Therapists in Lubbock, TX

Photo of Britni Huntley, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Lubbock, TX
Britni Huntley
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79414
As a person who has had experience sitting in the client’s chair, I understand how hard it can be to reach out for help sometimes. I approach clients by meeting them where they are with genuine acceptance. I encourage clients to develop greater self-awareness and mental health through processing their experiences and learning new ways to approach and process life’s challenges. I understand each person's situation is unique and requires unique solutions. I provide support as we address a variety of issues and identify effective ways to cope and achieve goals.
As a person who has had experience sitting in the client’s chair, I understand how hard it can be to reach out for help sometimes. I approach clients by meeting them where they are with genuine acceptance. I encourage clients to develop greater self-awareness and mental health through processing their experiences and learning new ways to approach and process life’s challenges. I understand each person's situation is unique and requires unique solutions. I provide support as we address a variety of issues and identify effective ways to cope and achieve goals.
(806) 835-5853 View (806) 835-5853
Photo of Tonya Lott, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Tonya Lott
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79414
I believe that validation is key to creating a foundation from which to begin recovering from mental health challenges. If you do not feel validated, you will continue to suffer, often times in silence. I also believe in being my true authentic self with my clients in hopes that this will inspire them to do the same. The important thing for me is that I can meet you where you are and empower you to start making the changes you would like to see. “The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a destination.” – Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person
I believe that validation is key to creating a foundation from which to begin recovering from mental health challenges. If you do not feel validated, you will continue to suffer, often times in silence. I also believe in being my true authentic self with my clients in hopes that this will inspire them to do the same. The important thing for me is that I can meet you where you are and empower you to start making the changes you would like to see. “The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a destination.” – Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person
(806) 878-7452 View (806) 878-7452
Photo of Jennifer Morse, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Jennifer Morse
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, PLLC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! Jennifer strives to help people feel empowered and confident in their decisions, gain self-understanding and awareness, and find direction. Jennifer can help you process trauma (past or recent) and develop coping strategies. Jennifer provides person-centered therapy and wants to meet you where you are in life. Jennifer wants you to feel that you are a part of your therapy journey. Clients describe Jennifer as easy-going, open-minded, understanding, and easy to talk to. Jennifer values comprehensive care and collaboration with doctors, psychiatrists, and other professionals (with client consent).
Welcome! Jennifer strives to help people feel empowered and confident in their decisions, gain self-understanding and awareness, and find direction. Jennifer can help you process trauma (past or recent) and develop coping strategies. Jennifer provides person-centered therapy and wants to meet you where you are in life. Jennifer wants you to feel that you are a part of your therapy journey. Clients describe Jennifer as easy-going, open-minded, understanding, and easy to talk to. Jennifer values comprehensive care and collaboration with doctors, psychiatrists, and other professionals (with client consent).
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Photo of Jason M White, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Lubbock, TX
Jason M White
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT(i)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79414
As a Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT) my job is to work with clients, couples, and families to help them understand and overcome the breakdown of communication, emotional and behavioral challenges that can lead to problems in family units. As an MFT, my ultimate goal is to strive to help families understand the root causes of family systems breakdowns. As a husband, father, partner, and military veteran, I have extensive experience working with diverse cultures. My background includes working with Veterans with PTSD and their family members, as well as individuals, couples, and families to overcome temporary disagreements.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT) my job is to work with clients, couples, and families to help them understand and overcome the breakdown of communication, emotional and behavioral challenges that can lead to problems in family units. As an MFT, my ultimate goal is to strive to help families understand the root causes of family systems breakdowns. As a husband, father, partner, and military veteran, I have extensive experience working with diverse cultures. My background includes working with Veterans with PTSD and their family members, as well as individuals, couples, and families to overcome temporary disagreements.
(432) 226-7671 View (432) 226-7671
Photo of Shena Smith, Psychologist in Lubbock, TX
Shena Smith
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79423
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling like you aren't yourself lately? Maybe you're wondering why everything seems like so much effort or you don't find joy like you use to. Or perhaps anxiety is keeping you from living the life you want. Maybe life has thrown you one too many curve balls and you're feeling overwhelmed and hopeless. You may feel alone in your experience or feel stuck, perhaps believing you are a failure, unlovable, or unworthy. Self-doubt, sadness, and anxiety are part of the human experience. Our reactions to those thoughts and feelings; however, can lead to overwhelming distress.
Are you feeling like you aren't yourself lately? Maybe you're wondering why everything seems like so much effort or you don't find joy like you use to. Or perhaps anxiety is keeping you from living the life you want. Maybe life has thrown you one too many curve balls and you're feeling overwhelmed and hopeless. You may feel alone in your experience or feel stuck, perhaps believing you are a failure, unlovable, or unworthy. Self-doubt, sadness, and anxiety are part of the human experience. Our reactions to those thoughts and feelings; however, can lead to overwhelming distress.
(806) 730-2742 View (806) 730-2742
Photo of Your Healing Place, LLC, Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Your Healing Place, LLC
Counselor, LMSW, PhD
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79423
My name is Dr. Kelly Chroback and I am passionate about helping people heal from the inside out. I take a holistic approach to treat the mind, body, and soul of people on healing journeys. I earned my Masters in Social Work from the University of Pennsylvania and my Ph.D. In Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies from Texas Tech University. I have a profound love and respect for working with the addiction-recovery community, as well as people who simply want to better their lives. I am confident that together, we can help you find your way back to You.
My name is Dr. Kelly Chroback and I am passionate about helping people heal from the inside out. I take a holistic approach to treat the mind, body, and soul of people on healing journeys. I earned my Masters in Social Work from the University of Pennsylvania and my Ph.D. In Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies from Texas Tech University. I have a profound love and respect for working with the addiction-recovery community, as well as people who simply want to better their lives. I am confident that together, we can help you find your way back to You.
(806) 591-3172 View (806) 591-3172
Photo of Kinsey Weir, LPC Associate in Lubbock, TX
Kinsey Weir
LPC Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
Life brings countless challenges we have to endure and overcome. Often we do not want to face these challenges alone and I am here to say you do not have to do it alone. My name is Kinsey Weir and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor – Associate, supervised by Crystal Gilster, LPC-S.
Life brings countless challenges we have to endure and overcome. Often we do not want to face these challenges alone and I am here to say you do not have to do it alone. My name is Kinsey Weir and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor – Associate, supervised by Crystal Gilster, LPC-S.
(806) 452-4978 View (806) 452-4978
Photo of Ian Cole Watts, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lubbock, TX
Ian Cole Watts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, LCDC, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
Call/text/email or schedule an appointment! www.calendly.com/5000watts - - Hey there, I'm Cole. You might be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure where to start on your journey to healing. If that's you, you're in the right place. With over a decade of hands-on experience in outpatient substance use and co-occurring disorders treatment, and housing, I've seen it all. From the rigid corporate structures to the one-size-fits-all therapy approaches that often miss the mark, I understand the gaps in traditional treatment. That's why I aim to break the mold. Ready to start your next chapter? Let's make it a transformative one!
Call/text/email or schedule an appointment! www.calendly.com/5000watts - - Hey there, I'm Cole. You might be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure where to start on your journey to healing. If that's you, you're in the right place. With over a decade of hands-on experience in outpatient substance use and co-occurring disorders treatment, and housing, I've seen it all. From the rigid corporate structures to the one-size-fits-all therapy approaches that often miss the mark, I understand the gaps in traditional treatment. That's why I aim to break the mold. Ready to start your next chapter? Let's make it a transformative one!
(806) 230-6728 View (806) 230-6728
Photo of Heather Menasco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lubbock, TX
Heather Menasco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
Mental health issues are becoming increasingly common in our world today, and I believe getting professional help is an act of strength and courage. I want you to know you are not alone. Many individuals can experience symptoms associated with painful and traumatic circumstances. Anxiety, fear, and hopelessness are a few emotions that can linger after traumatic events or difficult life transitions. I can help you overcome these symptoms and guide you through the process of grief and healing.
Mental health issues are becoming increasingly common in our world today, and I believe getting professional help is an act of strength and courage. I want you to know you are not alone. Many individuals can experience symptoms associated with painful and traumatic circumstances. Anxiety, fear, and hopelessness are a few emotions that can linger after traumatic events or difficult life transitions. I can help you overcome these symptoms and guide you through the process of grief and healing.
(806) 230-5924 View (806) 230-5924
Photo of Holly Warren, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Holly Warren
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LCDC, LPC
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79423
My goal is to provide a safe, nurturing environment in which you can begin your journey toward deep healing.
My goal is to provide a safe, nurturing environment in which you can begin your journey toward deep healing.
(806) 589-4414 View (806) 589-4414
Photo of Hearts Restored Counseling , Licensed Professional Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Hearts Restored Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LSOTP, LCDC-I, CPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79413
AVAILABLITY WEEKENDS and EVENINGS!! Tele-health during business hours. Life is crazy and unfair!! I am here to listen and walk with you through whatever it is you're experiencing. I have worked with all types of issues ranging from depression, anxiety, addiction, family issues, and crisis where people are giving up and struggling with life's hardships. I just want you to know that whatever it is you're going through, someone out there cares and is willing to listen! I hope I can be that person who can help. If I feel your issues are out of my scope of practice, I will refer you to wherever you can continue your journey.
AVAILABLITY WEEKENDS and EVENINGS!! Tele-health during business hours. Life is crazy and unfair!! I am here to listen and walk with you through whatever it is you're experiencing. I have worked with all types of issues ranging from depression, anxiety, addiction, family issues, and crisis where people are giving up and struggling with life's hardships. I just want you to know that whatever it is you're going through, someone out there cares and is willing to listen! I hope I can be that person who can help. If I feel your issues are out of my scope of practice, I will refer you to wherever you can continue your journey.
(806) 203-5872 View (806) 203-5872
Photo of Jane Westmoreland, Psychologist in Lubbock, TX
Jane Westmoreland
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
Are you searching for a therapist who really listens to your concerns and who is not afraid to respond? I am a licensed clinical psychologist who actively engages with you to assist you in sorting through life's complications. I use a warm, non-judgmental approach while helping you navigate various challenges, stressors and/or traumas.
Are you searching for a therapist who really listens to your concerns and who is not afraid to respond? I am a licensed clinical psychologist who actively engages with you to assist you in sorting through life's complications. I use a warm, non-judgmental approach while helping you navigate various challenges, stressors and/or traumas.
(806) 424-4834 View (806) 424-4834
Photo of Helen Feola, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Helen Feola
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
Accepting new clients. If you are reading this right now, your are likely feeling burdened by something. Maybe you are grieving the loss of a special person or a pet. Maybe you have come to a fork in the road and are unsure of what direction to take. Maybe you are feeling overwhelmed by life in general. Regardless of the burdens you face, I believe there is hope in overcoming them.
Accepting new clients. If you are reading this right now, your are likely feeling burdened by something. Maybe you are grieving the loss of a special person or a pet. Maybe you have come to a fork in the road and are unsure of what direction to take. Maybe you are feeling overwhelmed by life in general. Regardless of the burdens you face, I believe there is hope in overcoming them.
(806) 602-8345 View (806) 602-8345
Photo of HealingChoice Family Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Lubbock, TX
HealingChoice Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT-S, BC-TMH, EMDR
Verified Verified
18 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
As a Texas based practice, we are passionate about helping people overcome problems they view as getting in the way of life's pleasures. We enjoy working with individuals (adolescents and adults), couples, and families using a variety of therapeutic approaches. Our work with clients is determined by the problem brought to the session and the goals you want my help accomplishing. If you need some assistance with strengthening your relationships, managing your depression, anxiety, trauma, or help with other therapeutic needs. Give me a call or visit my website to learn more!
As a Texas based practice, we are passionate about helping people overcome problems they view as getting in the way of life's pleasures. We enjoy working with individuals (adolescents and adults), couples, and families using a variety of therapeutic approaches. Our work with clients is determined by the problem brought to the session and the goals you want my help accomplishing. If you need some assistance with strengthening your relationships, managing your depression, anxiety, trauma, or help with other therapeutic needs. Give me a call or visit my website to learn more!
(806) 478-0240 View (806) 478-0240
Photo of Sarah Fuhrmeister Lpc Associate -Supervised By Dr. Katye Galloway Lpc-S, LPC Intern in Lubbock, TX
Sarah Fuhrmeister Lpc Associate -Supervised By Dr. Katye Galloway Lpc-S
LPC Intern, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
Another day underway... Went to bed exhausted, woke up the same way. Spent an hour last night staring at the ceiling…drift off and bam, time to wake up. Living the dream...not. More like another frickin' long day...spent 20 minutes (you didn't have) searching for your keys. Driving to work, everyone's out to piss you off with their driving. Cut off twice, honked at, and the person tapping their brakes 100 times pushed you over the edge. 15-hour work shifts draining what little energy you have. Mind's all over the place. Overwhelmed and stuck. On your 4th argument of the week with your partner, it’s only Wednesday.
Another day underway... Went to bed exhausted, woke up the same way. Spent an hour last night staring at the ceiling…drift off and bam, time to wake up. Living the dream...not. More like another frickin' long day...spent 20 minutes (you didn't have) searching for your keys. Driving to work, everyone's out to piss you off with their driving. Cut off twice, honked at, and the person tapping their brakes 100 times pushed you over the edge. 15-hour work shifts draining what little energy you have. Mind's all over the place. Overwhelmed and stuck. On your 4th argument of the week with your partner, it’s only Wednesday.
(806) 615-2962 View (806) 615-2962
Photo of Susan Lilly, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Susan Lilly
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79413
I believe counseling is a unique opportunity to assist individuals by meeting them where they are in life's journey. I think it is essential to work with individuals and families from a strengths-based approach and in ways that best meet their needs. Counseling is a collaborative effort between the counselor and client, and it is designed to help individuals identify goals and solutions to the problems that disrupt their lives.
I believe counseling is a unique opportunity to assist individuals by meeting them where they are in life's journey. I think it is essential to work with individuals and families from a strengths-based approach and in ways that best meet their needs. Counseling is a collaborative effort between the counselor and client, and it is designed to help individuals identify goals and solutions to the problems that disrupt their lives.
(806) 605-0224 View (806) 605-0224
Photo of Kate Pennington, LPC Associate in Lubbock, TX
Kate Pennington
LPC Associate, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79414  (Online Only)
We all have what we need already inside ourselves, but sometimes we struggle to know and utilize those strengths in difficult situations. Ego state therapy and “parts work” can help you tap into a set of tools many of us don’t even know we have. As we work together, I will help you get to know yourself in a more meaningful way, understand and heal your traumas, break out of dysfunctional patterns, and strengthen your connection to the powerful helpers and skills you have within your own brain. My life has been changed by this creative and empowering therapy and I hope to do the same with the clients and couples in my care.
We all have what we need already inside ourselves, but sometimes we struggle to know and utilize those strengths in difficult situations. Ego state therapy and “parts work” can help you tap into a set of tools many of us don’t even know we have. As we work together, I will help you get to know yourself in a more meaningful way, understand and heal your traumas, break out of dysfunctional patterns, and strengthen your connection to the powerful helpers and skills you have within your own brain. My life has been changed by this creative and empowering therapy and I hope to do the same with the clients and couples in my care.
(806) 779-4882 View (806) 779-4882
Photo of Amanda Schultz, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Lubbock, TX
Amanda Schultz
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
I am now accepting new clients for in person or virtual evening availability. I have a passion for helping others through challenging obstacles in their life. I know what it's like to struggle with life issues and mental health; having support is essential. If you'd like someone genuine, understanding, or just someone to talk to, I'd be happy to help.
I am now accepting new clients for in person or virtual evening availability. I have a passion for helping others through challenging obstacles in their life. I know what it's like to struggle with life issues and mental health; having support is essential. If you'd like someone genuine, understanding, or just someone to talk to, I'd be happy to help.
(806) 590-1303 View (806) 590-1303
Photo of Melody D Libby, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lubbock, TX
Melody D Libby
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79413  (Online Only)
I offer a wide range of services including but not limited to anxiety; depression; stress management; bipolar disorder; legal issues; personality disorders; chronic pain; substance abuse; Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; chronic illness, etc. I conduct virtual sessions via Wellnite's platform; register here: www.wellnite.co/practice/register/6506e79ee517a7e1683b6177
I offer a wide range of services including but not limited to anxiety; depression; stress management; bipolar disorder; legal issues; personality disorders; chronic pain; substance abuse; Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; chronic illness, etc. I conduct virtual sessions via Wellnite's platform; register here: www.wellnite.co/practice/register/6506e79ee517a7e1683b6177
(254) 735-3441 View (254) 735-3441
Photo of Percilla Carey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lubbock, TX
Percilla Carey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79423  (Online Only)
Have you ever felt hopeless, overwhelmed by the hurt, misunderstanding, betrayal and the loss that life can bring? Despite what you may have been through, there is an open door beyond which you can find hope, healing, growth and joy. Every difficulty in our lives brings with it the choice to either grow stronger and find fulfillment or remain trapped in hurt and pain. I became a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in 1990 and have observed individuals take back what has been stolen and be restored to healing and wholeness. It has been my privilege to observe individuals choose freedom and hope.
Have you ever felt hopeless, overwhelmed by the hurt, misunderstanding, betrayal and the loss that life can bring? Despite what you may have been through, there is an open door beyond which you can find hope, healing, growth and joy. Every difficulty in our lives brings with it the choice to either grow stronger and find fulfillment or remain trapped in hurt and pain. I became a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in 1990 and have observed individuals take back what has been stolen and be restored to healing and wholeness. It has been my privilege to observe individuals choose freedom and hope.
(806) 808-0668 View (806) 808-0668

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lubbock, TX

300+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Lubbock, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Grief

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
75% Aetna
74% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Lubbock, TX see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lubbock?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.