Therapists in San Diego, CA
Rosanna Reyes Feet
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Are there times you feel overwhelmed? Are you struggling with relationship issues? Life presents all of us with mental, emotional and psychological challenges at times. Let me help you explore situations in your relationships that may seemed unbearable while we find ways to free you from your current struggles. I help women who are tired of pleasing everyone. I work with couples how to overcome marital struggles. I help men and women go from feeling stuck in some areas of their lives to achieving success.
Are there times you feel overwhelmed? Are you struggling with relationship issues? Life presents all of us with mental, emotional and psychological challenges at times. Let me help you explore situations in your relationships that may seemed unbearable while we find ways to free you from your current struggles. I help women who are tired of pleasing everyone. I work with couples how to overcome marital struggles. I help men and women go from feeling stuck in some areas of their lives to achieving success.
Melee K Pal
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121 (Online Only)
My clinical experience includes providing individual, family, and group therapy to individuals across the lifespan and with varying cultural backgrounds and presenting concerns. I have experience in working within varying levels of care within the hospital system as well as private outpatient practice. My research background has focused upon multicultural/acculturation issues, bicultural identity development, and utilizing integrative approaches to maintaining wellness. My years of experience and training allow me to utilize evidence based treatments in the treatment of health related conditions, mood disorders, and trauma.
My clinical experience includes providing individual, family, and group therapy to individuals across the lifespan and with varying cultural backgrounds and presenting concerns. I have experience in working within varying levels of care within the hospital system as well as private outpatient practice. My research background has focused upon multicultural/acculturation issues, bicultural identity development, and utilizing integrative approaches to maintaining wellness. My years of experience and training allow me to utilize evidence based treatments in the treatment of health related conditions, mood disorders, and trauma.
Lonny D Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, SEP, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92127
Upleveling Your Life, Empowering Mental Health, Therapist, Trailblazing Thought Leadership, Host & Creator of BrainLikeMind, Life Elevated with Lonny. My practice is focused on relationship issues, improving communication, addiction counseling, men's issues, LGBTQ+ parenting, depression and anxiety. In therapy you will find a strength-based client centered approach, where your unique skills and values are used to help overcome the areas in which you are stuck. A genuine respect for each person leads to a safe therapeutic alliance through which growth, healing and connection occurs as we work towards accomplishing your goals.
Upleveling Your Life, Empowering Mental Health, Therapist, Trailblazing Thought Leadership, Host & Creator of BrainLikeMind, Life Elevated with Lonny. My practice is focused on relationship issues, improving communication, addiction counseling, men's issues, LGBTQ+ parenting, depression and anxiety. In therapy you will find a strength-based client centered approach, where your unique skills and values are used to help overcome the areas in which you are stuck. A genuine respect for each person leads to a safe therapeutic alliance through which growth, healing and connection occurs as we work towards accomplishing your goals.
Brittany Connor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92123 (Online Only)
Are you feeling lost, stuck, or overwhelmed? Our various experiences can have an impact on this; from day to day stressors to trauma, our emotions can become difficult to manage, resulting in difficulty in our lives, including in our relationships, in managing emotions, in our thoughts, in our goals, and in our responsibilities.
Are you feeling lost, stuck, or overwhelmed? Our various experiences can have an impact on this; from day to day stressors to trauma, our emotions can become difficult to manage, resulting in difficulty in our lives, including in our relationships, in managing emotions, in our thoughts, in our goals, and in our responsibilities.
Susan Graf-Cote
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92117
By promoting a safe space where you can create, and recreate the you that is well. Tapping into the strengths that live in your heart, we will gain access to your ideals and understanding and build upon them. We will awaken the part of you that will teach you to become your own coach. I will introduce you to several techniques and theoretical orientations that best suit you. I will not subject you to change through somebody elses belief systems instead of your own. With my guidance, you will find the answers to change your life and find peace.
By promoting a safe space where you can create, and recreate the you that is well. Tapping into the strengths that live in your heart, we will gain access to your ideals and understanding and build upon them. We will awaken the part of you that will teach you to become your own coach. I will introduce you to several techniques and theoretical orientations that best suit you. I will not subject you to change through somebody elses belief systems instead of your own. With my guidance, you will find the answers to change your life and find peace.
Jennifer Lopez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108 (Online Only)
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, addiction, or a sense of disconnection with yourself and others that affects your ability to participate in relationships and life in general? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, and lost just trying to get through the day? Do you sit with the discomfort knowing that life could be better but you are unsure where to start? Now more than ever among people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s, there is a collective uncertainty about how to create the life you want in an environment filled with unprecedented challenges.
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, addiction, or a sense of disconnection with yourself and others that affects your ability to participate in relationships and life in general? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, and lost just trying to get through the day? Do you sit with the discomfort knowing that life could be better but you are unsure where to start? Now more than ever among people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s, there is a collective uncertainty about how to create the life you want in an environment filled with unprecedented challenges.
Christine Gottung
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
Hi there, I'm Christine. Are you feeling stressed, overwhelmed, or disconnected from the world around you? Are you struggling to keep up with your responsibilities or relationships? Is your inner critic starting to take over your headspace? I empower high-achievers to better manage anxiety and overcome feelings of burnout. Together we will identify your core struggles, restore balance, and create inner wellness. I incorporate a holistic approach to address your emotional, physical, social, and spiritual wellbeing.
Hi there, I'm Christine. Are you feeling stressed, overwhelmed, or disconnected from the world around you? Are you struggling to keep up with your responsibilities or relationships? Is your inner critic starting to take over your headspace? I empower high-achievers to better manage anxiety and overcome feelings of burnout. Together we will identify your core struggles, restore balance, and create inner wellness. I incorporate a holistic approach to address your emotional, physical, social, and spiritual wellbeing.
Elvina (Legal Name Vincent) Inzano
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Let’s collaborate so we can work together to support your ongoing healing and growth. I work towards engaging from a compassionate, anti-oppressive, and trauma informed positionality. One of my focuses is on collaborating to better understand yourself as an integrated mind/body/spirit/social/relational being (soma) and reprocessing what your soma holds. Some of the ways in which we can do this is through building upon the stories that empower you and learning skills for personal and/or interpersonal fulfillment. We all deserve to live our lives liberated from the reactive survival responses of trauma.
Let’s collaborate so we can work together to support your ongoing healing and growth. I work towards engaging from a compassionate, anti-oppressive, and trauma informed positionality. One of my focuses is on collaborating to better understand yourself as an integrated mind/body/spirit/social/relational being (soma) and reprocessing what your soma holds. Some of the ways in which we can do this is through building upon the stories that empower you and learning skills for personal and/or interpersonal fulfillment. We all deserve to live our lives liberated from the reactive survival responses of trauma.
Sonia Singh
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92111
I am Dr. Sonia Singh, a licensed Clinical Psychologist based in Newport Beach, CA practicing teletherapy with adults (19 and over) throughout the state of California. I have 15+ years of experience in the field of psychology, providing evidence-based therapy and assessments to individuals for stress management, anxiety, depression, and helping people navigate life transitions. In addition to being a Clinical Psychologist, I have additional specialized training as a Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional. My practice has been focused on enabling individuals like you to go beyond surviving to optimize their well-being.
I am Dr. Sonia Singh, a licensed Clinical Psychologist based in Newport Beach, CA practicing teletherapy with adults (19 and over) throughout the state of California. I have 15+ years of experience in the field of psychology, providing evidence-based therapy and assessments to individuals for stress management, anxiety, depression, and helping people navigate life transitions. In addition to being a Clinical Psychologist, I have additional specialized training as a Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional. My practice has been focused on enabling individuals like you to go beyond surviving to optimize their well-being.
Alverdette Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Stressed, Anxious, Depressed? Do you feel worried, tense, nervous, restless? Does your heart race, as you feel yourself spiraling down? Perhaps there are feelings of sadness and defeat. The stories keep replaying over and over in your head. You keep trying to “figure it out” by questioning and second-guessing your thoughts. your actions, and your decisions. I get it. This pattern of living is exhausting. Talking to someone about what's going on, can help. You don't have to figure this out alone. Please reach out and contact me today.
Stressed, Anxious, Depressed? Do you feel worried, tense, nervous, restless? Does your heart race, as you feel yourself spiraling down? Perhaps there are feelings of sadness and defeat. The stories keep replaying over and over in your head. You keep trying to “figure it out” by questioning and second-guessing your thoughts. your actions, and your decisions. I get it. This pattern of living is exhausting. Talking to someone about what's going on, can help. You don't have to figure this out alone. Please reach out and contact me today.
Veronica Viesca
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108 (Online Only)
Whatever you are going through. I am here to help! I work with individuals, couples, and families without judgement! I provide tools to manage symptoms but also explore what is causing these symptoms and work to heal that as well. I believe our emotions and the way we connect to people in the world around us significantly impacts our overall health and even our longevity. We often aren't taught how to manage the stressors in our lives, but I am here to help!
Whatever you are going through. I am here to help! I work with individuals, couples, and families without judgement! I provide tools to manage symptoms but also explore what is causing these symptoms and work to heal that as well. I believe our emotions and the way we connect to people in the world around us significantly impacts our overall health and even our longevity. We often aren't taught how to manage the stressors in our lives, but I am here to help!
15 Second Videos
Koalani Lahr
Elizabeth 'betsy' Muirhead
Charles Yin
Carol Susan Carr
Susan Stennis Layton
Hilber Psychological Services
Rachyl Nyoka
Kirsten Badre
Jennifer B Lofft
Rachel Max
Genelle Weits García
Alyson L Lischer
Inner Knowing Counseling
Tahney Johnston
Gabrielle Loomis-Annett
Victoria Johnk
Em Mitchell
Christy A. George
Marie Secrist
Jamila Mahfudh
Jessie Lee
Tesserae Family Therapy
Married to Navy Counseling Services
Michelle Fulks
Grace Catherine Mickle
Eunice A Palacios Ramírez
John Bucher
Bernard And Priscilla Chen
Dana Sockolov
Ryan Buchmann
The Center for Men's Excellence
Jeongmi Moon
Jessica A. Lopez
Aubrie Dodge
Reina Remy
Bryan Schnebelt
Will Kelly Counseling for Men
Grace Charlton
Michael Levy
Rose Bloomberg-Rissman
Rose Hartzell-Cushanick
Silver Lake Psychology
Nancy M Gordon
Brainspotting Trauma Therapist Giselle Laguna
Martina Nittra Savedra
Brooke Bartlett
Serenity Psychotherapy LLC
Daniel J Sharer
Bonnie Deroo
Serenity Therapy and Counseling, LPCC, PC
Brynn Spiegel, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121 (Online Only)
Do you get frustrated when you just can't let go of things that happened in the past? Are you realizing that the "stories" you keep telling yourself are getting in the way of finding happiness in your life? Are you stuck in a relationship that is just not working? Or are you a couple who is looking for help to break through long-standing blocks that have challenged the love you felt for each other when you first got together? Working with a compassionate therapist who understands how to help you let go of the past can dramatically change your life.
Do you get frustrated when you just can't let go of things that happened in the past? Are you realizing that the "stories" you keep telling yourself are getting in the way of finding happiness in your life? Are you stuck in a relationship that is just not working? Or are you a couple who is looking for help to break through long-standing blocks that have challenged the love you felt for each other when you first got together? Working with a compassionate therapist who understands how to help you let go of the past can dramatically change your life.
Chelsea Herr
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92109
Are you seeking meaningful human connection and healing that can support you in discovering and developing a more lively and authentic sense of self and embodiment in life? Whether you are experiencing the debilitating aftermath of trauma, addiction, loss, interpersonal difficulties, or feeling emotionally disconnected with anxiety or depression, I invite you to reach out. I have engaged in years of specialized training in trauma-informed care, and utilize a collaborative and compassionate approach to counseling in an effort to foster hope, healing and resilience.
Are you seeking meaningful human connection and healing that can support you in discovering and developing a more lively and authentic sense of self and embodiment in life? Whether you are experiencing the debilitating aftermath of trauma, addiction, loss, interpersonal difficulties, or feeling emotionally disconnected with anxiety or depression, I invite you to reach out. I have engaged in years of specialized training in trauma-informed care, and utilize a collaborative and compassionate approach to counseling in an effort to foster hope, healing and resilience.
Koalani Lahr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92159 (Online Only)
Life can feel messy and just plain hard sometimes. Stress, anxiety, big life changes, family and relationship issues- it can be a lot to manage. If you desire change and you hope for something better; to feel a sense of balance and emotional wellbeing, but don’t know where to start- I can help. I specialize in anxiety; stress management, positive discipline, and feel deeply passionate about helping new and seasoned parents navigate parenthood. I also have special knowledge in maternal mental health, and will support postpartum challenges and experiences affecting women and their partners during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Life can feel messy and just plain hard sometimes. Stress, anxiety, big life changes, family and relationship issues- it can be a lot to manage. If you desire change and you hope for something better; to feel a sense of balance and emotional wellbeing, but don’t know where to start- I can help. I specialize in anxiety; stress management, positive discipline, and feel deeply passionate about helping new and seasoned parents navigate parenthood. I also have special knowledge in maternal mental health, and will support postpartum challenges and experiences affecting women and their partners during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Elizabeth 'betsy' Muirhead
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92110
Are you in a current life transition or struggling to find your overall purpose? I believe you can create meaningful change by enhancing your understanding of beliefs, patterns, and relational dynamics that no longer benefit you. During our work together, I will utilize evidence-based methods to assist you in developing healthier ways of interacting with yourself and others. My therapeutic approach is diverse, drawing on a range of theoretical frameworks. I will rely on you to be the expert in your own life as I work as an active and attentive guide towards the path of healing and growth.
Are you in a current life transition or struggling to find your overall purpose? I believe you can create meaningful change by enhancing your understanding of beliefs, patterns, and relational dynamics that no longer benefit you. During our work together, I will utilize evidence-based methods to assist you in developing healthier ways of interacting with yourself and others. My therapeutic approach is diverse, drawing on a range of theoretical frameworks. I will rely on you to be the expert in your own life as I work as an active and attentive guide towards the path of healing and growth.
Liz Weisenburger
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, MS, CRC, APCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
Being diagnosed with a chronic illness &/or acquiring a disability can brings dramatic life change for you and your loved ones. A new prognosis, sudden trauma, congenital health condition, or the gradual onset of a life with imposed limits can bring isolation, overwhelm, & clueless as you seek to figure out how you will navigate your new “normal." Like most people who fall ill or encounter disability, you have no blueprint for how to move forward to recover a meaningful life for yourself.
Being diagnosed with a chronic illness &/or acquiring a disability can brings dramatic life change for you and your loved ones. A new prognosis, sudden trauma, congenital health condition, or the gradual onset of a life with imposed limits can bring isolation, overwhelm, & clueless as you seek to figure out how you will navigate your new “normal." Like most people who fall ill or encounter disability, you have no blueprint for how to move forward to recover a meaningful life for yourself.
Maria-Elena Farias
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92154
Hello! My name is Elena Farias LCSW. I provide my clients with a warm, nonjudgmental space where they can explore their thoughts and feelings. Together we work collaboratively to build and strengthen their relationships, heal areas of their lives that have caused pain and trauma, as a result of our work together my client's become more aware of their inner strengths and build very rewarding lives.
Hello! My name is Elena Farias LCSW. I provide my clients with a warm, nonjudgmental space where they can explore their thoughts and feelings. Together we work collaboratively to build and strengthen their relationships, heal areas of their lives that have caused pain and trauma, as a result of our work together my client's become more aware of their inner strengths and build very rewarding lives.
Dawn Rose Galbo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
Get back to the life you love! I believe that working with a therapist can provide support and hope that things can get better. You have the power to strengthen your coping skills and improve your relationships in the process. I am here to support you and provide cutting edge tools to help you heal past traumas and manage current stressors. I can help you as you work toward reaching your goals while adding more joy to your life.
Get back to the life you love! I believe that working with a therapist can provide support and hope that things can get better. You have the power to strengthen your coping skills and improve your relationships in the process. I am here to support you and provide cutting edge tools to help you heal past traumas and manage current stressors. I can help you as you work toward reaching your goals while adding more joy to your life.
Tiffany Avery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92117
My name is Tiffany Marie Avery, and I am Clinical Licensed Social Worker. My approach to therapy is client centered, strength-based and solution focused to help individuals reach their highest potential. My experience is in residential and outpatient substance use treatment, in which I’ve worked with dual-diagnosed clients. My experience has provided me a strong foundation in working to address trauma, depression, anxiety, family issues, and substance use.
My name is Tiffany Marie Avery, and I am Clinical Licensed Social Worker. My approach to therapy is client centered, strength-based and solution focused to help individuals reach their highest potential. My experience is in residential and outpatient substance use treatment, in which I’ve worked with dual-diagnosed clients. My experience has provided me a strong foundation in working to address trauma, depression, anxiety, family issues, and substance use.
Edward Tan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92122 (Online Only)
I specialize in assisting young adults who are facing the daunting transitions associated with college life and the early stages of their careers. These pivotal times can stir a mix of complex emotions, from overwhelming uncertainty to a thrilling sense of new possibilities. Throughout my career, I have had the privilege to support clients grappling with substance abuse and homelessness. These experiences have not only enriched my understanding but have also deepened my commitment to this community. I've learned methods to effectively connect with and support not only those in recovery but also their families.
I specialize in assisting young adults who are facing the daunting transitions associated with college life and the early stages of their careers. These pivotal times can stir a mix of complex emotions, from overwhelming uncertainty to a thrilling sense of new possibilities. Throughout my career, I have had the privilege to support clients grappling with substance abuse and homelessness. These experiences have not only enriched my understanding but have also deepened my commitment to this community. I've learned methods to effectively connect with and support not only those in recovery but also their families.
See more therapy options for San Diego
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in San Diego, CA
3,000+
Average cost per session
$160
Therapists in San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:
93% | Anxiety |
87% | Depression |
71% | Self Esteem |
66% | Relationship Issues |
66% | Trauma and PTSD |
66% | Coping Skills |
62% | Stress |
Average years in practice
11 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
77% | Aetna |
74% | Cigna and Evernorth |
69% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
How Therapists in San Diego, CA see their clients
55% | In Person and Online | |
45% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
81% | Female | |
18% | Male | |
1% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in San Diego?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.