Therapists in Winston Salem, NC

Photo of Rebecca Rugh-Webb, Psychologist in Winston Salem, NC
Rebecca Rugh-Webb
Psychologist, MA, LPA
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27106
Hi! My name is Rebecca. I'm a licensed psychologist, artist, herbalist, and enthusiastic advocate for holistic healing. Think of me as The Intuitive Artologist (someone who uses scientifically-proven modalities and my own guided intuition to provide my clients with highly customized care.) As someone with ADHD, I'm very passionate about empowering people with all kinds of neurodivergence, which is why I have made it my life's mission to teach people how to embrace their quirks and learn how to optimize them. I have a variety of soul-ution based services that work to create ease in your physical, mental, and spiritual wellness.
Hi! My name is Rebecca. I'm a licensed psychologist, artist, herbalist, and enthusiastic advocate for holistic healing. Think of me as The Intuitive Artologist (someone who uses scientifically-proven modalities and my own guided intuition to provide my clients with highly customized care.) As someone with ADHD, I'm very passionate about empowering people with all kinds of neurodivergence, which is why I have made it my life's mission to teach people how to embrace their quirks and learn how to optimize them. I have a variety of soul-ution based services that work to create ease in your physical, mental, and spiritual wellness.
(336) 439-8870 View (336) 439-8870
Photo of Andrew P Smiler, Psychological Associate in Winston Salem, NC
Andrew P Smiler
Psychological Associate, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27106
I specialize in working with males of all ages, especially ages 13-40. The issues I typically address are anger-acting out-not following rules, anxiety, relationship problems, gender issues, GBTQ issues, and sexual performance issues. With teens and young adults, I often focus on being responsible, positive and negative consequences of behavior, learning how to manage stress, developing healthy relationships, and charting a path forward. I also work with male abuse survivors of all ages, addressing many of the issues listed above as well as boundary issues and developing a healthier sense of self.
I specialize in working with males of all ages, especially ages 13-40. The issues I typically address are anger-acting out-not following rules, anxiety, relationship problems, gender issues, GBTQ issues, and sexual performance issues. With teens and young adults, I often focus on being responsible, positive and negative consequences of behavior, learning how to manage stress, developing healthy relationships, and charting a path forward. I also work with male abuse survivors of all ages, addressing many of the issues listed above as well as boundary issues and developing a healthier sense of self.
(336) 525-7092 View (336) 525-7092
Photo of Alan Capistrant, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Alan Capistrant
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27104
Alan Capistrant is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 20 years of experience. Alan received his Masters degree in Counselor Education in 2002 from the CACREP accredited Institute, the Pennsylvania State University at University Park, Pennsylvania. He is currently licensed in the state of North Carolina. Alan provides counseling services to individuals, including children, adolescents, and adults. He currently provides individual and family therapy to a wide range of individuals. His general approach to counseling includes promoting autonomy, utilizing strength-based techniques.
Alan Capistrant is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 20 years of experience. Alan received his Masters degree in Counselor Education in 2002 from the CACREP accredited Institute, the Pennsylvania State University at University Park, Pennsylvania. He is currently licensed in the state of North Carolina. Alan provides counseling services to individuals, including children, adolescents, and adults. He currently provides individual and family therapy to a wide range of individuals. His general approach to counseling includes promoting autonomy, utilizing strength-based techniques.
(336) 360-6811 View (336) 360-6811
Jenifer Shadrick
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27104  (Online Only)
Jenifer Shadrick is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC). Jenifer obtained a Bachelor's degree in Psychology Christian Counseling with a minor in Special Education in 2013 from Liberty University and then went on to graduate with a Master’s degree of Professional Counseling in 2015. Jenifer works with individuals struggling with communication, impulse control, relationships, social skills, self esteem, anxiety, addictions, and adjustment issues.
Jenifer Shadrick is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC). Jenifer obtained a Bachelor's degree in Psychology Christian Counseling with a minor in Special Education in 2013 from Liberty University and then went on to graduate with a Master’s degree of Professional Counseling in 2015. Jenifer works with individuals struggling with communication, impulse control, relationships, social skills, self esteem, anxiety, addictions, and adjustment issues.
(336) 276-2753 View (336) 276-2753
Photo of Trinity Christian Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Trinity Christian Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, BCPCC
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27106
Have there been times when you felt that all hope was lost? It isn't. Do you wonder how you are going to take that next step? God is on your side. He has beautiful plans for your life, plans to give you hope and a future! The team at Trinity Christian Counseling desires nothing more than to assist you in discovering that plan and to walk along side you as you grow in God's grace. Using the Bible, Christ-centered wisdom, and psychological principles, we will help guide you back to emotional, spiritual, behavioral, and relational wholeness.
Have there been times when you felt that all hope was lost? It isn't. Do you wonder how you are going to take that next step? God is on your side. He has beautiful plans for your life, plans to give you hope and a future! The team at Trinity Christian Counseling desires nothing more than to assist you in discovering that plan and to walk along side you as you grow in God's grace. Using the Bible, Christ-centered wisdom, and psychological principles, we will help guide you back to emotional, spiritual, behavioral, and relational wholeness.
(336) 397-4718 View (336) 397-4718
Photo of Jane Tastet, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in Winston Salem, NC
Jane Tastet
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27103
If you struggle to trust, to find contentedness with life, or to feel like you truly know yourself, then I can help you access your inner guidance. My goal is to meet you where you are, hear you- hear what you say, and what you don't, and then work together to find the empowerment and resilience to adapt and overcome the suffering you're faced with. I believe you are inherently worthy and have goodness and wisdom inside. I believe the nervous system can get in the way of presence and happiness but with some processing, unlearning, and relearning you can break free from old patterns and meet the self that you've wanted to be.
If you struggle to trust, to find contentedness with life, or to feel like you truly know yourself, then I can help you access your inner guidance. My goal is to meet you where you are, hear you- hear what you say, and what you don't, and then work together to find the empowerment and resilience to adapt and overcome the suffering you're faced with. I believe you are inherently worthy and have goodness and wisdom inside. I believe the nervous system can get in the way of presence and happiness but with some processing, unlearning, and relearning you can break free from old patterns and meet the self that you've wanted to be.
(336) 560-8689 View (336) 560-8689
Photo of Emily Watson, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Emily Watson
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, NCC, CTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27101
Healing starts with connection. Emily uses a person-centered approach to address effective communication, anger management, interpersonal struggles, and adjustment or transitional challenges. Emily provides individual counseling services, case support, care coordination, and community resources to connect adolescents and adults with individualized clinical care appropriate for each client.
Healing starts with connection. Emily uses a person-centered approach to address effective communication, anger management, interpersonal struggles, and adjustment or transitional challenges. Emily provides individual counseling services, case support, care coordination, and community resources to connect adolescents and adults with individualized clinical care appropriate for each client.
(336) 810-8598 View (336) 810-8598
Photo of Judy Pisarro-Grant, Marriage & Family Therapist in Winston Salem, NC
Judy Pisarro-Grant
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27106
Not accepting new clients
Many people struggle with feelings of depression and anxiety, experience challenges in parenting, family life or relationships, have concerns about self-esteem, or worry about their own or family members’ troubling behaviors. As a highly experienced Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, these are issues that I have helped many people successfully navigate and resolve, and I welcome the opportunity to help new clients do the same. I work with adults and adolescent individuals.
Many people struggle with feelings of depression and anxiety, experience challenges in parenting, family life or relationships, have concerns about self-esteem, or worry about their own or family members’ troubling behaviors. As a highly experienced Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, these are issues that I have helped many people successfully navigate and resolve, and I welcome the opportunity to help new clients do the same. I work with adults and adolescent individuals.
(336) 560-9347 View (336) 560-9347
Photo of Katherine S Rives, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Winston Salem, NC
Katherine S Rives
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW, LCAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27106
Would you like to gain a better understanding of yourself, patterns of behaviors/ cycles of thinking- with the intention of creating a more fulfilling life? We will work together to establish a treatment plan that fits your goals and needs.
Would you like to gain a better understanding of yourself, patterns of behaviors/ cycles of thinking- with the intention of creating a more fulfilling life? We will work together to establish a treatment plan that fits your goals and needs.
(336) 360-3783 View (336) 360-3783
Photo of Zay McCullough, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Winston Salem, NC
Zay McCullough
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27103  (Online Only)
You know... healing takes time. If you're reading this, that means you're seeking help for yourself or your child(ren), which is courageous & demonstrates determination! For that, I admire and applaud you! Congrats on taking the first step to self improvement. I'm the empathetic & compassionate guide/coach/personal hype man for those wanting to break free from what has them in bondage or is hindering them. I'm accepting clients aged 10+ for virtual sessions struggling with various issues. I take the time to get to know each client in efforts to promote utilization of their strengths to help achieve the goals they want!
You know... healing takes time. If you're reading this, that means you're seeking help for yourself or your child(ren), which is courageous & demonstrates determination! For that, I admire and applaud you! Congrats on taking the first step to self improvement. I'm the empathetic & compassionate guide/coach/personal hype man for those wanting to break free from what has them in bondage or is hindering them. I'm accepting clients aged 10+ for virtual sessions struggling with various issues. I take the time to get to know each client in efforts to promote utilization of their strengths to help achieve the goals they want!
(336) 810-0975 View (336) 810-0975
Photo of Leslie Dempsey, Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Leslie Dempsey
Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27101  (Online Only)
Ever find yourself in an internal loop of “I’m not good enough,” “It’s all my fault,” or “no one cares”? You often feel lonely, even in a large group of people or like you never really fit in. Perhaps you’ve found drugs or alcohol to “treat” your feelings of emptiness and insecurity around connecting with others. You’ve experienced events in life you’ve never spoken about and are wondering how these things are still showing up in your day-to-day choices. Maybe you’ve been told your whole life to lean into a belief system that no longer serves you and you are ready to explore more meaningful explanations on how to live your best life
Ever find yourself in an internal loop of “I’m not good enough,” “It’s all my fault,” or “no one cares”? You often feel lonely, even in a large group of people or like you never really fit in. Perhaps you’ve found drugs or alcohol to “treat” your feelings of emptiness and insecurity around connecting with others. You’ve experienced events in life you’ve never spoken about and are wondering how these things are still showing up in your day-to-day choices. Maybe you’ve been told your whole life to lean into a belief system that no longer serves you and you are ready to explore more meaningful explanations on how to live your best life
(252) 787-7193 View (252) 787-7193
Photo of Harvest TimeReaping Seeds Sown, Licensed Professional Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Harvest TimeReaping Seeds Sown
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27107
Your needs will be addressed with providing you the tools and interventions to improve your quality of life. Furthermore, being able to empower clients to utilize the skills and techniques for improving their lives.
Your needs will be addressed with providing you the tools and interventions to improve your quality of life. Furthermore, being able to empower clients to utilize the skills and techniques for improving their lives.
(336) 864-2531 View (336) 864-2531
Photo of Shelby Prevatt, Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Shelby Prevatt
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27101  (Online Only)
Hello there! I’m so glad you’re taking the step to reach out and connect with someone familiar with helping people navigate the challenges life often throws at us. From depression to burnout, and anything in between, I’m here to help you not only work on the issues at hand, but help you uncover the core reason why you're no longer feeling like yourself. While I specialize in working with clients 16+ struggling with eating disorders, I’m also passionate about trauma work, neurodivergence, attachment concerns, and general mood changes.
Hello there! I’m so glad you’re taking the step to reach out and connect with someone familiar with helping people navigate the challenges life often throws at us. From depression to burnout, and anything in between, I’m here to help you not only work on the issues at hand, but help you uncover the core reason why you're no longer feeling like yourself. While I specialize in working with clients 16+ struggling with eating disorders, I’m also passionate about trauma work, neurodivergence, attachment concerns, and general mood changes.
(980) 243-4224 View (980) 243-4224
Photo of James Wise, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Winston Salem, NC
James Wise
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFT, LMFTA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27101
As a family systems therapist, I view clients from the perspective of their holistic environment. Together we will look at where you are coming from, and where you want to go. I work with clients between 13-80 experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, loss, trauma, relationship issues, marital conflict, family conflict, major life adjustments, adolescent issues, parenting issues, men’s issues, and more. I also work with couples and families to improve communication, process trauma, and enhance relationships. There is a soft spot in my heart for teens, young families, couples, men, and those who grieve.
As a family systems therapist, I view clients from the perspective of their holistic environment. Together we will look at where you are coming from, and where you want to go. I work with clients between 13-80 experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, loss, trauma, relationship issues, marital conflict, family conflict, major life adjustments, adolescent issues, parenting issues, men’s issues, and more. I also work with couples and families to improve communication, process trauma, and enhance relationships. There is a soft spot in my heart for teens, young families, couples, men, and those who grieve.
(336) 606-3593 View (336) 606-3593
Photo of Wayne R. Bills, Marriage & Family Therapist in Winston Salem, NC
Wayne R. Bills
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27106
Marriage need a tuneup? Feeling overwhelmed? Anxious? Depressed? .... I can help. If you are looking for someone who can guide you through a change process, and you are ready to do what it takes, let's talk. I serve the Piedmont Triad area, and can also meet with you via Tele-counseling from anywhere in NC. Why wait any longer? Just pick up the phone and call. Let's talk about your needs, challenges and goals. We can then determine if my skills and experience are right for you.
Marriage need a tuneup? Feeling overwhelmed? Anxious? Depressed? .... I can help. If you are looking for someone who can guide you through a change process, and you are ready to do what it takes, let's talk. I serve the Piedmont Triad area, and can also meet with you via Tele-counseling from anywhere in NC. Why wait any longer? Just pick up the phone and call. Let's talk about your needs, challenges and goals. We can then determine if my skills and experience are right for you.
(336) 652-3029 View (336) 652-3029
Photo of Samuel B. Gray, Psychologist in Winston Salem, NC
Samuel B. Gray
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27101
Dr. Sam Gray is a licensed psychologist with a broad array of experience from working in a state mental hospital to community mental health and forensic practice. Dr. Gray received his doctorate from the Minnesota School of Professional Psychology in 2004 and specializes in psychological and forensic assessments, expert testimony, and psychological evaluations. He opened Carolina Psychology Group, PLLC in 2008 in Winston-Salem, where Dr. Gray grew up and now lives with his wife and two children.
Dr. Sam Gray is a licensed psychologist with a broad array of experience from working in a state mental hospital to community mental health and forensic practice. Dr. Gray received his doctorate from the Minnesota School of Professional Psychology in 2004 and specializes in psychological and forensic assessments, expert testimony, and psychological evaluations. He opened Carolina Psychology Group, PLLC in 2008 in Winston-Salem, where Dr. Gray grew up and now lives with his wife and two children.
(336) 814-8191 View (336) 814-8191
Photo of Arnold Joseph Colamarino, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in Winston Salem, NC
Arnold Joseph Colamarino
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27106
I work with clients who are dealing with different issues, such as anxiety, depression, and trauma. Together we set goals in order to overcome or manage the obstacles that each issue brings.
I work with clients who are dealing with different issues, such as anxiety, depression, and trauma. Together we set goals in order to overcome or manage the obstacles that each issue brings.
(336) 792-5824 x721 View (336) 792-5824 x721
Photo of Maleah Koppa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Winston Salem, NC
Maleah Koppa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27104
Maleah Griggs is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker( LCSW) who has over 6 years of experience offering collaborative, person-centered counseling. She specializes in assisting adult clients to better manage their anxiety, depression, substance use, self-esteem, trauma, life transitions, stress management, emotional regulation skills, and more. Maleah earned her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Sociology from the University of Colorado and went on to earn her Master of Social Work from the University of Kansas.
Maleah Griggs is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker( LCSW) who has over 6 years of experience offering collaborative, person-centered counseling. She specializes in assisting adult clients to better manage their anxiety, depression, substance use, self-esteem, trauma, life transitions, stress management, emotional regulation skills, and more. Maleah earned her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Sociology from the University of Colorado and went on to earn her Master of Social Work from the University of Kansas.
(336) 948-8738 View (336) 948-8738
Photo of Erin Elliott, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Erin Elliott
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27101
I help youth and families communicate better and enjoy time together more. If you are experiencing relationship difficulties or struggling with the effects of stress, trauma, anxiety, depression, or grief, I would be honored to support you. I am especially passionate about counseling diverse families and people of all ages while they navigate life transitions, identity development, and learning or social-emotional concerns. As a former teacher with eight years of experience in public schools, I am also skilled at supporting students and parents as they work to meet their educational goals.
I help youth and families communicate better and enjoy time together more. If you are experiencing relationship difficulties or struggling with the effects of stress, trauma, anxiety, depression, or grief, I would be honored to support you. I am especially passionate about counseling diverse families and people of all ages while they navigate life transitions, identity development, and learning or social-emotional concerns. As a former teacher with eight years of experience in public schools, I am also skilled at supporting students and parents as they work to meet their educational goals.
(336) 203-8975 View (336) 203-8975
Photo of Martha B Metzler, Counselor in Winston Salem, NC
Martha B Metzler
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27106
Waitlist for new clients
My heart is to serve anyone that walks through my door. I hope to create a safe, trusting place for you to know you can share your struggles in an authentic and raw, and productive space. My heart is to serve you in a holistic way and I desire to give equal attention to the past, present, and future. I tend to lean towards a cognitive behavioral approach with a lot of grace thrown in. I desire to sit in the mess with you but then empower and equip you with the skills and coping mechanisms to climb your way out.
My heart is to serve anyone that walks through my door. I hope to create a safe, trusting place for you to know you can share your struggles in an authentic and raw, and productive space. My heart is to serve you in a holistic way and I desire to give equal attention to the past, present, and future. I tend to lean towards a cognitive behavioral approach with a lot of grace thrown in. I desire to sit in the mess with you but then empower and equip you with the skills and coping mechanisms to climb your way out.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Winston Salem, NC

500+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Winston Salem, NC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
73% Coping Skills
73% Stress
72% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
65% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Winston Salem, NC see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Winston Salem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.