Therapists in Albany, NY

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Photo of Justin Giambruno, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Justin Giambruno
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12205
"I am not what happend to me, I am what I choose to become." I work with my client, establishing goals that are congruent and authentic to themselves and who they want to become. I work with an empithatic and non-judgemental approach.
"I am not what happend to me, I am what I choose to become." I work with my client, establishing goals that are congruent and authentic to themselves and who they want to become. I work with an empithatic and non-judgemental approach.
(518) 401-0914 View (518) 401-0914
Photo of Desiree Ghisolfi, Licensed Master Social Worker in Albany, NY
Desiree Ghisolfi
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12203
Not accepting new clients
Welcome to the next chapter in your healing story. It takes courage to admit when we are struggling and make that bold first step towards seeking change. I know both personally and through my years of experience counseling others how difficult this can be, and I will guide you through it every step of the way. First and foremost, I provide a warm, genuine, non-judgmental environment for my clients to facilitate healing based on a trusting therapeutic relationship. Fostering a personalized treatment model for each individual client, we collaborate and decide together what style of treatment works best for you.
Welcome to the next chapter in your healing story. It takes courage to admit when we are struggling and make that bold first step towards seeking change. I know both personally and through my years of experience counseling others how difficult this can be, and I will guide you through it every step of the way. First and foremost, I provide a warm, genuine, non-judgmental environment for my clients to facilitate healing based on a trusting therapeutic relationship. Fostering a personalized treatment model for each individual client, we collaborate and decide together what style of treatment works best for you.
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Photo of Marvin Horne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Marvin Horne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12203  (Online Only)
Seeking help to manage mental health challenges? Looking to help a loved one or improve the quality of your relationships? Join me for a conversation! It is a universal truth that everyone is unique to themselves. Let’s work toward becoming the best versions of us. We are all entitled to happiness. We each have our own specific life experiences and personalities. I want to help you identify your strengths and welcome them to flourish. Over the previous 15 years as a healthcare professional I have worked with individuals, couples and families in their search for healing and understanding.
Seeking help to manage mental health challenges? Looking to help a loved one or improve the quality of your relationships? Join me for a conversation! It is a universal truth that everyone is unique to themselves. Let’s work toward becoming the best versions of us. We are all entitled to happiness. We each have our own specific life experiences and personalities. I want to help you identify your strengths and welcome them to flourish. Over the previous 15 years as a healthcare professional I have worked with individuals, couples and families in their search for healing and understanding.
(518) 519-8622 View (518) 519-8622
Photo of My Therapy Place, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
My Therapy Place
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12203  (Online Only)
Modern life is not for the faint of heart. Days packed with nonstop tasks, endless decision-making, and the feeling that ‘you’ll never catch up’ can take a toll on your mental health and the hope you have for the future. Thinking clearly and finding sustainable peace and harmony often seems impossible. Your past experiences, the situations you’ve lived through, and what you’re dealing with now can all influence how well you cope and connect. We often feel fragmented, broken, and needing to be “fixed.”
Modern life is not for the faint of heart. Days packed with nonstop tasks, endless decision-making, and the feeling that ‘you’ll never catch up’ can take a toll on your mental health and the hope you have for the future. Thinking clearly and finding sustainable peace and harmony often seems impossible. Your past experiences, the situations you’ve lived through, and what you’re dealing with now can all influence how well you cope and connect. We often feel fragmented, broken, and needing to be “fixed.”
(518) 809-7641 View (518) 809-7641
Photo of Terence Hoyt, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Terence Hoyt, LCSW-R
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWRNY, LCSW-NJ, PhD, MSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12205
I work with individuals to help them increase self-awareness and lead happier lives. My unique background makes me different than most therapists. In addition to being a licensed therapist, I have a PhD in Philosophy. As a therapist and life coach, I help individuals struggling in particular with relationships, codependency, sexual compulsivity, and substance/alcohol abuse. I also work with adult children of alcoholics, those who grew up in families where emotional chaos and parental addiction may affect their current lives. Unrecognized trauma can result from this. In addition, I work with gay individuals and couples.
I work with individuals to help them increase self-awareness and lead happier lives. My unique background makes me different than most therapists. In addition to being a licensed therapist, I have a PhD in Philosophy. As a therapist and life coach, I help individuals struggling in particular with relationships, codependency, sexual compulsivity, and substance/alcohol abuse. I also work with adult children of alcoholics, those who grew up in families where emotional chaos and parental addiction may affect their current lives. Unrecognized trauma can result from this. In addition, I work with gay individuals and couples.
(518) 730-4977 View (518) 730-4977
Photo of Vincenza Freeborn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Vincenza Freeborn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12203
Not accepting new clients
You may be thinking, " I can't talk about that. I don't have the strength to work through this pain. No one can handle listening to what I've been going through." Whatever it is, no matter how big or how small, I am here to listen and support you in finding YOUR answers, YOUR strengths and YOUR way of meeting life on YOUR own terms.
You may be thinking, " I can't talk about that. I don't have the strength to work through this pain. No one can handle listening to what I've been going through." Whatever it is, no matter how big or how small, I am here to listen and support you in finding YOUR answers, YOUR strengths and YOUR way of meeting life on YOUR own terms.
(845) 481-2037 View (845) 481-2037
Photo of Jonathan Caputo At Nassau Psychology Pc in Albany, NY
Jonathan Caputo At Nassau Psychology Pc
MFT-LP
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12208  (Online Only)
Book an appointment online through our website www.nassaupsychology.org! Jonathan graduated with a master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Hofstra and is currently a PhD student at Antioch University New England pursuing his doctorate of Philosophy in Couples and Family Therapy. He has two years of counseling experience specializing in adolescents and family therapy. He has gained his experiences by providing clinical services at a college community clinic and a drug rehabilitation center for adolescents. The theory that resonates with him the most is Narrative Therapy, however he also finds value in (CBT) and (ACT).
Book an appointment online through our website www.nassaupsychology.org! Jonathan graduated with a master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Hofstra and is currently a PhD student at Antioch University New England pursuing his doctorate of Philosophy in Couples and Family Therapy. He has two years of counseling experience specializing in adolescents and family therapy. He has gained his experiences by providing clinical services at a college community clinic and a drug rehabilitation center for adolescents. The theory that resonates with him the most is Narrative Therapy, however he also finds value in (CBT) and (ACT).
(518) 809-8132 View (518) 809-8132
Photo of Prism Counseling & Advocacy in Albany, NY
Prism Counseling & Advocacy
PhD, LMFT, LMSW, CASAC
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12206
When life feels impossible, you deserve somewhere that can offer safety, care, and empowerment to help you face the challenges of this world. Our mission at Prism Counseling & Advocacy is to give the LGBTQIA+ community a space to feel validated with clinicians who understand the difficulties our community is facing. We offer individual therapy, family therapy, couple/partner therapy, group therapy, and harm reduction services for both substance use difficulties and disordered eating. We believe in every persons right to live a full and beautiful life - with the right support and understanding we hope to make this a reality.
When life feels impossible, you deserve somewhere that can offer safety, care, and empowerment to help you face the challenges of this world. Our mission at Prism Counseling & Advocacy is to give the LGBTQIA+ community a space to feel validated with clinicians who understand the difficulties our community is facing. We offer individual therapy, family therapy, couple/partner therapy, group therapy, and harm reduction services for both substance use difficulties and disordered eating. We believe in every persons right to live a full and beautiful life - with the right support and understanding we hope to make this a reality.
(838) 444-5847 View (838) 444-5847
Photo of Marian Borgia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Marian Borgia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12203
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed or confused? Do you find yourself asking "Why do I feel this way?, What's wrong with me? Why can't I get over it?" Whatever you are experiencing, there is hope.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed or confused? Do you find yourself asking "Why do I feel this way?, What's wrong with me? Why can't I get over it?" Whatever you are experiencing, there is hope.
(518) 963-6926 View (518) 963-6926
Photo of Zach Forbes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Zach Forbes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, ACSW, CASAC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Albany, NY 12203
Not accepting new clients
Normal is just a setting on your dryer. If you agree with this, then I'm your guy! I don't believe in a "one size fits all" approach. I work collaboratively with individuals to help them achieve the skills and insight they need to successfully navigate through challenges posed by daily stressors, including, but not limited to: relationships, work, school, and physical illness. By providing a holistic approach, I support individuals in achieving their overall health; physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. I will respectfully consider your cultural background, religion, and personal beliefs while working together.
Normal is just a setting on your dryer. If you agree with this, then I'm your guy! I don't believe in a "one size fits all" approach. I work collaboratively with individuals to help them achieve the skills and insight they need to successfully navigate through challenges posed by daily stressors, including, but not limited to: relationships, work, school, and physical illness. By providing a holistic approach, I support individuals in achieving their overall health; physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. I will respectfully consider your cultural background, religion, and personal beliefs while working together.
(315) 370-4496 View (315) 370-4496
Photo of Emily Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Emily Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12209  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Asking for help is one of the hardest things we can do - congratulations for making it this far! If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, finding yourself relying on habits that don't feel healthy, or just feel that you are not living your fullest and happiest life, therapy can help. Life can feel overwhelming, and I believe that most everyone can benefit from working with a trained and skilled therapist at some point in our lives. Identifying and addressing problems head on takes ambition and courage, and having a safe space and empathetic support to do so is crucial.
Asking for help is one of the hardest things we can do - congratulations for making it this far! If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, finding yourself relying on habits that don't feel healthy, or just feel that you are not living your fullest and happiest life, therapy can help. Life can feel overwhelming, and I believe that most everyone can benefit from working with a trained and skilled therapist at some point in our lives. Identifying and addressing problems head on takes ambition and courage, and having a safe space and empathetic support to do so is crucial.
(518) 749-4584 View (518) 749-4584
Photo of Richard E Madden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Richard E Madden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12205  (Online Only)
PERSONAL THERAPY...most any therapist will do if you only want to talk things out and have someone listen without judging. But if you are looking for more, my post-graduate training and advanced credentials in Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) enable me to teach you how to effectively manage your stress, sleep, unhealthy emotions and self-defeating behaviors--something I've successfully done for myself and thousands of clients for more than 40 years. Please visit website: www.theSTRESSdoc.com BEFORE calling me, anytime, to discuss your needs.
PERSONAL THERAPY...most any therapist will do if you only want to talk things out and have someone listen without judging. But if you are looking for more, my post-graduate training and advanced credentials in Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) enable me to teach you how to effectively manage your stress, sleep, unhealthy emotions and self-defeating behaviors--something I've successfully done for myself and thousands of clients for more than 40 years. Please visit website: www.theSTRESSdoc.com BEFORE calling me, anytime, to discuss your needs.
(518) 225-7707 View (518) 225-7707
Photo of Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops in Albany, NY
Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops
PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12207
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 6 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 6 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
(518) 901-2753 View (518) 901-2753
Photo of Wendy Connelly, Counselor in Albany, NY
Wendy Connelly
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12208
My ideal client has a clear desire to increase insight, engage in problem solving, and make beneficial life changes. This may take the form of behavioral changes, changes in thinking, changes in behavioral choices, or changes in relationship patterns.
My ideal client has a clear desire to increase insight, engage in problem solving, and make beneficial life changes. This may take the form of behavioral changes, changes in thinking, changes in behavioral choices, or changes in relationship patterns.
(518) 347-9661 View (518) 347-9661
Photo of Ronald G Nathan, Psychologist in Albany, NY
Ronald G Nathan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12206  (Online Only)
Confidential counseling can help you live life more effectively, confidently and happily. My practice, "Stress Management for Men" was profiled in "The Best of Albany," published in the Metroland newsweekly. A book I co-authored, "Stress Management," was a Book-of-the-Month selection.
Confidential counseling can help you live life more effectively, confidently and happily. My practice, "Stress Management for Men" was profiled in "The Best of Albany," published in the Metroland newsweekly. A book I co-authored, "Stress Management," was a Book-of-the-Month selection.
(518) 768-7864 View (518) 768-7864
Catherine Bailey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12207  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years of experience. I provide quality services to all age groups.I have an extensive background in child and adolescent services both doing therapy and supervising other therapists. I have worked extensively with ADHD,learning disabilities,adoptive issues ,trauma ,depression,anxiety and neurological conditions including some rare ones. I believe that effective psychotherapy is best provided in a safe atmosphere of mutual collaboration toward goals that include not only symptom reduction but developing a happier,more fufilled life. Since play is the natural mode of communication for children, I offer a play therapy designed to meet the needs of my child patients.Most children quickly feel comfortable in this setting.Here,they can overcome fears,sadness,anger and learn to better control impulses. I view parents as collaboraters and actively seek their input as they are the best source of knowlege about their child.
I am a licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years of experience. I provide quality services to all age groups.I have an extensive background in child and adolescent services both doing therapy and supervising other therapists. I have worked extensively with ADHD,learning disabilities,adoptive issues ,trauma ,depression,anxiety and neurological conditions including some rare ones. I believe that effective psychotherapy is best provided in a safe atmosphere of mutual collaboration toward goals that include not only symptom reduction but developing a happier,more fufilled life. Since play is the natural mode of communication for children, I offer a play therapy designed to meet the needs of my child patients.Most children quickly feel comfortable in this setting.Here,they can overcome fears,sadness,anger and learn to better control impulses. I view parents as collaboraters and actively seek their input as they are the best source of knowlege about their child.
(845) 445-7019 View (845) 445-7019
Photo of Arlene Bish-Justinger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Arlene Bish-Justinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12203
Hello, my name is Arlene Bish-Justinger and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has worked in mental health and medical social work for over 20 years. My focus is on individual therapy in areas such as thought disorders, suicidal ideation, sleep/insomnia, mood disorders, and anxiety. I use many approaches to assisting my clients, including CBT, tapping, and motivational interviewing, and I always have a strength-based and trauma-informed mindset.
Hello, my name is Arlene Bish-Justinger and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has worked in mental health and medical social work for over 20 years. My focus is on individual therapy in areas such as thought disorders, suicidal ideation, sleep/insomnia, mood disorders, and anxiety. I use many approaches to assisting my clients, including CBT, tapping, and motivational interviewing, and I always have a strength-based and trauma-informed mindset.
(518) 919-3785 View (518) 919-3785
Photo of Albany Winds of Change, Counselor in Albany, NY
Albany Winds of Change
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12203
Disorders can be an emotional, physical and psychological affliction, creating a sense of powerlessness. Here at Albany Winds of Change we work to give you that power back. From the moment you arrive at Albany Winds of Change our space becomes yours - we are sharing it with you. Contact us today. We are here, and we are listening.
Disorders can be an emotional, physical and psychological affliction, creating a sense of powerlessness. Here at Albany Winds of Change we work to give you that power back. From the moment you arrive at Albany Winds of Change our space becomes yours - we are sharing it with you. Contact us today. We are here, and we are listening.
(518) 333-7137 View (518) 333-7137
Photo of Authurine Tucker At Nassau Psychology Pc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albany, NY
Authurine Tucker At Nassau Psychology Pc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12208
Book an appointment online through our website www.nassaupsychology.org! Authurine, a migrant from Jamaica, WI received her Master’s Degree in Social Work from Adelphi University in 2006. She received her Licensure for Social Work in 2010. With over 15 years of experience, she has worked with children/Adolescents, adults with various age ranges.
Book an appointment online through our website www.nassaupsychology.org! Authurine, a migrant from Jamaica, WI received her Master’s Degree in Social Work from Adelphi University in 2006. She received her Licensure for Social Work in 2010. With over 15 years of experience, she has worked with children/Adolescents, adults with various age ranges.
(516) 715-4421 View (516) 715-4421
Photo of Donna M Lochner, Counselor in Albany, NY
Donna M Lochner
Counselor, NCC, LMHC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Albany, NY 12205  (Online Only)
I am a Licenced Mental Health Counselor and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. Do you feel frustrated or lonely with one or more of your relationships (including the one with yourself)? Does it seem like things used to be satisfying and you can't figure out how they went sour? Maybe you're pulling your hair out trying to get the other to hear and understand you? Whether the struggle is with your relationship with yourself, a partner or spouse, a family member, or a friend, relationship snags hurt and can be difficult and messy to sort through.
I am a Licenced Mental Health Counselor and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. Do you feel frustrated or lonely with one or more of your relationships (including the one with yourself)? Does it seem like things used to be satisfying and you can't figure out how they went sour? Maybe you're pulling your hair out trying to get the other to hear and understand you? Whether the struggle is with your relationship with yourself, a partner or spouse, a family member, or a friend, relationship snags hurt and can be difficult and messy to sort through.
(518) 456-7030 View (518) 456-7030

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Albany, NY

500+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Albany, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Stress
70% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aetna
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
51% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Albany, NY see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
24% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Albany?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.