Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ

Photo of Donald A Skinner, Psychologist in Ridgewood, NJ
Donald A Skinner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Are you looking for a professional to help you express and communicate your emotional truth in important relationships in your life? Are you looking to find your emotional and perceptional balance in everyday life? Disconnection, loneliness, anxiety, despair, substance abuse and depression, are often the result of the inability to express ones emotional truth and find one's emotional balance in everyday life. If you or your loved one struggles in any of these areas contact me.
Are you looking for a professional to help you express and communicate your emotional truth in important relationships in your life? Are you looking to find your emotional and perceptional balance in everyday life? Disconnection, loneliness, anxiety, despair, substance abuse and depression, are often the result of the inability to express ones emotional truth and find one's emotional balance in everyday life. If you or your loved one struggles in any of these areas contact me.
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Photo of Marjorie Swain Bernstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Marjorie Swain Bernstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450  (Online Only)
You may be feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, confused, burdened and/or uncertain. Together we can deconstruct and examine the contributing factors toward a better understanding of yourself and the way forward.
You may be feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, confused, burdened and/or uncertain. Together we can deconstruct and examine the contributing factors toward a better understanding of yourself and the way forward.
(201) 258-3009 View (201) 258-3009
Photo of Kristy Ospina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Kristy Ospina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am a Licensed Social Worker, working in the field of mental health for ten years. I've also been trained with the Nurtured Parenting Program, helping parents and their children manage conflicts by improving communication skills and building trust. My experience consists of community case management, in-home therapy, group work, and community outreach. I've worked with mentorship programs, as well as in the outpatient field with individuals from all ages.
I am a Licensed Social Worker, working in the field of mental health for ten years. I've also been trained with the Nurtured Parenting Program, helping parents and their children manage conflicts by improving communication skills and building trust. My experience consists of community case management, in-home therapy, group work, and community outreach. I've worked with mentorship programs, as well as in the outpatient field with individuals from all ages.
(551) 284-0438 View (551) 284-0438
Photo of Dr. Andrea Melendez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgewood, NJ
Dr. Andrea Melendez
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450  (Online Only)
Are you feeling like you're not in control of your life? Do past hurts, uncertainty, and doubts stop you from reaching your true potential? Does it feel like your past is weighing you down, making you feel lost and powerless? Wondering if there's a way to break free from this cycle and feel confident again? You're not alone. Many are facing the same struggle of finding strength and empowerment after trauma.
Are you feeling like you're not in control of your life? Do past hurts, uncertainty, and doubts stop you from reaching your true potential? Does it feel like your past is weighing you down, making you feel lost and powerless? Wondering if there's a way to break free from this cycle and feel confident again? You're not alone. Many are facing the same struggle of finding strength and empowerment after trauma.
(201) 389-5784 View (201) 389-5784
Photo of JoAnn Tuzeo Jarolmen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
JoAnn Tuzeo Jarolmen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, grief or family problems? Using cognitive therapy and supportive techniques, I can help you to understand the issues more clearly and help you to learn more effective ways of addressing them, all in a warm, supportive environment. As you develop your "toolkit", you will be able to feel better and stay better. Please visit my website: jjpsychotherapist.com
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, grief or family problems? Using cognitive therapy and supportive techniques, I can help you to understand the issues more clearly and help you to learn more effective ways of addressing them, all in a warm, supportive environment. As you develop your "toolkit", you will be able to feel better and stay better. Please visit my website: jjpsychotherapist.com
(551) 305-4525 View (551) 305-4525
Photo of Tracey Weiss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Tracey Weiss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am a LCSW who specializes in working with adolescents, young adults and parents/adults. I have many years of experience working with clients with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, OCD, substance use/abuse and trauma. The most important aspect of my practice is to always meet each client where they are at and to provide a judgement-free zone for client's to feel authentic and safe in working through their struggles.
I am a LCSW who specializes in working with adolescents, young adults and parents/adults. I have many years of experience working with clients with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, OCD, substance use/abuse and trauma. The most important aspect of my practice is to always meet each client where they are at and to provide a judgement-free zone for client's to feel authentic and safe in working through their struggles.
(551) 284-3373 View (551) 284-3373
Photo of Christina Athanasatos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Christina Athanasatos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Everyone has a unique and special story and life experiences that have brought them to the place they are in now. I am here to listen empathically without judgement and help understand the person you are and the struggles and challenges you are facing. I use various modalities of therapy customized to meet my clients needs. I will implement a personalized therapeutic approach dependent on the assessment of your individual circumstances and needs . When needed, I collaborate with various other professionals including psychiatrists, dietitians, treatment programs, and other programs suited for my individualized client's needs.
Everyone has a unique and special story and life experiences that have brought them to the place they are in now. I am here to listen empathically without judgement and help understand the person you are and the struggles and challenges you are facing. I use various modalities of therapy customized to meet my clients needs. I will implement a personalized therapeutic approach dependent on the assessment of your individual circumstances and needs . When needed, I collaborate with various other professionals including psychiatrists, dietitians, treatment programs, and other programs suited for my individualized client's needs.
(201) 762-0294 View (201) 762-0294
Photo of Emily Austein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Emily Austein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am a licensed clinical social worker and truly love what I do. I work with all age groups, from children to geriatric clients. I work with clients experiencing issues such as: anxiety, depression, substance abuse, family and relational issues, eating disorders, mood disorders, trauma, sexual abuse, and many others.
I am a licensed clinical social worker and truly love what I do. I work with all age groups, from children to geriatric clients. I work with clients experiencing issues such as: anxiety, depression, substance abuse, family and relational issues, eating disorders, mood disorders, trauma, sexual abuse, and many others.
(201) 468-6507 View (201) 468-6507
Photo of Dr. Melissa L Donahue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Dr. Melissa L Donahue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, CST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
As a leader in sexual health and wellness, Dr. Donahue understands the complexities many people face in their lives and how it can impact their sexuality. All people are sexual beings, and their quality of life can suffer when experiencing challenges in this area. All ages, genders, ethnicities, and religious backgrounds can benefit from sex therapy. Dr. Donahue's broad spectrum of knowledge is advantageous when working with the whole patient, leaning into the body-mind connection.
As a leader in sexual health and wellness, Dr. Donahue understands the complexities many people face in their lives and how it can impact their sexuality. All people are sexual beings, and their quality of life can suffer when experiencing challenges in this area. All ages, genders, ethnicities, and religious backgrounds can benefit from sex therapy. Dr. Donahue's broad spectrum of knowledge is advantageous when working with the whole patient, leaning into the body-mind connection.
(201) 688-7019 View (201) 688-7019
Photo of Elana Blumenthal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Elana Blumenthal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PsyA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am an open and sensitive person and clients feel very comfortable with me from the outset. I work well with individuals and families and can assist with a wide variety of problems that people face throughout their lives; marital/relationship difficulties, learning and school challenges, parenting struggles, major life events, and the depression and anxiety that often accompany all of life's ups and downs. By helping people gain some clarity of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, they can hopefully achieve a greater sense of control in their lives-- thereby leading to a greater sense of peace and wellness.
I am an open and sensitive person and clients feel very comfortable with me from the outset. I work well with individuals and families and can assist with a wide variety of problems that people face throughout their lives; marital/relationship difficulties, learning and school challenges, parenting struggles, major life events, and the depression and anxiety that often accompany all of life's ups and downs. By helping people gain some clarity of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, they can hopefully achieve a greater sense of control in their lives-- thereby leading to a greater sense of peace and wellness.
(201) 688-7046 View (201) 688-7046
Photo of Leila Ostad, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Leila Ostad
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
As a specialist in supporting adults and teens with High-Functioning Autism, ADHD/ADD, and emotional regulation challenges, I believe in a collaborative approach that honors your unique experiences and strengths. From in-depth diagnostic evaluation and testing of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder to individual therapy and supportive groups, I offer a wide range of options to help you manage frustrations, explore emotions, and build the skills you need for a calmer mind, healthier relationships, and a life on your terms.
As a specialist in supporting adults and teens with High-Functioning Autism, ADHD/ADD, and emotional regulation challenges, I believe in a collaborative approach that honors your unique experiences and strengths. From in-depth diagnostic evaluation and testing of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder to individual therapy and supportive groups, I offer a wide range of options to help you manage frustrations, explore emotions, and build the skills you need for a calmer mind, healthier relationships, and a life on your terms.
(201) 632-3050 View (201) 632-3050
Photo of Lorraine Gehrig Mullins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Lorraine Gehrig Mullins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
My practice focuses on enhancing wellness and cultivating joy. There is nothing more important than tuning into your authentic self and taking care of YOU. We know that we have to engage in self-care to be most effective in our lives, but it is not uncommon to put others first. When we avoid self-care, especially during times of stress, loss or transition, it manifests in our mood, relationships and health. Despite our best intentions, we may notice ourselves engaging in familiar patterns that leave us feeling less than satisfied. You are here because you want to feel better. You deserve better than better... YOU deserve joy.
My practice focuses on enhancing wellness and cultivating joy. There is nothing more important than tuning into your authentic self and taking care of YOU. We know that we have to engage in self-care to be most effective in our lives, but it is not uncommon to put others first. When we avoid self-care, especially during times of stress, loss or transition, it manifests in our mood, relationships and health. Despite our best intentions, we may notice ourselves engaging in familiar patterns that leave us feeling less than satisfied. You are here because you want to feel better. You deserve better than better... YOU deserve joy.
(551) 266-5354 View (551) 266-5354
Photo of Julie B Stewart, Psychologist in Ridgewood, NJ
Julie B Stewart
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Having had a diversity of experiences allows me a unique ability to approach helping others. I provide neuropsychological assessment as well as a variety of treatment services, using an mix of various orientations and modalities. I understand how cognitive and emotional difficulties can impact not just school/work functioning but also personal relationships and family life. I appreciate that parents and families can play an important role in treatment and include them when appropriate. I work with a variety of emotional and neurological issues with the ultimate goal of helping my clients get the most they can from their lives.
Having had a diversity of experiences allows me a unique ability to approach helping others. I provide neuropsychological assessment as well as a variety of treatment services, using an mix of various orientations and modalities. I understand how cognitive and emotional difficulties can impact not just school/work functioning but also personal relationships and family life. I appreciate that parents and families can play an important role in treatment and include them when appropriate. I work with a variety of emotional and neurological issues with the ultimate goal of helping my clients get the most they can from their lives.
(347) 797-5977 View (347) 797-5977
Photo of Nicole Amarante, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgewood, NJ
Nicole Amarante
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Welcome! I am excited you are here to learn more about therapy and services I provide. In my practice, I promote empowerment and resilience. My number one goal is your personal growth and healing. I truly value creating a warm, supportive, and safe environment. I have extensive training in treating anxiety disorders and mood disorders in children, teens, and adults. Together we will build insight to your strengths, find your power, overcome challenges. increase your creative potential, build self-esteem, develop coping & problem solving skills, and improve your overall satisfaction with life.
Welcome! I am excited you are here to learn more about therapy and services I provide. In my practice, I promote empowerment and resilience. My number one goal is your personal growth and healing. I truly value creating a warm, supportive, and safe environment. I have extensive training in treating anxiety disorders and mood disorders in children, teens, and adults. Together we will build insight to your strengths, find your power, overcome challenges. increase your creative potential, build self-esteem, develop coping & problem solving skills, and improve your overall satisfaction with life.
(201) 831-7113 View (201) 831-7113
Photo of Najat Rosario, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Najat Rosario, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Discovering Solutions Together. My name is Najat Rosario, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over twenty years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. I have been providing therapeutic help to children and families in schools, homes and in outpatient settings. I provide Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, as well as, Relationship Building Techniques, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness, and Crisis Intervention.
Discovering Solutions Together. My name is Najat Rosario, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over twenty years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. I have been providing therapeutic help to children and families in schools, homes and in outpatient settings. I provide Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, as well as, Relationship Building Techniques, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness, and Crisis Intervention.
(862) 254-8958 View (862) 254-8958
Photo of Justin Scott Rudolph, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Justin Scott Rudolph
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Justin Rudolph, LCSW received his masters degree in Social Work from Yeshiva University and specializes in cognitive-behavioral therapy with families, individuals, adults, and adolescents. He utilizes the most up-to-date cognitive-behavioral techniques and has extensive training and experience with mindfulness-based practices, acceptance and commitment therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and EMDR. Justin operates from a compassionate, client-centered approach and will help to guide you on your path towards self-actualization and inner freedom.
Justin Rudolph, LCSW received his masters degree in Social Work from Yeshiva University and specializes in cognitive-behavioral therapy with families, individuals, adults, and adolescents. He utilizes the most up-to-date cognitive-behavioral techniques and has extensive training and experience with mindfulness-based practices, acceptance and commitment therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and EMDR. Justin operates from a compassionate, client-centered approach and will help to guide you on your path towards self-actualization and inner freedom.
(551) 230-7640 View (551) 230-7640
Photo of Amy Eiten, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Amy Eiten
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am a warm and empathetic therapist in clinical practice for over 25 years, I appreciate how difficult it is to talk to someone about very personal and challenging issues. I believe that a person can grow and empower oneself via talk therapy and building a therapeutic alliance. My specialties include depression, anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, issues of cancer survivors, grief counseling, change of life issues, divorce, marital and couples counseling. My practice draws upon cognitive behavioral, motivational theory, DBT(Dialectic Behavioral Theory), mindfulness and interpersonal dynamics. I work with individuals (age 18 and older), couples and families.
I am a warm and empathetic therapist in clinical practice for over 25 years, I appreciate how difficult it is to talk to someone about very personal and challenging issues. I believe that a person can grow and empower oneself via talk therapy and building a therapeutic alliance. My specialties include depression, anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, issues of cancer survivors, grief counseling, change of life issues, divorce, marital and couples counseling. My practice draws upon cognitive behavioral, motivational theory, DBT(Dialectic Behavioral Theory), mindfulness and interpersonal dynamics. I work with individuals (age 18 and older), couples and families.
(201) 431-3941 View (201) 431-3941
Photo of Stephanie Shapiro in Ridgewood, NJ
Stephanie Shapiro
LSW, PhD, Can, didate
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Is the 'help-seeking' process hard for you? If you find that you're overwhelmed by that: feeling anxious, depressed, or having trouble dealing with a certain situation, look no further! I can help bring clarity to your life. My therapy incorporates YOUR needs and strengths into a semi-holistic approach that compliments pharmacological interventions. This means we use methods to treat the mind, body, soul, AND environment. Each goal is realistic and at YOUR pace. I can help you discover control. I will always provide you with the skills and tools to avoid re-occurrence of these issues.
Is the 'help-seeking' process hard for you? If you find that you're overwhelmed by that: feeling anxious, depressed, or having trouble dealing with a certain situation, look no further! I can help bring clarity to your life. My therapy incorporates YOUR needs and strengths into a semi-holistic approach that compliments pharmacological interventions. This means we use methods to treat the mind, body, soul, AND environment. Each goal is realistic and at YOUR pace. I can help you discover control. I will always provide you with the skills and tools to avoid re-occurrence of these issues.
(201) 730-5210 View (201) 730-5210
Photo of Elizabeth J Greenlee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Elizabeth J Greenlee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Waitlist for new clients
I help people access their potential. By empowering and supporting you, you will find freedom from the pain of old wounds, recovery from trauma and gain new ways of coping and relating. Central to this work will be the relationship between therapist and client, which evolves within a safe and compassionate space, within which you will find the courage to explore your concerns without feeling pushed or pathologized.
I help people access their potential. By empowering and supporting you, you will find freedom from the pain of old wounds, recovery from trauma and gain new ways of coping and relating. Central to this work will be the relationship between therapist and client, which evolves within a safe and compassionate space, within which you will find the courage to explore your concerns without feeling pushed or pathologized.
(973) 529-8058 View (973) 529-8058
Photo of Melissa Gizzi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgewood, NJ
Melissa Gizzi
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCADC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07451  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I focus on providing support and creating an inclusive, warm, non-judgmental, and safe therapeutic environment as the foundation for therapy. My approach to treatment is integrative and combines many elements of cognitive behavioral, trauma-focused, acceptance and commitment, and other mindfulness-based interventions. I specialize in the treatment of children, teens, young adults and college students experiencing anxiety, trauma/PTSD, relationships difficulties, narcissistic abuse, and other personal life challenges.
I focus on providing support and creating an inclusive, warm, non-judgmental, and safe therapeutic environment as the foundation for therapy. My approach to treatment is integrative and combines many elements of cognitive behavioral, trauma-focused, acceptance and commitment, and other mindfulness-based interventions. I specialize in the treatment of children, teens, young adults and college students experiencing anxiety, trauma/PTSD, relationships difficulties, narcissistic abuse, and other personal life challenges.
(551) 266-5327 View (551) 266-5327

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ

300+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
62% Parenting
61% Grief

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

58% Aetna
45% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
42% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ridgewood?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.