Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

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Photo of Christina Nichole Hart, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Christina Nichole Hart
Pre-Licensed Professional, ATR-P, MAAT
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Hello, I am a pre-licensed professional holding a provisional art therapy certification after receiving my Master's degree in art therapy at Saint Mary of the Woods College. I am an employee with HopeWell Equipping and Counseling Ministries in Virginia Beach. I have experience working with children, adolescents, adults, groups, couples, and families dealing with a range of situations such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, relationship distress, divorce and all through the therapeutic lens of art therapy that is non-diagnostic.
Hello, I am a pre-licensed professional holding a provisional art therapy certification after receiving my Master's degree in art therapy at Saint Mary of the Woods College. I am an employee with HopeWell Equipping and Counseling Ministries in Virginia Beach. I have experience working with children, adolescents, adults, groups, couples, and families dealing with a range of situations such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, relationship distress, divorce and all through the therapeutic lens of art therapy that is non-diagnostic.
(757) 333-1548 View (757) 333-1548
Photo of Nikita Kay Crissinger, Resident in Counseling in Virginia Beach, VA
Nikita Kay Crissinger
Resident in Counseling, MS-CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23454  (Online Only)
Are you running around all day to keep your world from falling apart? Is your big bright smile and positive attitude a suit of armor to conceal the fire inside? Do you keep yourself busy to avoid any moment of silence because that is where the fire hides? When the fire gets too big, does it leave you feeling alone, weak, and vulnerable? My name is Nikita, and I am a Resident in Counseling. My job is to help unleash the power you possess to manage the fires you're facing.
Are you running around all day to keep your world from falling apart? Is your big bright smile and positive attitude a suit of armor to conceal the fire inside? Do you keep yourself busy to avoid any moment of silence because that is where the fire hides? When the fire gets too big, does it leave you feeling alone, weak, and vulnerable? My name is Nikita, and I am a Resident in Counseling. My job is to help unleash the power you possess to manage the fires you're facing.
(757) 908-6451 View (757) 908-6451
Photo of Veronica Tisdale Wrubel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Veronica Tisdale Wrubel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23455  (Online Only)
Online Scheduling -Telehealth - available through practice website: www.CoastalLightCounseling.com) Specializing in trauma, grief & loss, career & life transitions, & using EMDR to treat many mental health concerns, I enjoy working with adults to help them heal from the effects of life’s traumatic & distressing events. My passion in providing therapy is recognizing & honoring the mind & body’s own path & resilience to heal itself. The counseling process is a form of self-care to heal & grow. Together we will navigate a healing course towards transformation & growth.
Online Scheduling -Telehealth - available through practice website: www.CoastalLightCounseling.com) Specializing in trauma, grief & loss, career & life transitions, & using EMDR to treat many mental health concerns, I enjoy working with adults to help them heal from the effects of life’s traumatic & distressing events. My passion in providing therapy is recognizing & honoring the mind & body’s own path & resilience to heal itself. The counseling process is a form of self-care to heal & grow. Together we will navigate a healing course towards transformation & growth.
Photo of Eddy Rocha, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Eddy Rocha
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
Are you struggling to reach your full potential? I am a Bilingual (Spanish and English) Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Provider, and I am currently accepting new clients! Have you struggled to find a counselor who can understand you? Are you a child, teen, or adult who needs help taking control of your own well-being?
Are you struggling to reach your full potential? I am a Bilingual (Spanish and English) Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Provider, and I am currently accepting new clients! Have you struggled to find a counselor who can understand you? Are you a child, teen, or adult who needs help taking control of your own well-being?
(757) 210-7736 View (757) 210-7736
Photo of Christie Huse, Resident in Counseling in Virginia Beach, VA
Christie Huse
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
Therapist: Your partner has complained that you never buy her flowers, what do you say to that? Patient: To be honest, I had no idea my partner even sold flowers. :) I am passionate about helping individuals and couples work through their problems and cope with life's struggles with a positive and humorous approach. My goal is to alleviate suffering due to trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, and personality disorders. LGBTQ+, ENM, and Poly allied and supported :).
Therapist: Your partner has complained that you never buy her flowers, what do you say to that? Patient: To be honest, I had no idea my partner even sold flowers. :) I am passionate about helping individuals and couples work through their problems and cope with life's struggles with a positive and humorous approach. My goal is to alleviate suffering due to trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, and personality disorders. LGBTQ+, ENM, and Poly allied and supported :).
(757) 780-1719 View (757) 780-1719
Photo of Kathleen Miner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Kathleen Miner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Kathleen Lynch Miner is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2004. She has a Health and Human Services degree from Virginia Wesleyan College and an MSW from NSU. Kathleen enjoys creating a safe space where clients can explore and process thoughts, feelings, and emotions in a way that they can make connections to their actions and reactions, understand, connect better with themselves and others, and improve their overall life functioning. Outside of work, Kathleen enjoys reading, dance, music, the ocean, family, and friends.
Kathleen Lynch Miner is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 2004. She has a Health and Human Services degree from Virginia Wesleyan College and an MSW from NSU. Kathleen enjoys creating a safe space where clients can explore and process thoughts, feelings, and emotions in a way that they can make connections to their actions and reactions, understand, connect better with themselves and others, and improve their overall life functioning. Outside of work, Kathleen enjoys reading, dance, music, the ocean, family, and friends.
(757) 792-8939 View (757) 792-8939
Photo of Alexandra Policay O’Donnell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Alexandra Policay O’Donnell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACM-SW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23456  (Online Only)
Whether you are a mom seeking counseling during pregnancy, postpartum, or have been a mom for years; we can work together to help you feel better. Or perhaps you are a woman struggling to conceive, experiencing infertility issues, are questioning whether it is the right time to grow your family, are feeling stuck and unsure what step is next in life, or find yourself facing decisions that you are unsure how to navigate…. I am here to help. Some common concerns addressed in counseling may include grief, personal growth, anxiety, depression, trauma,  family conflict, , irritability, overwhelm, mom guilt, feeling inadequate, etc.
Whether you are a mom seeking counseling during pregnancy, postpartum, or have been a mom for years; we can work together to help you feel better. Or perhaps you are a woman struggling to conceive, experiencing infertility issues, are questioning whether it is the right time to grow your family, are feeling stuck and unsure what step is next in life, or find yourself facing decisions that you are unsure how to navigate…. I am here to help. Some common concerns addressed in counseling may include grief, personal growth, anxiety, depression, trauma,  family conflict, , irritability, overwhelm, mom guilt, feeling inadequate, etc.
(757) 844-5395 View (757) 844-5395
Photo of Inspired to Grow, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Inspired to Grow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Throughout life we are all faced with various challenges or hardships such as COVID-19, that may place us in tense and dark spaces. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am here to assist you with coping throughout and overcoming those challenges. My approach to counseling is solely focused on building a great therapeutic relationship with my clients and establishing an environment where they feel safe, comfortable, supported, relatable, and given the opportunity to excel in all aspects of their lives.
Throughout life we are all faced with various challenges or hardships such as COVID-19, that may place us in tense and dark spaces. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am here to assist you with coping throughout and overcoming those challenges. My approach to counseling is solely focused on building a great therapeutic relationship with my clients and establishing an environment where they feel safe, comfortable, supported, relatable, and given the opportunity to excel in all aspects of their lives.
(757) 210-7181 View (757) 210-7181
Photo of Stephanie Arnold, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Stephanie Arnold
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
I believe you are capable of meaningful change and growth in your life. You don't have to figure it all out by yourself. My practice is focused on helping people understand and live a life that is in alignment with their values, learn how to trust themselves, and ultimately thrive even amongst difficult circumstances throughout their life. I help people overcome struggles with anxiety, body image and disordered eating, self-esteem, and perfectionism. Together we will challenge and reframe negative beliefs, address unhelpful thought patterns, and ultimately move you towards a life of empowerment and greater alignment with your goals.
I believe you are capable of meaningful change and growth in your life. You don't have to figure it all out by yourself. My practice is focused on helping people understand and live a life that is in alignment with their values, learn how to trust themselves, and ultimately thrive even amongst difficult circumstances throughout their life. I help people overcome struggles with anxiety, body image and disordered eating, self-esteem, and perfectionism. Together we will challenge and reframe negative beliefs, address unhelpful thought patterns, and ultimately move you towards a life of empowerment and greater alignment with your goals.
(757) 780-1432 View (757) 780-1432
Photo of Holly Adams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Holly Adams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23464
Life often leave us hindered with anxiety, craving relief from panic attacks, consumed with what-if thoughts, questioning how to handle a new change, or frightened of tomorrow's to-do list. Whether you are a military spouse battling loneliness being away from support systems, navigating the trials of motherhood or someone who needs to heal from trauma; lets connect. Several changes happen throughout our young adult lives; the good news is you have the ability to grow through these seasons and heal from the past ones.
Life often leave us hindered with anxiety, craving relief from panic attacks, consumed with what-if thoughts, questioning how to handle a new change, or frightened of tomorrow's to-do list. Whether you are a military spouse battling loneliness being away from support systems, navigating the trials of motherhood or someone who needs to heal from trauma; lets connect. Several changes happen throughout our young adult lives; the good news is you have the ability to grow through these seasons and heal from the past ones.
(757) 231-9397 View (757) 231-9397
Photo of Luon Fletcher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia Beach, VA
Luon Fletcher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Fletcher specializes in working with individuals experiencing life transitions, grief and loss, end of life concerns, chronic illness, disability-related concerns, and caregiver support issues. She works with adults to teach coping skills and provide support for these difficult life experiences/changes and works with each individual to identify patterns in their everyday lives and develop the best therapeutic plan of action for lasting, positive personal change. Her greatest joys come from watching her clients grow into the happiest versions of themselves.
Fletcher specializes in working with individuals experiencing life transitions, grief and loss, end of life concerns, chronic illness, disability-related concerns, and caregiver support issues. She works with adults to teach coping skills and provide support for these difficult life experiences/changes and works with each individual to identify patterns in their everyday lives and develop the best therapeutic plan of action for lasting, positive personal change. Her greatest joys come from watching her clients grow into the happiest versions of themselves.
(757) 982-8087 View (757) 982-8087
Photo of Sydney Ferguson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Sydney Ferguson
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
Sydney Ferguson is a Licensed Professional Counselor Resident (LPC-R) with over 3 years of experience in the mental health field. She specializes in anxiety, depression, grief, life transitions, women's issues, and work related stress.
Sydney Ferguson is a Licensed Professional Counselor Resident (LPC-R) with over 3 years of experience in the mental health field. She specializes in anxiety, depression, grief, life transitions, women's issues, and work related stress.
(757) 993-4789 View (757) 993-4789
Photo of Carly Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Carly Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
My professional journey has led me through diverse settings, including adolescent residential treatment centers, inpatient adult and geriatric behavioral health units, and Stanford Health Care. Through both personal and professional experiences, I've amassed a wealth of knowledge to support individuals facing not only depression and anxiety but also chronic illness, various forms of trauma, and the intricate challenges associated with death, dying, bereavement, and grief. No matter the root cause, my goal is to provide compassionate and comprehensive mental health treatment.
My professional journey has led me through diverse settings, including adolescent residential treatment centers, inpatient adult and geriatric behavioral health units, and Stanford Health Care. Through both personal and professional experiences, I've amassed a wealth of knowledge to support individuals facing not only depression and anxiety but also chronic illness, various forms of trauma, and the intricate challenges associated with death, dying, bereavement, and grief. No matter the root cause, my goal is to provide compassionate and comprehensive mental health treatment.
(757) 379-8150 View (757) 379-8150
Photo of Stephanee Howell in Virginia Beach, VA
Stephanee Howell
RN, CIAYT, RYT500
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Somatic Therapy, Bodywork, Yoga Therapy, Healing Touch, and Mindfulness Tools are used as a complement to traditional therapy or as a stand-alone therapeutic offering. Clients with long-standing depression and anxiety, chronic illness, and coping issues explore my services to find relief and a new way of helping themselves. Those with trauma and diagnosed PTSD receive additional tools to regulate symptoms through this non-diagnostic and integrative methodology.
Somatic Therapy, Bodywork, Yoga Therapy, Healing Touch, and Mindfulness Tools are used as a complement to traditional therapy or as a stand-alone therapeutic offering. Clients with long-standing depression and anxiety, chronic illness, and coping issues explore my services to find relief and a new way of helping themselves. Those with trauma and diagnosed PTSD receive additional tools to regulate symptoms through this non-diagnostic and integrative methodology.
(757) 551-6693 View (757) 551-6693
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Virginia Beach, VA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(757) 799-1934 View (757) 799-1934
Photo of Abigail Siegrist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Abigail Siegrist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Virginia Beach, VA 23451  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
"It does not matter how many times you get knocked down, but how many times you get back up," -Vince Lombardi. Life is certainly full of twists and turns that can be difficult to navigate. My experience working in the emergency department, inpatient, outpatient, partial, and group home settings, has allowed me the privilege to help clients and patients navigate challenging avenues of their life. I believe in meeting you where you are at and working together to set the pace in achieving your goals.
"It does not matter how many times you get knocked down, but how many times you get back up," -Vince Lombardi. Life is certainly full of twists and turns that can be difficult to navigate. My experience working in the emergency department, inpatient, outpatient, partial, and group home settings, has allowed me the privilege to help clients and patients navigate challenging avenues of their life. I believe in meeting you where you are at and working together to set the pace in achieving your goals.
(757) 367-8588 View (757) 367-8588
Photo of Ryan Ayers, Pre-Licensed Professional in Virginia Beach, VA
Ryan Ayers
Pre-Licensed Professional, LCSW , SUPV
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Dr. Ryan Ayers is a Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Virginia . Dr. Ayers is a lifelong student with multiple graduate-level degrees in family, couples, and spiritual-based counseling. Additionally, he holds a doctorate with a specialty in sex-based counseling. He retired from 28 years of military service in both the Army and Air Force, where he provided non-clinical counseling. Dr. Ayers is a professional member of the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (ASSECT), and is a Certified Sex Therapist candidate.
Dr. Ryan Ayers is a Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Virginia . Dr. Ayers is a lifelong student with multiple graduate-level degrees in family, couples, and spiritual-based counseling. Additionally, he holds a doctorate with a specialty in sex-based counseling. He retired from 28 years of military service in both the Army and Air Force, where he provided non-clinical counseling. Dr. Ayers is a professional member of the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (ASSECT), and is a Certified Sex Therapist candidate.
(757) 854-6493 View (757) 854-6493
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Virginia Beach, VA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(757) 799-1162 View (757) 799-1162
Photo of Dr. April Howe, Psychologist in Virginia Beach, VA
Dr. April Howe
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462  (Online Only)
Online Scheduling- With interest areas in life stress and transitions, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, trauma, and self-esteem challenges, I enjoy working with all ages - teenagers through adults, particularly military service members and their families. My passion is helping improve my patient’s mental health and quality of life. Coping with life’s challenges can be difficult. Together we will gain understanding of and intentionally navigate the issues you face. We will collaborate to help you develop the skills that you will find effective in creating new solutions and overcoming obstacles.
Online Scheduling- With interest areas in life stress and transitions, grief and loss, anxiety, depression, trauma, and self-esteem challenges, I enjoy working with all ages - teenagers through adults, particularly military service members and their families. My passion is helping improve my patient’s mental health and quality of life. Coping with life’s challenges can be difficult. Together we will gain understanding of and intentionally navigate the issues you face. We will collaborate to help you develop the skills that you will find effective in creating new solutions and overcoming obstacles.
Photo of Anita Wiles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Virginia Beach, VA
Anita Wiles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
Greetings, I'm Anita Wiles, LCSW, with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. I obtained my MSW from Virginia Commonwealth University and have been a licensed clinical social worker since 1995. Throughout my career, I've specialized in supporting victims of domestic violence, survivors of child sexual abuse, and individuals coping with various forms of trauma across diverse settings. Additionally, I possess extensive experience working with individuals dealing with substance use and abuse issues.
Greetings, I'm Anita Wiles, LCSW, with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. I obtained my MSW from Virginia Commonwealth University and have been a licensed clinical social worker since 1995. Throughout my career, I've specialized in supporting victims of domestic violence, survivors of child sexual abuse, and individuals coping with various forms of trauma across diverse settings. Additionally, I possess extensive experience working with individuals dealing with substance use and abuse issues.
(757) 997-7408 View (757) 997-7408

See more therapy options for Virginia Beach

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
72% Stress
71% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
74% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Virginia Beach, VA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Virginia Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.