Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Leti Arellano, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Leti Arellano
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816  (Online Only)
Are you a navigating life's complexities, seeking understanding and validation for your experiences? Do you often feel misunderstood ? If so, you've arrived at a place where your uniqueness is not just acknowledged but celebrated. My name is Dr. Leticia Arellano (she/her), and I specialize in providing psychological evaluations for individuals like you who are exploring the possibility of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other forms of neurodivergence.
Are you a navigating life's complexities, seeking understanding and validation for your experiences? Do you often feel misunderstood ? If so, you've arrived at a place where your uniqueness is not just acknowledged but celebrated. My name is Dr. Leticia Arellano (she/her), and I specialize in providing psychological evaluations for individuals like you who are exploring the possibility of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other forms of neurodivergence.
(530) 561-5399 View (530) 561-5399
Photo of Vasily Todoriko, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Vasily Todoriko
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816  (Online Only)
Relationships move us, give us life, and can even suck the life out of us. We were made for them. That is why I specialize in them - relationships with friends, family, colleagues, ourselves, our higher power. Properly realigning these problematic, strained, estranged relationships transforms your suffering into purposeful, worthwhile living. Ultimately your fullest life is my goal as your therapist. The greatest gift you can bring to your relationships is you. The best gift you can give the world is your relationships. What will you choose to do with these two important aspects of your one life?
Relationships move us, give us life, and can even suck the life out of us. We were made for them. That is why I specialize in them - relationships with friends, family, colleagues, ourselves, our higher power. Properly realigning these problematic, strained, estranged relationships transforms your suffering into purposeful, worthwhile living. Ultimately your fullest life is my goal as your therapist. The greatest gift you can bring to your relationships is you. The best gift you can give the world is your relationships. What will you choose to do with these two important aspects of your one life?
(805) 973-0751 View (805) 973-0751
Photo of Mary K Williamson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Mary K Williamson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95864
Sometimes life challenges leave you overwhelmed and you do not know what to do. Seeking counseling can be difficult and it is often hard to take the first step. I offer a safe and supportive environment to work with you on making the changes to improve your life. I am committed to providing effective and non-judgemental services to the individuals and families I work with. Working with children who have experienced traumatic life experiences is an area that I have many years of experience. Helping these children build trusting relationships with others is very important to me.
Sometimes life challenges leave you overwhelmed and you do not know what to do. Seeking counseling can be difficult and it is often hard to take the first step. I offer a safe and supportive environment to work with you on making the changes to improve your life. I am committed to providing effective and non-judgemental services to the individuals and families I work with. Working with children who have experienced traumatic life experiences is an area that I have many years of experience. Helping these children build trusting relationships with others is very important to me.
(916) 546-3677 View (916) 546-3677
Photo of Denisha Forch, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Denisha Forch
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825  (Online Only)
My therapeutic style is tailored specifically to each individual I am working with. I tend to utilize a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approach as my foundation to address negative thoughts impacting specific behaviors for desired change. I also utilize a psychodynamic approach, which focuses on understanding the deeper meaning of emotions and how those emotions impact desired outcomes. I am client-centered and focused on your particular needs for the present moment.
My therapeutic style is tailored specifically to each individual I am working with. I tend to utilize a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approach as my foundation to address negative thoughts impacting specific behaviors for desired change. I also utilize a psychodynamic approach, which focuses on understanding the deeper meaning of emotions and how those emotions impact desired outcomes. I am client-centered and focused on your particular needs for the present moment.
(510) 876-4301 View (510) 876-4301
Photo of Foresight Mental Health California, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Foresight Mental Health California
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814
Foresight Mental Health’s integrated team of professionals includes licensed therapists, nutritionists, and psychiatric providers dedicated to working with clients to provide individualized and personal care. We believe in providing care that is accessible and affordable, which is why we are in network with most major insurers and provide both telehealth and in-person services.
Foresight Mental Health’s integrated team of professionals includes licensed therapists, nutritionists, and psychiatric providers dedicated to working with clients to provide individualized and personal care. We believe in providing care that is accessible and affordable, which is why we are in network with most major insurers and provide both telehealth and in-person services.
(916) 545-1120 View (916) 545-1120
Photo of Tony Paulson, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Tony Paulson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
In the 35 years I have treated people suffering from eating disorders I have witnessed many reclaim their lives from ED and live the life they were meant to have. The path to your recovery can be steep and full of obstacles. You might feel like you can't take another step or the obstacles are too large. I can assure you that you will not walk this path alone. You will be given guidance, comfort and motivation to keep you moving toward recovery. Don't let another day go by trapped by your eating disorder.
In the 35 years I have treated people suffering from eating disorders I have witnessed many reclaim their lives from ED and live the life they were meant to have. The path to your recovery can be steep and full of obstacles. You might feel like you can't take another step or the obstacles are too large. I can assure you that you will not walk this path alone. You will be given guidance, comfort and motivation to keep you moving toward recovery. Don't let another day go by trapped by your eating disorder.
(916) 633-7809 View (916) 633-7809
Photo of Juan Gomez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Juan Gomez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Congratulations! You have Chosen to make one of the bravest and most difficult decisions we can make as human beings; to take charge of your mental health. Here to help guide you through that journey of healing and acceptance is Juan Gomez. Juan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 5 Years of experience as a therapist treating ailments such as ADHD, Anxiety/Panic disorders, Behavioral Issues, Developmental Disabilities, Depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Sexual and Physical Abuse and childhood Traumas. Juan also specializes family dysfunction and familial Relationships and works with clients 12+ years.
Congratulations! You have Chosen to make one of the bravest and most difficult decisions we can make as human beings; to take charge of your mental health. Here to help guide you through that journey of healing and acceptance is Juan Gomez. Juan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 5 Years of experience as a therapist treating ailments such as ADHD, Anxiety/Panic disorders, Behavioral Issues, Developmental Disabilities, Depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Sexual and Physical Abuse and childhood Traumas. Juan also specializes family dysfunction and familial Relationships and works with clients 12+ years.
(916) 347-9499 View (916) 347-9499
Photo of Sally A Martin, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Sacramento, CA
Sally A Martin
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
No Availability for new PT clients currently-if you are experiencing a mental health emergency call 911 or the 24 hour Suicide Prevention Line: 1-800-272-8255 or text 838255. If you are in need of more intensive services call Sacramento Mental Health Team (916) 875-1055. Do you have mild to moderate symptoms associated with: Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem, or Trauma? Goals of: increasing positive thoughts, learning conflict resolution, communication, or boundary assertion skills? I practice evidenced-backed ways to manage stress and cope with stressors/triggers? I support transgender/gender non-conforming clients.
No Availability for new PT clients currently-if you are experiencing a mental health emergency call 911 or the 24 hour Suicide Prevention Line: 1-800-272-8255 or text 838255. If you are in need of more intensive services call Sacramento Mental Health Team (916) 875-1055. Do you have mild to moderate symptoms associated with: Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem, or Trauma? Goals of: increasing positive thoughts, learning conflict resolution, communication, or boundary assertion skills? I practice evidenced-backed ways to manage stress and cope with stressors/triggers? I support transgender/gender non-conforming clients.
(916) 237-9468 View (916) 237-9468
Photo of Kristin (Laurenty) Eskro, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Kristin (Laurenty) Eskro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95826
Not accepting new clients
Being an adult, parent, or a teen has its own challenges which can have impact on your mental health. You may have been thinking to reach out to a therapist to understand current struggles and how to navigate through life stressors. You may be struggling in regards to an upsetting personal event that occurred, family/peer/intimate relationship struggles, or communication barriers that have been impacting your personal life. I work to provide my clients with an individualized approach as every clients story is unique. I support clients by providing comfort, compassion, and empowerment to be able to move forward in their life.
Being an adult, parent, or a teen has its own challenges which can have impact on your mental health. You may have been thinking to reach out to a therapist to understand current struggles and how to navigate through life stressors. You may be struggling in regards to an upsetting personal event that occurred, family/peer/intimate relationship struggles, or communication barriers that have been impacting your personal life. I work to provide my clients with an individualized approach as every clients story is unique. I support clients by providing comfort, compassion, and empowerment to be able to move forward in their life.
(916) 623-1148 View (916) 623-1148
Photo of Steve Kempster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Steve Kempster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Do you feel that something is holding you back? That your best Self awaits? When life presents challenges we can get stuck in emotional ruts and self-defeating thought patterns. Though we put our best foot forward, our relationships can falter, work feels insurmountable, or anxiety becomes overwhelming. You do not need to take this on alone. I will support you to grow into the version of yourself that has the capacity to understand what's holding you back, work through those barriers. We will find ways to be generative and psychologically flexible to give you the confidence to adventure on your path.
Do you feel that something is holding you back? That your best Self awaits? When life presents challenges we can get stuck in emotional ruts and self-defeating thought patterns. Though we put our best foot forward, our relationships can falter, work feels insurmountable, or anxiety becomes overwhelming. You do not need to take this on alone. I will support you to grow into the version of yourself that has the capacity to understand what's holding you back, work through those barriers. We will find ways to be generative and psychologically flexible to give you the confidence to adventure on your path.
(916) 584-9165 View (916) 584-9165
Photo of Leanne Azevedo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Leanne Azevedo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, 97516
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My hope is that the safe and supportive environment I seek to create will be a place where you can openly process difficult thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. When you work with me in therapy, I will assist you in finding the tools and skills needed to live your life more effectively. I know that the challenges you may be facing right now can feel really big and overwhelming and I am here to sit with you in your pain and to help you make positive changes in your life, in part by accessing the wisdom and strength you already hold within.
My hope is that the safe and supportive environment I seek to create will be a place where you can openly process difficult thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. When you work with me in therapy, I will assist you in finding the tools and skills needed to live your life more effectively. I know that the challenges you may be facing right now can feel really big and overwhelming and I am here to sit with you in your pain and to help you make positive changes in your life, in part by accessing the wisdom and strength you already hold within.
(916) 352-8874 View (916) 352-8874
Photo of Brinn E. Langdale, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Brinn E. Langdale
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95815  (Online Only)
Welcome! Is this your first time looking for a therapist? Or are you looking for a new therapist to help you gain actionable tools to make changes? If so, then let's connect! With 15 years of my own healing journey under my belt, I use personal experience, professional education and holistic wisdom to support your growth.
Welcome! Is this your first time looking for a therapist? Or are you looking for a new therapist to help you gain actionable tools to make changes? If so, then let's connect! With 15 years of my own healing journey under my belt, I use personal experience, professional education and holistic wisdom to support your growth.
(916) 891-1204 View (916) 891-1204
Photo of Stacia D. Ponce-Rodriguez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Stacia D. Ponce-Rodriguez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95841  (Online Only)
There are times in our lives when we need a compssionate ear with empathy and validation to sit with you during certain seasons of life. I have a wealth of experience working with diverse, evolved, economic social groups and varied ages of children and adults throughout my career. It is a pleasure to serve families as a whole as well as individuals as they need with my guided expertise to see people land where they desire and deserve to be. Therapy should be an opportunity to have someone you trust journey alongside your process with humilty, respect and encouragement. Together, we can achieve all that is possible.
There are times in our lives when we need a compssionate ear with empathy and validation to sit with you during certain seasons of life. I have a wealth of experience working with diverse, evolved, economic social groups and varied ages of children and adults throughout my career. It is a pleasure to serve families as a whole as well as individuals as they need with my guided expertise to see people land where they desire and deserve to be. Therapy should be an opportunity to have someone you trust journey alongside your process with humilty, respect and encouragement. Together, we can achieve all that is possible.
(530) 364-5248 View (530) 364-5248
Photo of Heather Liebert, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Heather Liebert
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Hi there! I strive to create a warm, humorous, and empathic space to focus on just you. Perhaps it's to reflect on how your history is impacting you now. Perhaps it's to develop skills that you haven't learned yet, or unlearn habits that are holding you back. Perhaps you've talked all you can to the people in your life and need a place to keep processing. Maybe you just need more support.
Hi there! I strive to create a warm, humorous, and empathic space to focus on just you. Perhaps it's to reflect on how your history is impacting you now. Perhaps it's to develop skills that you haven't learned yet, or unlearn habits that are holding you back. Perhaps you've talked all you can to the people in your life and need a place to keep processing. Maybe you just need more support.
(530) 584-4255 View (530) 584-4255
Photo of Katya Mills, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Katya Mills
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Katya (she/they) is a therapist with over 15 years of experience. She graduated from JFK University with a MA in Holistic Counseling Psychology. She believes healing is a creative endeavor unique to each and every one. Life is an adventure with its ups and downs, and the adversaries we face come from within (anxiety, confusion, depression, fear) and without (circumstances, stigma, relationships, trauma). Sometimes we feel small, helpless and hopeless against them. Katya's intention is to develop a healthy alliance with you, and empower you to defeat your adversaries and reach your highest aspirations.
Katya (she/they) is a therapist with over 15 years of experience. She graduated from JFK University with a MA in Holistic Counseling Psychology. She believes healing is a creative endeavor unique to each and every one. Life is an adventure with its ups and downs, and the adversaries we face come from within (anxiety, confusion, depression, fear) and without (circumstances, stigma, relationships, trauma). Sometimes we feel small, helpless and hopeless against them. Katya's intention is to develop a healthy alliance with you, and empower you to defeat your adversaries and reach your highest aspirations.
(916) 702-7354 View (916) 702-7354
Photo of Khayre Bryant King, Pre-Licensed Professional in Sacramento, CA
Khayre Bryant King
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95834
With this nonstop world effecting each person differently, I enjoy working with others where they are in their lives and where they want to be. It is my honor to work and support people in their journey on finding who they are, where they want to be, making sense what is going on, and getting back to their values that supports their internal and external world. I adroitly work with adolescences and adults to effectively manager symptoms of addiction, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and impulsivity actions.
With this nonstop world effecting each person differently, I enjoy working with others where they are in their lives and where they want to be. It is my honor to work and support people in their journey on finding who they are, where they want to be, making sense what is going on, and getting back to their values that supports their internal and external world. I adroitly work with adolescences and adults to effectively manager symptoms of addiction, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and impulsivity actions.
(530) 290-6948 View (530) 290-6948
Photo of Socorro Yang, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Sacramento, CA
Socorro Yang
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
I am compelled to work with individuals whom are experiencing sadness, isolation, overwhelmed or hopeless. I have extensive experience working with children, adults and elderly to improve their experience make connections and manage harmful symptoms.
I am compelled to work with individuals whom are experiencing sadness, isolation, overwhelmed or hopeless. I have extensive experience working with children, adults and elderly to improve their experience make connections and manage harmful symptoms.
(916) 963-9912 x5 View (916) 963-9912 x5
Photo of Gerald Chambers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Gerald Chambers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814
Relationships are as important to us as food and water. They can strengthen us, like a vitamin, or weaken us, like the flu. You are only as good in relationships as the relationships you have been in. As your therapist I can assist you in many ways. I can help you learn more about yourself, increase both self-compassion and compassion for others, and heal past trauma. Together, we can explore how to feel more connected to yourself, your values, and people you care about.
Relationships are as important to us as food and water. They can strengthen us, like a vitamin, or weaken us, like the flu. You are only as good in relationships as the relationships you have been in. As your therapist I can assist you in many ways. I can help you learn more about yourself, increase both self-compassion and compassion for others, and heal past trauma. Together, we can explore how to feel more connected to yourself, your values, and people you care about.
(916) 469-0747 View (916) 469-0747
Photo of Debrah D. DeLoney-Deans, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Debrah D. DeLoney-Deans
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814
Not accepting new clients
Life can get pretty overwhelming at times. And, with all of the personal and professional demands on our time and emotional energy, maintaining balance, healthy habits, and a positive attitude can become increasingly more difficult over time. Managing constant pressure, stress or worry can have a negative impact on our mental and physical health, contributing to poor sleep, fatigue, increased irritability, and poor decision making. If you want to restore balance in your life, experience more joy and inner peace, or improve your relationship with self and others, you are in the right place.
Life can get pretty overwhelming at times. And, with all of the personal and professional demands on our time and emotional energy, maintaining balance, healthy habits, and a positive attitude can become increasingly more difficult over time. Managing constant pressure, stress or worry can have a negative impact on our mental and physical health, contributing to poor sleep, fatigue, increased irritability, and poor decision making. If you want to restore balance in your life, experience more joy and inner peace, or improve your relationship with self and others, you are in the right place.
(916) 978-1852 View (916) 978-1852
Photo of Miguel Fraguela, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Miguel Fraguela
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Thinking about finding a therapist can be a challenging task. Will I like this person? Will he or she treat me with kindness and respect? Will this person judge me or make me feel worse than I already feel? Do I even need therapy? Do not let these thoughts deny you the opportunity of developing a healthy therapeutic relationship with a therapist that you trust. It is within the safety of this unique relationship that positive, life changes can occur. Please take time to read about my practice below and see if I would be a good fit for you.
Thinking about finding a therapist can be a challenging task. Will I like this person? Will he or she treat me with kindness and respect? Will this person judge me or make me feel worse than I already feel? Do I even need therapy? Do not let these thoughts deny you the opportunity of developing a healthy therapeutic relationship with a therapist that you trust. It is within the safety of this unique relationship that positive, life changes can occur. Please take time to read about my practice below and see if I would be a good fit for you.
(916) 727-6216 View (916) 727-6216

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.