Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Taneshia Elam-Snowden, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Taneshia Elam-Snowden
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, CSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I approach therapy from a systems perspective. I work with indiv/couples/fam from various cultural frameworks, especially those from black/brown communities, to manage life's stressors in context with the dynamic roles they possess in life. I believe that problems occur when an individual experiences disruptions to their norms resulting in cognitive distortions that impact their overall well-being. I work to help indiv/couples/fam process their emotions and develop healthy strategies to improve their functioning, while supporting them as they navigate the various systems in which they belong (e.g. family, career, interpersonal).
I approach therapy from a systems perspective. I work with indiv/couples/fam from various cultural frameworks, especially those from black/brown communities, to manage life's stressors in context with the dynamic roles they possess in life. I believe that problems occur when an individual experiences disruptions to their norms resulting in cognitive distortions that impact their overall well-being. I work to help indiv/couples/fam process their emotions and develop healthy strategies to improve their functioning, while supporting them as they navigate the various systems in which they belong (e.g. family, career, interpersonal).
(484) 946-4404 View (484) 946-4404
Photo of James Abiola, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
James Abiola
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
My name is Dr. James Abiola, but I am affectionately known as Dr Jay by my clients and colleagues alike. I am a Licensed Psychologist with a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology. Together me and you will embark on a journey of health with the purpose of healing your mind, body, and soul to allow you to create the life that you deserve.
My name is Dr. James Abiola, but I am affectionately known as Dr Jay by my clients and colleagues alike. I am a Licensed Psychologist with a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology. Together me and you will embark on a journey of health with the purpose of healing your mind, body, and soul to allow you to create the life that you deserve.
(484) 246-7893 View (484) 246-7893
Photo of Randi Cutler Hall, Marriage & Family Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Randi Cutler Hall
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS-MFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19143
Are you an individual or couple looking to strengthen the foundation of your relationship with yourself, your family, your friends or your partner(s)? Or are you someone who feels like you are living out of alignment with who you are meant to be? Either way, I've got your back. I love helping people connect with what and who matters most to them and doing so in a way that is approachable and pleasurable.
Are you an individual or couple looking to strengthen the foundation of your relationship with yourself, your family, your friends or your partner(s)? Or are you someone who feels like you are living out of alignment with who you are meant to be? Either way, I've got your back. I love helping people connect with what and who matters most to them and doing so in a way that is approachable and pleasurable.
(267) 389-9714 View (267) 389-9714
Photo of Kathryn Nevin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Kathryn Nevin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Thank you for looking into choosing me as a therapist. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 30 years of experience. I received my undergraduate degree in English Literature (and Spanish Literature) from Swarthmore College and my Master's degree in Social Work from Widener University. I am certified as a Clinical Trauma Professional. I see adults over the age of 18 and I primarily empower people to overcome complex trauma.
Thank you for looking into choosing me as a therapist. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 30 years of experience. I received my undergraduate degree in English Literature (and Spanish Literature) from Swarthmore College and my Master's degree in Social Work from Widener University. I am certified as a Clinical Trauma Professional. I see adults over the age of 18 and I primarily empower people to overcome complex trauma.
(484) 296-0207 View (484) 296-0207
Photo of Mav Atis-Valentine, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Mav Atis-Valentine
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
My work is trauma informed, taking into consideration the specific needs of each individual based on their past experiences. When you are aware of the ways you are influenced by your past programming, we can put the tools in your hands to help you take control of your life. I strive to provide you with an empathetic space for you to become your truest self.
My work is trauma informed, taking into consideration the specific needs of each individual based on their past experiences. When you are aware of the ways you are influenced by your past programming, we can put the tools in your hands to help you take control of your life. I strive to provide you with an empathetic space for you to become your truest self.
(267) 459-2479 View (267) 459-2479
Photo of Maxwell J Sloan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Maxwell J Sloan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, MPhilEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19106  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing individual therapy services online. I am interested in working with individuals who are motivated, trusting, and open to the prospect of therapy. Therapy at its best can be a form of education. My ideal clients are individuals who may feel stuck, anxious, or depressed, who are interested in delving deeper into what is behind these states of being.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing individual therapy services online. I am interested in working with individuals who are motivated, trusting, and open to the prospect of therapy. Therapy at its best can be a form of education. My ideal clients are individuals who may feel stuck, anxious, or depressed, who are interested in delving deeper into what is behind these states of being.
(267) 762-2207 View (267) 762-2207
Photo of Stephanie Dykyj, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Stephanie Dykyj
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
I believe therapy can be a universally rewarding practice that can help navigate through life's stressors. Especially in the last few years, we see how important it is to take care of ourselves and find support. It can be overwhelming and intimidating even trying to find a place to start. My goal is to help you navigate through obstacles and barriers you may experience in order to start looking forward to the future. You are the expert on your thoughts and experiences, and we will work together to find solutions that best fit your needs.
I believe therapy can be a universally rewarding practice that can help navigate through life's stressors. Especially in the last few years, we see how important it is to take care of ourselves and find support. It can be overwhelming and intimidating even trying to find a place to start. My goal is to help you navigate through obstacles and barriers you may experience in order to start looking forward to the future. You are the expert on your thoughts and experiences, and we will work together to find solutions that best fit your needs.
(215) 948-8878 View (215) 948-8878
Photo of Kye Gilliam in Philadelphia, PA
Kye Gilliam
MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104  (Online Only)
I am open to all clients regardless of their background and identity. Anyone struggling, experiencing emotional hardships, feeling stuck, dealing with mental health concerns, or addiction is welcome. My goal is to empower and support personal growth, and emotional development. We can explore and learn from experiences, feelings, and actions. Sometimes all we need is someone to listen and hear what we need to say, there is space for you and everything that you choose to bring. As a Queer Black therapist, I am invested in working with Black, Brown, LGBTQIA+, and Neurodivergent communities. I also speak Spanish.
I am open to all clients regardless of their background and identity. Anyone struggling, experiencing emotional hardships, feeling stuck, dealing with mental health concerns, or addiction is welcome. My goal is to empower and support personal growth, and emotional development. We can explore and learn from experiences, feelings, and actions. Sometimes all we need is someone to listen and hear what we need to say, there is space for you and everything that you choose to bring. As a Queer Black therapist, I am invested in working with Black, Brown, LGBTQIA+, and Neurodivergent communities. I also speak Spanish.
(215) 712-8984 View (215) 712-8984
Photo of Izzy Zissman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Izzy Zissman
Pre-Licensed Professional, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
I work mostly with individuals in their 20s and 30s who are struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, navigating interpersonal relationships, and issues around self-esteem and identity crises. Identifying the feelings and experiences in the current moment can be difficult to name, but I am here to help you work through those emotions and discover what they truly mean for you.
I work mostly with individuals in their 20s and 30s who are struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, navigating interpersonal relationships, and issues around self-esteem and identity crises. Identifying the feelings and experiences in the current moment can be difficult to name, but I am here to help you work through those emotions and discover what they truly mean for you.
(267) 550-7628 View (267) 550-7628
Photo of Abigail (Abby) Hawkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Abigail (Abby) Hawkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm so glad you found my page! When someone starts therapy with me, it's often because they've been having a hard time feeling connected to others or they struggle to be in the moment. Others deal with low self-worth, negative beliefs about themselves, or feeling they cannot get where they want to be in life. In our work together, I want to help you develop a deeper understanding of yourself and your strengths, feel empowered to manage emotions when life feels overwhelming, and build more fulfilling relationships. I take a warm, collaborative approach to getting to know you as an individual and what helps you.
Hi, I'm so glad you found my page! When someone starts therapy with me, it's often because they've been having a hard time feeling connected to others or they struggle to be in the moment. Others deal with low self-worth, negative beliefs about themselves, or feeling they cannot get where they want to be in life. In our work together, I want to help you develop a deeper understanding of yourself and your strengths, feel empowered to manage emotions when life feels overwhelming, and build more fulfilling relationships. I take a warm, collaborative approach to getting to know you as an individual and what helps you.
(610) 572-3756 View (610) 572-3756
Photo of Trauma and Attachment Therapy- Makenzie Pacocha, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Trauma and Attachment Therapy- Makenzie Pacocha
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19130
If you are dealing with the impact of past or current trauma, all while trying to keep it together and manage the stress of daily life- you are in the right place. I work with adults and teens (16+) who yearn to heal, but feel like they can never quite find a therapist that they can be real with. You may be facing relationship challenges and attachment wounds, anxiety and low self-worth, past patterns resurfacing, or approval seeking and perfectionism. You deserve time and space to navigate these complexities, to untangle the threads of your experiences, and to rediscover profound self-compassion and connection.
If you are dealing with the impact of past or current trauma, all while trying to keep it together and manage the stress of daily life- you are in the right place. I work with adults and teens (16+) who yearn to heal, but feel like they can never quite find a therapist that they can be real with. You may be facing relationship challenges and attachment wounds, anxiety and low self-worth, past patterns resurfacing, or approval seeking and perfectionism. You deserve time and space to navigate these complexities, to untangle the threads of your experiences, and to rediscover profound self-compassion and connection.
(215) 709-5930 View (215) 709-5930
Photo of Joanne Perilstein, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Joanne Perilstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Do you lay awake worrying about your relationship, your family, money, your job, or your life in general? Feel stressed out, unable to relax? Are you easily distractible, have trouble accomplishing things, and wonder if you have ADHD? Wish you could "stop the world and get off" for while? Therapy is a good place to do just that. To help you figure out what's not working, and new ways to approach old problems. Like how to avoid having the same fight over and over with a loved one. Or maybe you just need someone to talk to, who won't judge you.
Do you lay awake worrying about your relationship, your family, money, your job, or your life in general? Feel stressed out, unable to relax? Are you easily distractible, have trouble accomplishing things, and wonder if you have ADHD? Wish you could "stop the world and get off" for while? Therapy is a good place to do just that. To help you figure out what's not working, and new ways to approach old problems. Like how to avoid having the same fight over and over with a loved one. Or maybe you just need someone to talk to, who won't judge you.
(215) 564-4669 View (215) 564-4669
Photo of Perry Liss in Philadelphia, PA
Perry Liss
Esq, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19110
While I counsel clients on all mental health related issues, my expertise lies in recovery from addiction/alcoholism, and coping with anxiety, stress & depression. If your goal is to stop drinking/using drugs, to cope with or support a loved one who suffers from addiction/alcoholism, or to cope with anxiety, stress and depression, I can absolutely help you. I know how difficult these issues are, and how important it is to find the right therapist to help you navigate them. I have lived with and overcome issues with addiction, anxiety, and depression. You want someone who personally understands what it's like, and I definitely do.
While I counsel clients on all mental health related issues, my expertise lies in recovery from addiction/alcoholism, and coping with anxiety, stress & depression. If your goal is to stop drinking/using drugs, to cope with or support a loved one who suffers from addiction/alcoholism, or to cope with anxiety, stress and depression, I can absolutely help you. I know how difficult these issues are, and how important it is to find the right therapist to help you navigate them. I have lived with and overcome issues with addiction, anxiety, and depression. You want someone who personally understands what it's like, and I definitely do.
(267) 668-2021 View (267) 668-2021
Photo of Jenna Moore, LPC Intern in Philadelphia, PA
Jenna Moore
LPC Intern, BS
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
Your story is important. Whatever you've experienced, your story deserves to be heard. Dialectically, there is power in that story, and there are times when it can influence our internal beliefs and shape how we navigate and experience life. I believe we are unique in our range and intensity of emotions. Sometimes, emotions take over and make us act in ways we didn't intend to or know ourselves to be. Sometimes, we were never taught the skills to cope, or we can't access skills in the moment. I aim to provide my clients with a space to safely explore their story and behavior patterns so they can create change.
Your story is important. Whatever you've experienced, your story deserves to be heard. Dialectically, there is power in that story, and there are times when it can influence our internal beliefs and shape how we navigate and experience life. I believe we are unique in our range and intensity of emotions. Sometimes, emotions take over and make us act in ways we didn't intend to or know ourselves to be. Sometimes, we were never taught the skills to cope, or we can't access skills in the moment. I aim to provide my clients with a space to safely explore their story and behavior patterns so they can create change.
(484) 435-3195 View (484) 435-3195
Photo of Nzingha Ma'at, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Nzingha Ma'at
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19144
We all experience challenges in our lives. My goal for over two decades has been to assist people with working through the many stressors that we face on a daily basis. From anxiety, depression, various forms of trauma, to improving self-love and self-care, I enjoy helping BIPOC women find ways to balance their lives and heal holistically. Many of us have struggled with negative self-talk, oftentimes impacting our ability to act. I would love to assist you with realigning your mind/body/spirit to a healthier way of thinking and living.
We all experience challenges in our lives. My goal for over two decades has been to assist people with working through the many stressors that we face on a daily basis. From anxiety, depression, various forms of trauma, to improving self-love and self-care, I enjoy helping BIPOC women find ways to balance their lives and heal holistically. Many of us have struggled with negative self-talk, oftentimes impacting our ability to act. I would love to assist you with realigning your mind/body/spirit to a healthier way of thinking and living.
(267) 602-1064 View (267) 602-1064
Photo of Britt Lindon, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Britt Lindon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Did something happen at work, life, or in your relationship that shook things up or shattered you? I'm extremely good at helping ambitious women & MEN who might otherwise NOT want to be in counseling. I specialize in treating fellow doctors, lawyers or high-net worth individuals who require a therapist that can match their intellect and caliber. If you’re here, you may feel like you are surviving instead of living life. It’s disappointing when you have gotten so far in life, and yet, your world starts to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself.
Did something happen at work, life, or in your relationship that shook things up or shattered you? I'm extremely good at helping ambitious women & MEN who might otherwise NOT want to be in counseling. I specialize in treating fellow doctors, lawyers or high-net worth individuals who require a therapist that can match their intellect and caliber. If you’re here, you may feel like you are surviving instead of living life. It’s disappointing when you have gotten so far in life, and yet, your world starts to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself.
(215) 584-4416 View (215) 584-4416
Photo of Michelle Hurtt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Michelle Hurtt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19124
Hi! I'm Michelle Hurtt, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor based in Pennsylvania with over 16 years of experience in the mental health domain.I hold the title of Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), continually advancing my understanding of trauma. My passion lies in supporting women who have endured trauma, particularly survivors of sexual trauma, childhood sexual abuse, and domestic violence. Additionally, I specialize in addressing various behavioral health concerns such as anxiety, low self-esteem, low self-confidence, grief, and PTSD.
Hi! I'm Michelle Hurtt, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor based in Pennsylvania with over 16 years of experience in the mental health domain.I hold the title of Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), continually advancing my understanding of trauma. My passion lies in supporting women who have endured trauma, particularly survivors of sexual trauma, childhood sexual abuse, and domestic violence. Additionally, I specialize in addressing various behavioral health concerns such as anxiety, low self-esteem, low self-confidence, grief, and PTSD.
(215) 267-5719 View (215) 267-5719
Photo of Josh Zlatkus, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Josh Zlatkus
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Hi, I have openings on Tuesday and Wednesday throughout the day, so if that works for your schedule, either in person or virtually, please reach out. Otherwise I am full at the moment. I work best with people who a) think they are too smart for therapy, or too smart to be generally understood, b) have been struggling with the same problem for many years, and/or c) could benefit from insight in addition to empathy.
Hi, I have openings on Tuesday and Wednesday throughout the day, so if that works for your schedule, either in person or virtually, please reach out. Otherwise I am full at the moment. I work best with people who a) think they are too smart for therapy, or too smart to be generally understood, b) have been struggling with the same problem for many years, and/or c) could benefit from insight in addition to empathy.
(215) 515-9135 View (215) 515-9135
Photo of Kerry Elizabeth Hill, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Kerry Elizabeth Hill
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19110
I'm passionate about self-forgiveness, self-identity, chronic illness and hidden disability, finding your life's purpose and desires, relational conflict, and experiences of the LGBTQIA+ community.​ I believe therapy is inherently political and I don’t shy away from the impact that our society’s history, policies, and practices have on our mental health. I want to help you explore the intersections of your experiences and identities.
I'm passionate about self-forgiveness, self-identity, chronic illness and hidden disability, finding your life's purpose and desires, relational conflict, and experiences of the LGBTQIA+ community.​ I believe therapy is inherently political and I don’t shy away from the impact that our society’s history, policies, and practices have on our mental health. I want to help you explore the intersections of your experiences and identities.
(267) 389-9311 View (267) 389-9311
Photo of Gwenn Prinbeck, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Gwenn Prinbeck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, PCC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19146
A loving, self-aware, and compassionate relationship with yourself is a sturdy foundation from which to experience the world. Sometimes we struggle to develop self compassion, or our kind connection with ourselves becomes dampened. I offer support to individuals, children ten years and older, couples and families who are looking for support in connecting with themselves and others. I strive to create a trusting and non-judgmental therapeutic space for safe exploration, learning, and growth, and I work hard to connect to each client's intricacies.
A loving, self-aware, and compassionate relationship with yourself is a sturdy foundation from which to experience the world. Sometimes we struggle to develop self compassion, or our kind connection with ourselves becomes dampened. I offer support to individuals, children ten years and older, couples and families who are looking for support in connecting with themselves and others. I strive to create a trusting and non-judgmental therapeutic space for safe exploration, learning, and growth, and I work hard to connect to each client's intricacies.
(610) 890-8252 x100 View (610) 890-8252 x100

See more therapy options for Philadelphia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
74% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
60% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.