Therapists in Portsmouth, NH

Photo of Dr. Rachel L. Orr, Psychologist in Portsmouth, NH
Dr. Rachel L. Orr
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP-CN
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Many individuals who experience medical events need clarity about how they have been impacted and what it means for their future. Some individuals and families also want clarity about whether there is an underlying developmental, cognitive, or psychiatric condition affecting functioning. Through neuropsychological evaluations, I help provide a picture of current functioning, as well as help explain how this relates to brain functions. Evaluations are designed to answer specific referral questions and, where needed, to provide useful conclusions and recommendations for next steps.
Many individuals who experience medical events need clarity about how they have been impacted and what it means for their future. Some individuals and families also want clarity about whether there is an underlying developmental, cognitive, or psychiatric condition affecting functioning. Through neuropsychological evaluations, I help provide a picture of current functioning, as well as help explain how this relates to brain functions. Evaluations are designed to answer specific referral questions and, where needed, to provide useful conclusions and recommendations for next steps.
(603) 803-6627 View (603) 803-6627
Photo of Joshua S Hagar, Counselor in Portsmouth, NH
Joshua S Hagar
Counselor, MS, LCPC, LCMHC, MLADC
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, My name is Josh Hagar. I am a multi-licensed Mental Health Counselor (ME & NH) and Master's Level - Licensed Drug & Alcohol Counselor (NH) committed to helping those in need learn how to identify unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors. My work focuses on a progress based approach utilizing interventions that fit your specific needs. I believe in taking a collaborative path to helping clients reach their goals. I’m passionate about working with diverse clientele. My specialties include extensive work with addiction/alcoholism treatment, family issues, LGBTQIA+ challenges, and co-occurring disorders.
Hello, My name is Josh Hagar. I am a multi-licensed Mental Health Counselor (ME & NH) and Master's Level - Licensed Drug & Alcohol Counselor (NH) committed to helping those in need learn how to identify unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors. My work focuses on a progress based approach utilizing interventions that fit your specific needs. I believe in taking a collaborative path to helping clients reach their goals. I’m passionate about working with diverse clientele. My specialties include extensive work with addiction/alcoholism treatment, family issues, LGBTQIA+ challenges, and co-occurring disorders.
(603) 932-4652 View (603) 932-4652
Photo of Teresa Johnson, Psychologist in Portsmouth, NH
Teresa Johnson
Psychologist, PhD, CST, ABS, BCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portsmouth, NH 03801  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a path toward more fulfillment personally and in your relationships? Engaging in a rich and meaningful life requires knowing ourselves deeply and acting on intentional choices guided by our core values, feelings, and desires. Our relationships can become more intimate as we develop both clarity about our needs and courage to be vulnerable with those we trust to meet us on this level. I love supporting women in deepening the capacity for presence, emotional intimacy, and pleasure through mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-acceptance.
Are you looking for a path toward more fulfillment personally and in your relationships? Engaging in a rich and meaningful life requires knowing ourselves deeply and acting on intentional choices guided by our core values, feelings, and desires. Our relationships can become more intimate as we develop both clarity about our needs and courage to be vulnerable with those we trust to meet us on this level. I love supporting women in deepening the capacity for presence, emotional intimacy, and pleasure through mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-acceptance.
(603) 865-1934 View (603) 865-1934
Photo of Kelly L Fournier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Kelly L Fournier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PLLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portsmouth, NH 03801
No one person is immune to the trials and tribulations of life ; sometimes a quiet space to explore the ups and downs presented throughout our lifespan can prove helpful in decreasing stress and any unsettled feelings as a result of being overwhelmed - by utilizing therapeutic intervention to address concerns associated with maladaptive coping & overall mental health - the goal is to guide you in living your best life possible!
No one person is immune to the trials and tribulations of life ; sometimes a quiet space to explore the ups and downs presented throughout our lifespan can prove helpful in decreasing stress and any unsettled feelings as a result of being overwhelmed - by utilizing therapeutic intervention to address concerns associated with maladaptive coping & overall mental health - the goal is to guide you in living your best life possible!
(603) 319-4545 View (603) 319-4545
Photo of Becca Haskell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Becca Haskell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself feeling anxious? Consumed with worry and overthinking, wondering "what if" thoughts that take you away from being present in the moment? Are you often your own worst critic, comparing yourself to others, thinking about where you “should be”, or questioning what other's "could" be thinking? Maybe you're feeling uncertain moving through life's transitions, family planning or new motherhood? Through acknowledging the feelings of anxiety and with the right guidance, you are capable of creating the life you have always imagined.
Do you find yourself feeling anxious? Consumed with worry and overthinking, wondering "what if" thoughts that take you away from being present in the moment? Are you often your own worst critic, comparing yourself to others, thinking about where you “should be”, or questioning what other's "could" be thinking? Maybe you're feeling uncertain moving through life's transitions, family planning or new motherhood? Through acknowledging the feelings of anxiety and with the right guidance, you are capable of creating the life you have always imagined.
(603) 803-4881 View (603) 803-4881
Photo of Julia E Ovalle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Julia E Ovalle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portsmouth, NH 03801  (Online Only)
My view of therapy is an opportunity to engage in a collaborative process by which the therapist and client work together towards enriching lifestyle, and enhancing overall well-being. Additional treatment modalities I draw from include cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques aimed to help reframe and replace negative thought patterns leading to healthier responses in challenging situations. Furthermore, I work from a strengths based perspective that amplifies each individual's unique qualities through the process of self-discovery, healing, acceptance and forgiveness of self and others.
My view of therapy is an opportunity to engage in a collaborative process by which the therapist and client work together towards enriching lifestyle, and enhancing overall well-being. Additional treatment modalities I draw from include cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques aimed to help reframe and replace negative thought patterns leading to healthier responses in challenging situations. Furthermore, I work from a strengths based perspective that amplifies each individual's unique qualities through the process of self-discovery, healing, acceptance and forgiveness of self and others.
(603) 732-9256 View (603) 732-9256
Photo of Anita Remig, Psychologist in Portsmouth, NH
Anita Remig
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Psychotherapy supports personal growth and emotional strength; it helps people solve problems and it builds motivation to get life-work done. I meet each person at their unique place on life's journey to discover how they want to grow. I support and promote growth. My specialty is psychotherapy with all adults. I work with people who have depression, bipolar, anxiety, insomnia, ADHD, PTSD, Eating Disorders. I have skills helping those with emotional problems, family conflict and relationship stress. A trusting relationship with a psychologist can help you know yourself better, set goals and create change. No Advantage Plans.
Psychotherapy supports personal growth and emotional strength; it helps people solve problems and it builds motivation to get life-work done. I meet each person at their unique place on life's journey to discover how they want to grow. I support and promote growth. My specialty is psychotherapy with all adults. I work with people who have depression, bipolar, anxiety, insomnia, ADHD, PTSD, Eating Disorders. I have skills helping those with emotional problems, family conflict and relationship stress. A trusting relationship with a psychologist can help you know yourself better, set goals and create change. No Advantage Plans.
(603) 605-1249 View (603) 605-1249
Photo of William B Gunn, Psychologist in Portsmouth, NH
William B Gunn
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portsmouth, NH 03801
I work with individuals and couples who are in distress and want to develop a "better self" in their work lives, their relationships, and in their view of themselves. I believe we all have the ability to heal ourselves from painful circumstances. As a therapist I work to co-create a safe environment and relationship in which clients can explore difficult topics and create meaningful change.
I work with individuals and couples who are in distress and want to develop a "better self" in their work lives, their relationships, and in their view of themselves. I believe we all have the ability to heal ourselves from painful circumstances. As a therapist I work to co-create a safe environment and relationship in which clients can explore difficult topics and create meaningful change.
(978) 712-9155 View (978) 712-9155
Photo of Joanne Lindbom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Joanne Lindbom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
I believe that when people feel understood, they have the best opportunity to successfully address life's challenges. Finding a therapist with whom you can talk honestly--one who can help you find the words to explain your feelings--can be life-changing. Creating a trusted relationship with a therapist can be the first step in developing the tools to live a life that feels richer and more authentic.
I believe that when people feel understood, they have the best opportunity to successfully address life's challenges. Finding a therapist with whom you can talk honestly--one who can help you find the words to explain your feelings--can be life-changing. Creating a trusted relationship with a therapist can be the first step in developing the tools to live a life that feels richer and more authentic.
(603) 433-7291 View (603) 433-7291
Photo of Gi (Jeanette) Indoccio, Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Portsmouth, NH
Gi (Jeanette) Indoccio
Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Waitlist for new clients
Gi Indoccio is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2002. She earned her Master’s Degree in Counseling and Applied Psychology from Antioch University and her Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration and Marketing from Plymouth State University and a Board-Certified Life Coach with the NBCC. Utilizing an integrative holistic approach, Gi’s mission is to create a safe, nurturing atmosphere and environment where clients can begin to heal from the inside out by cultivating and strengthening their self-esteem, and personal growth.
Gi Indoccio is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2002. She earned her Master’s Degree in Counseling and Applied Psychology from Antioch University and her Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration and Marketing from Plymouth State University and a Board-Certified Life Coach with the NBCC. Utilizing an integrative holistic approach, Gi’s mission is to create a safe, nurturing atmosphere and environment where clients can begin to heal from the inside out by cultivating and strengthening their self-esteem, and personal growth.
(603) 945-2909 View (603) 945-2909
Photo of Katheryne Grijalva, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Katheryne Grijalva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Katheryne Grijalva is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2016. Katheryne offers clients a trauma-informed approach. Outside of work, Katheryne enjoys reading, yoga, nature, fitness, and organic food and products.
Katheryne Grijalva is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2016. Katheryne offers clients a trauma-informed approach. Outside of work, Katheryne enjoys reading, yoga, nature, fitness, and organic food and products.
(603) 420-2639 View (603) 420-2639
Photo of The Couples Center / Couplespeak™: Susan Lager, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
The Couples Center / Couplespeak™: Susan Lager
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, BCD, CPC
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Waitlist for new clients
I provide a wide array of services for married and unmarried, heterosexual and same-sex partners at all stages of the coupling process. I'm passionate about helping individuals and couples to develop necessary skills and knowledge to achieve their highest potential for joy, growth, and problem-solving. I also know that not every relationship can be saved, and work with those clients, individually or together, who need to let go as amicably as possible. *I am also a Certified Discernment Counselor providing specialized brief treatment for couples presenting with ambivalence about staying married or getting divorced.
I provide a wide array of services for married and unmarried, heterosexual and same-sex partners at all stages of the coupling process. I'm passionate about helping individuals and couples to develop necessary skills and knowledge to achieve their highest potential for joy, growth, and problem-solving. I also know that not every relationship can be saved, and work with those clients, individually or together, who need to let go as amicably as possible. *I am also a Certified Discernment Counselor providing specialized brief treatment for couples presenting with ambivalence about staying married or getting divorced.
(603) 262-1792 View (603) 262-1792
Photo of Marieke Kat, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Marieke Kat
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portsmouth, NH 03801  (Online Only)
Throughout our lives we are strengthened, not defined, by our experiences. Some experiences are welcomed and enjoyed and others are challenging and even devastating at times. The work for all of us in this life is to learn how to cope with and grow from our experiences while empowering ourselves and others to create more positive ones. We can do this by staying mindful and connected to the strength and stability within us. I believe we have an innate need and ability to connect and feel a sense of unconditional acceptance and this is what therapy can offer.
Throughout our lives we are strengthened, not defined, by our experiences. Some experiences are welcomed and enjoyed and others are challenging and even devastating at times. The work for all of us in this life is to learn how to cope with and grow from our experiences while empowering ourselves and others to create more positive ones. We can do this by staying mindful and connected to the strength and stability within us. I believe we have an innate need and ability to connect and feel a sense of unconditional acceptance and this is what therapy can offer.
(617) 903-8017 View (617) 903-8017
Photo of Pat Coughlin in Portsmouth, NH
Pat Coughlin
MSW
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
My intention as a therapist is to provide a warm and emotionally safe space for you to explore and work through those issues that keep you from living the life you want. In my 36 years of working in the field of mental health as well as death and dying, I have developed a client centered holistic approach to healing. I work with grief, chronic illness, depression, pet loss, life transitions, aging, caregiving issues and personal growth. I have come to embrace the belief that humans are capable of great healing, and I feel honored to be a witness and facilitator to that process.
My intention as a therapist is to provide a warm and emotionally safe space for you to explore and work through those issues that keep you from living the life you want. In my 36 years of working in the field of mental health as well as death and dying, I have developed a client centered holistic approach to healing. I work with grief, chronic illness, depression, pet loss, life transitions, aging, caregiving issues and personal growth. I have come to embrace the belief that humans are capable of great healing, and I feel honored to be a witness and facilitator to that process.
(888) 505-4875 View (888) 505-4875
Photo of Christopher W Griffith, Psychologist in Portsmouth, NH
Christopher W Griffith
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portsmouth, NH 03801
I view psychotherapy as a collaboration aimed at fostering greater self understanding while working toward personal change and symptom reduction. I strive to help my patients reach greater fulfillment in their lives by fostering understanding of the interpersonal patterns and unresolved personal, life and/or relationship issues that contribute to the challenges they face.
I view psychotherapy as a collaboration aimed at fostering greater self understanding while working toward personal change and symptom reduction. I strive to help my patients reach greater fulfillment in their lives by fostering understanding of the interpersonal patterns and unresolved personal, life and/or relationship issues that contribute to the challenges they face.
(603) 294-1703 View (603) 294-1703
Photo of Catherine Forbes, Psychologist in Portsmouth, NH
Catherine Forbes
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Waitlist for new clients
Stress, depression, anxiety, traumas, family issues, identity concerns - so many of us of all ages face these and many other challenges. Are you hoping to reduce your distress and increase your engagement in life and experience of joy? Would you like more satisfying, healthy relationships? Looking for support through your gender journey and access to needed affirming medical services? Your experiences are valid and you matter. Positive change is possible.
Stress, depression, anxiety, traumas, family issues, identity concerns - so many of us of all ages face these and many other challenges. Are you hoping to reduce your distress and increase your engagement in life and experience of joy? Would you like more satisfying, healthy relationships? Looking for support through your gender journey and access to needed affirming medical services? Your experiences are valid and you matter. Positive change is possible.
(833) 691-5541 View (833) 691-5541
Photo of Kate Lemire, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Kate Lemire
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Currently accepting new clients! Life has a way of throwing bumps at us, and oftentimes, these bumps have the ability to negatively impact our mental health. My primary goal is to build trust and safety so that I can support you, your child, or your family as you navigate these obstacles in a safe space.
Currently accepting new clients! Life has a way of throwing bumps at us, and oftentimes, these bumps have the ability to negatively impact our mental health. My primary goal is to build trust and safety so that I can support you, your child, or your family as you navigate these obstacles in a safe space.
(833) 657-0325 View (833) 657-0325
Photo of Rebecca L Richards, Psychologist in Portsmouth, NH
Rebecca L Richards
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Dr. Rebecca L. Richards is a Psychologist in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2015. Dr. Richards specializes in adult and geriatric neuropsychology. She completed undergraduate training in psychology at Plymouth State University and went on to earn graduate degrees, a Master of Science (MS) and Doctor of Psychology (PsyD), in clinical psychology from Antioch University New England. She completed specialty training in neuropsychology during her clinical internship at Dartmouth Medical School, followed by a two-year postdoctoral residency at the VA Maine Healthcare System.
Dr. Rebecca L. Richards is a Psychologist in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2015. Dr. Richards specializes in adult and geriatric neuropsychology. She completed undergraduate training in psychology at Plymouth State University and went on to earn graduate degrees, a Master of Science (MS) and Doctor of Psychology (PsyD), in clinical psychology from Antioch University New England. She completed specialty training in neuropsychology during her clinical internship at Dartmouth Medical School, followed by a two-year postdoctoral residency at the VA Maine Healthcare System.
(603) 803-6519 View (603) 803-6519
Photo of Kimberly Meurillon, Counselor in Portsmouth, NH
Kimberly Meurillon
Counselor, LCMHC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portsmouth, NH 03801
I'm passionate about working with individuals navigating depression, anxiety, mania, and perinatal mental health concerns. Engaging in therapy can be particularly meaningful when experiencing interpersonal conflicts and going through major life events: such as the onset of a mood disorder, preparing for life after high school and college, moving to a new community, adjusting to early parenthood, or coping with pregnancy loss.
I'm passionate about working with individuals navigating depression, anxiety, mania, and perinatal mental health concerns. Engaging in therapy can be particularly meaningful when experiencing interpersonal conflicts and going through major life events: such as the onset of a mood disorder, preparing for life after high school and college, moving to a new community, adjusting to early parenthood, or coping with pregnancy loss.
(603) 691-3745 View (603) 691-3745
Photo of Lisa Lawry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portsmouth, NH
Lisa Lawry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Lisa Lawry is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2004. She graduated from The University of Southern Maine with a BA in Comparative Religion Studies and from the University of New England with a Masters in Social Work (MSW) and a graduate certificate in Addiction Studies. She has provided therapy in many settings including Community Mental Health, Crisis Services, Inpatient Mental Health, and outpatient practice. Lisa believes therapy should be a safe and supportive process inspiring and challenging you to be your true self.
Lisa Lawry is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2004. She graduated from The University of Southern Maine with a BA in Comparative Religion Studies and from the University of New England with a Masters in Social Work (MSW) and a graduate certificate in Addiction Studies. She has provided therapy in many settings including Community Mental Health, Crisis Services, Inpatient Mental Health, and outpatient practice. Lisa believes therapy should be a safe and supportive process inspiring and challenging you to be your true self.
(888) 491-5017 View (888) 491-5017

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Portsmouth, NH

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Portsmouth, NH who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
85% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
64% Stress
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
58% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Portsmouth, NH see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Portsmouth?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.