made that kind of connection with many clients who have begun that transforming experience one step at a time. Once you take that first step, you can begin a ripple of change towards success in many areas of your life.
Connection can be one of the most transforming experiences in your life. Counseling is a process that can offer a therapeutic connection to enable you make transformations in your relationships, find healing from trauma, and find relief from depression and anxiety; just to name a few. I have made that kind of connection with many clients who have begun that transforming experience one step at a time. Once you take that first step, you can begin a ripple of change towards success in many areas of your life.
(702) 551-5239 View (702) 551-5239
Photo of Christie Fielding, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Christie Fielding
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89128
If you are ready to have a life changing experience, then you have come to the right place. Therapy can take many forms. I view therapy through a collaborative lense. I want you to feel empowered to make the changes that will make your life more fulfilling. I recognize that you are unique because of the experiences you have had and that therapy is not a one size fits all. Change comes through small and simple steps. Finding joy and happiness comes through taking these small and simple steps.
If you are ready to have a life changing experience, then you have come to the right place. Therapy can take many forms. I view therapy through a collaborative lense. I want you to feel empowered to make the changes that will make your life more fulfilling. I recognize that you are unique because of the experiences you have had and that therapy is not a one size fits all. Change comes through small and simple steps. Finding joy and happiness comes through taking these small and simple steps.
(702) 508-6103 View (702) 508-6103
Photo of Stacey Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Las Vegas, NV
Stacey Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89138  (Online Only)
My area of specialty is working with women with anxiety and stress-management. I offer a safe, nonjudgmental, and collaborative approach, working with individuals from diverse backgrounds. Working together, we will discuss the goals you would like to accomplish in therapy and take the necessary steps to achieve your goals. I typically assign activities between scheduled sessions, that we can discuss during the following session. I have found clients enjoy having resources outside of being in session. I have also found providing telehealth (video) therapy, to be very beneficial for clients.
My area of specialty is working with women with anxiety and stress-management. I offer a safe, nonjudgmental, and collaborative approach, working with individuals from diverse backgrounds. Working together, we will discuss the goals you would like to accomplish in therapy and take the necessary steps to achieve your goals. I typically assign activities between scheduled sessions, that we can discuss during the following session. I have found clients enjoy having resources outside of being in session. I have also found providing telehealth (video) therapy, to be very beneficial for clients.
(702) 935-5424 View (702) 935-5424
Photo of Alejandra Avitia, LPC Intern in Las Vegas, NV
Alejandra Avitia
LPC Intern, MS, CPC-I
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89128
Do you feel disempowered or hopeless about life? Feeling overwhelmed due to marital problems with your partner, financial stress, problems at work, family conflict or is a lack of 'fun' leaving you feeling empty at the end of the day? I like to focus on helping clients experiencing these as well as other issues such as struggling to accept and manage recent mental health diagnoses like depression, anxiety, C/PTSD, , feeling shame/guilt that feels like it's eating them alive, trauma, and those who grew up feeling like a 'burden' to others and now struggle to create long-lasting loving relationships, among other needs.
Do you feel disempowered or hopeless about life? Feeling overwhelmed due to marital problems with your partner, financial stress, problems at work, family conflict or is a lack of 'fun' leaving you feeling empty at the end of the day? I like to focus on helping clients experiencing these as well as other issues such as struggling to accept and manage recent mental health diagnoses like depression, anxiety, C/PTSD, , feeling shame/guilt that feels like it's eating them alive, trauma, and those who grew up feeling like a 'burden' to others and now struggle to create long-lasting loving relationships, among other needs.
(702) 745-7232 View (702) 745-7232
Photo of Angels of Tomorrow LLC in Las Vegas, NV
Angels of Tomorrow LLC
PsyM
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89139
Having children in todays society can be tough as well as the struggles you and your child might be experiencing due to impulsive behaviors, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem related to a learning disability. As these symptoms may bring confusion in the home, lack of communication, and aggressive behaviors, there is always hope in the rehabilitation of our children today. I have 7 years experience working with children in the behavioral health field of all ages in the re-directive cognitive behaviors as well as rehabilitation to assist and bring the home environment back into a healthy place to enjoy family bonding.
Having children in todays society can be tough as well as the struggles you and your child might be experiencing due to impulsive behaviors, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem related to a learning disability. As these symptoms may bring confusion in the home, lack of communication, and aggressive behaviors, there is always hope in the rehabilitation of our children today. I have 7 years experience working with children in the behavioral health field of all ages in the re-directive cognitive behaviors as well as rehabilitation to assist and bring the home environment back into a healthy place to enjoy family bonding.
(702) 710-3437 View (702) 710-3437

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Las Vegas, NV

1,000+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Las Vegas, NV who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
70% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Las Vegas, NV see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Las Vegas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.