Therapists in Louisville, KY

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Photo of Haley Price, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Haley Price
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
Waitlist for new clients
You are overwhelmed, overtired, and so used to taking care of everyone else that you don't know how to even take care of yourself anymore. It seems like everyone depends on you for every little thing anymore, but deep down you want to be left alone before you fall apart. Everything feels overwhelming that you just shut down and disconnect from the world. You spend most of your day thinking that you aren't enough and terrified someone will find out. You know a change needs to happen, but you don't know where to begin. Take that first step of reaching out for support, and we can figure out the next step together.
You are overwhelmed, overtired, and so used to taking care of everyone else that you don't know how to even take care of yourself anymore. It seems like everyone depends on you for every little thing anymore, but deep down you want to be left alone before you fall apart. Everything feels overwhelming that you just shut down and disconnect from the world. You spend most of your day thinking that you aren't enough and terrified someone will find out. You know a change needs to happen, but you don't know where to begin. Take that first step of reaching out for support, and we can figure out the next step together.
(859) 203-1253 View (859) 203-1253
Photo of Total Restoration Group, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Total Restoration Group, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, L, M, F, T
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40218
Client center and treatment focused! Always working in the client's best interest.
Client center and treatment focused! Always working in the client's best interest.
(502) 443-9215 View (502) 443-9215
Photo of Nadeja Wesley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Nadeja Wesley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40241
Nadeja Wesley is a licensed clinical social worker who utilizes a treatment modality that emphasizes self-reflection, insight, and empathy to facilitate a restorative and enriching therapeutic experience. She works from a psychodynamic clinical framework which integrates cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Trauma-Informed and Harm Reduction, and EMDR techniques. Nadeja has nearly 20 years' experience providing therapeutic treatment to individuals and families across multiple community settings.
Nadeja Wesley is a licensed clinical social worker who utilizes a treatment modality that emphasizes self-reflection, insight, and empathy to facilitate a restorative and enriching therapeutic experience. She works from a psychodynamic clinical framework which integrates cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Trauma-Informed and Harm Reduction, and EMDR techniques. Nadeja has nearly 20 years' experience providing therapeutic treatment to individuals and families across multiple community settings.
(502) 610-5037 View (502) 610-5037
Photo of Brenda Morris-Huntoon, Psychological Associate in Louisville, KY
Brenda Morris-Huntoon
Psychological Associate, MA, LPA, she/her
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40204
As a psychotherapist, Brenda forms a collaborative relationship with clients empowering them to find their own truth. She views her role as one of support and guidance to facilitate client self-exploration, recognition of values, and goal-setting. My goal is to assist and support you as you navigate your gender journey.
As a psychotherapist, Brenda forms a collaborative relationship with clients empowering them to find their own truth. She views her role as one of support and guidance to facilitate client self-exploration, recognition of values, and goal-setting. My goal is to assist and support you as you navigate your gender journey.
(502) 490-2757 View (502) 490-2757
Photo of Jim Walker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Jim Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40207
Do resentment and fear poison your relationships ? Feel like loneliness is a life sentence? Struggle with truly expressing yourself even with those closest to you? I can help. I work well with individuals and families that are struggling with anxiety, shyness,and isolation including children who are being bullied or who suffer with Aspergers Syndrome. Clients can expect friendly, specific, and practical information and encouragement to express the thoughts and feelings they have been too afraid to communicate before.
Do resentment and fear poison your relationships ? Feel like loneliness is a life sentence? Struggle with truly expressing yourself even with those closest to you? I can help. I work well with individuals and families that are struggling with anxiety, shyness,and isolation including children who are being bullied or who suffer with Aspergers Syndrome. Clients can expect friendly, specific, and practical information and encouragement to express the thoughts and feelings they have been too afraid to communicate before.
(502) 494-6631 View (502) 494-6631
Photo of Mary Beth Uhls, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Mary Beth Uhls
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40222
Not accepting new clients
My goal is to help you understand the current way you view your life, relationships, and identify a healthier balance. I began counseling 20 years ago as a Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor working with individuals to help them overcome physical and emotional challenges in the work place. Helping clients achieve these goals shifted my journey towards Marriage and Family Therapy. Sometimes, we find ourselves in a difficult place, possibly feeling overwhelmed, experiencing an addiction, or struggles within our relationships. I want to work with individuals towards creating a more authentic and spiritually wholesome life for themselves.
My goal is to help you understand the current way you view your life, relationships, and identify a healthier balance. I began counseling 20 years ago as a Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor working with individuals to help them overcome physical and emotional challenges in the work place. Helping clients achieve these goals shifted my journey towards Marriage and Family Therapy. Sometimes, we find ourselves in a difficult place, possibly feeling overwhelmed, experiencing an addiction, or struggles within our relationships. I want to work with individuals towards creating a more authentic and spiritually wholesome life for themselves.
(502) 804-5455 View (502) 804-5455
Photo of Dr. Paul F Schmidt, Psychologist in Louisville, KY
Dr. Paul F Schmidt
Psychologist, PhD, CSAT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40245
I am a clinical psychologist in Louisville, KY. Educated at Vanderbilt and Colorado, I'm trained with marriage therapy and chemical, sex, work/money addictions. A pro-marital Christian, I'm pro-recovery and proactive. I'm homework intensive using workbooks, community support, and my user-friendly blog and podcast on my secure website. Personally trained by Drs. Patrick Carnes and John Gottman, I am internationally certified to counsel sex addicts and their partners. I'm called and gifted for guidance, encouragement, recovery, and healing. Dialog with me is lively, I work quickly, and I do take phone calls.
I am a clinical psychologist in Louisville, KY. Educated at Vanderbilt and Colorado, I'm trained with marriage therapy and chemical, sex, work/money addictions. A pro-marital Christian, I'm pro-recovery and proactive. I'm homework intensive using workbooks, community support, and my user-friendly blog and podcast on my secure website. Personally trained by Drs. Patrick Carnes and John Gottman, I am internationally certified to counsel sex addicts and their partners. I'm called and gifted for guidance, encouragement, recovery, and healing. Dialog with me is lively, I work quickly, and I do take phone calls.
(502) 633-2860 View (502) 633-2860
Photo of Amanda Roberson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Amanda Roberson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
Amanda Roberson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Kentucky who has been practicing since 2018. She has a Bachelor's degree in Social Work from Murray State University and a Master's degree in Social Work from Western Kentucky University. Amanda believes in meeting every client where they are and working at the client's pace, allowing them to guide their therapeutic journey together with her and telling their story. Amanda believes in transparency and that knowledge is power, so she incorporates psychoeducation in treatment to educate clients about their diagnosis and expected course of treatment.
Amanda Roberson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Kentucky who has been practicing since 2018. She has a Bachelor's degree in Social Work from Murray State University and a Master's degree in Social Work from Western Kentucky University. Amanda believes in meeting every client where they are and working at the client's pace, allowing them to guide their therapeutic journey together with her and telling their story. Amanda believes in transparency and that knowledge is power, so she incorporates psychoeducation in treatment to educate clients about their diagnosis and expected course of treatment.
(502) 200-1154 View (502) 200-1154
Photo of Dr. Amber J. Penn, Psychologist in Louisville, KY
Dr. Amber J. Penn
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40241  (Online Only)
The transition into motherhood is hard, and it becomes even harder when things don’t go as planned. Add in the pressure to perfectly “do it all” and it’s no wonder women are often left feeling stressed, burnt out, overwhelmed, anxious, and/or depressed. Many of my clients come to me with goals of finding peace, gaining confidence, healing from past wounds, and changing the patterns that are keeping them stuck. Whether you are just starting the process of trying to conceive, in the throes of infertility treatment, pregnant/postpartum, or years into child rearing - I get it and I can help you reconnect to what matters most to you.
The transition into motherhood is hard, and it becomes even harder when things don’t go as planned. Add in the pressure to perfectly “do it all” and it’s no wonder women are often left feeling stressed, burnt out, overwhelmed, anxious, and/or depressed. Many of my clients come to me with goals of finding peace, gaining confidence, healing from past wounds, and changing the patterns that are keeping them stuck. Whether you are just starting the process of trying to conceive, in the throes of infertility treatment, pregnant/postpartum, or years into child rearing - I get it and I can help you reconnect to what matters most to you.
(502) 427-0933 View (502) 427-0933
Photo of Matthew T. Harris, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Matthew T. Harris
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSSW, MSCFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40206
Are you tired of arguing with your partner? Did you find out your partner has cheated? Are you thinking of ending your relationship? I can help you reconnect with your partner by rebuilding trust and closeness using the most effective method of couple therapy, Emotionally Focused Therapy. Is anxiety, depression, or trauma getting in the way of your relationships, work, or life? I can help you get to the root of the problem and give you tools to feel better. Are you struggling with the unique difficulties of being LGBTQ? I can help you develop the confidence and skills to live as your authentic self.
Are you tired of arguing with your partner? Did you find out your partner has cheated? Are you thinking of ending your relationship? I can help you reconnect with your partner by rebuilding trust and closeness using the most effective method of couple therapy, Emotionally Focused Therapy. Is anxiety, depression, or trauma getting in the way of your relationships, work, or life? I can help you get to the root of the problem and give you tools to feel better. Are you struggling with the unique difficulties of being LGBTQ? I can help you develop the confidence and skills to live as your authentic self.
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Photo of Cheryl Wise (Young), Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Cheryl Wise (Young)
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAMFT, LMFT, MSCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40207
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about meeting the needs of individuals and families affected by chronic illness. I have worked the past 12 years with adults and their care partners living with a diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's, Stroke, Migraine, Epilepsy and ALS. I have witnessed families that have been destroyed by the introduction of a chronic illness into the family system leading to loss of passion and purpose in lives. I have also been privileged to watch many individuals and families grow through the unexpected struggles and become closer, make new friends and create new dreams.
I am passionate about meeting the needs of individuals and families affected by chronic illness. I have worked the past 12 years with adults and their care partners living with a diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's, Stroke, Migraine, Epilepsy and ALS. I have witnessed families that have been destroyed by the introduction of a chronic illness into the family system leading to loss of passion and purpose in lives. I have also been privileged to watch many individuals and families grow through the unexpected struggles and become closer, make new friends and create new dreams.
(502) 532-2617 View (502) 532-2617
Photo of Angela Keane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Angela Keane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Angela Keane, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
Angela is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and brings years of experience of working with children and families. She has been trained as an adoption specialist and has experience working as a school counselor and in community mental health. In her practice, she sees children and teens, in addition to families and adults. She is trained in EMDR therapy as well as Trauma Focused CBT. She is passionate about helping families navigate tough times. She considers it an honor to come alongside her clients and help those struggling with anxiety, depression, behavior issues, family conflict and more.
Angela is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and brings years of experience of working with children and families. She has been trained as an adoption specialist and has experience working as a school counselor and in community mental health. In her practice, she sees children and teens, in addition to families and adults. She is trained in EMDR therapy as well as Trauma Focused CBT. She is passionate about helping families navigate tough times. She considers it an honor to come alongside her clients and help those struggling with anxiety, depression, behavior issues, family conflict and more.
(502) 610-5924 View (502) 610-5924
Photo of Matt Gilbert, Psychologist in Louisville, KY
Matt Gilbert
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
Dr. Gilbert specializes in difficulties with impulsive behaviors and actions including self-harm, chronic suicidality and suicidal actions, dyscontrolled anger, and the quickly shifting mood states and interpersonal chaos that often accompany these behaviors. He also specializes in the treatment of the effects of complex interpersonal trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Additional areas of interest include mindfulness-based approaches to health and wellness, depression, severe and persistent mental illness, men's issues, cycling mood disorders, and most general mental health difficulties.
Dr. Gilbert specializes in difficulties with impulsive behaviors and actions including self-harm, chronic suicidality and suicidal actions, dyscontrolled anger, and the quickly shifting mood states and interpersonal chaos that often accompany these behaviors. He also specializes in the treatment of the effects of complex interpersonal trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Additional areas of interest include mindfulness-based approaches to health and wellness, depression, severe and persistent mental illness, men's issues, cycling mood disorders, and most general mental health difficulties.
(502) 871-4660 View (502) 871-4660
Photo of Dr. Kenya J Frazier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Dr. Kenya J Frazier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40257  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Kenya. I am so glad that you are here. I aim to cultivate a space where you can freely explore the essence of your being. Where you can own your story by telling your story, one session at a time, I will use a strength-based approach to address your needs.
Hello, my name is Kenya. I am so glad that you are here. I aim to cultivate a space where you can freely explore the essence of your being. Where you can own your story by telling your story, one session at a time, I will use a strength-based approach to address your needs.
(502) 236-9027 View (502) 236-9027
Photo of Don Pitts, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Don Pitts
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40217
Sometimes we all get stuck in our personal or relational life. Often this is at a time of transition when our normal coping mechanisims are not sufficient. Negative events such as losing a job or ending a relationship can stress the best of us. Positive events such as adding another child to a family or a child transitioning into adolescence or independence can also be more difficult than expected. I love helping individuals and families navigate these transition points. I can offer a fresh perspective or some additional tools that can make the difference.
Sometimes we all get stuck in our personal or relational life. Often this is at a time of transition when our normal coping mechanisims are not sufficient. Negative events such as losing a job or ending a relationship can stress the best of us. Positive events such as adding another child to a family or a child transitioning into adolescence or independence can also be more difficult than expected. I love helping individuals and families navigate these transition points. I can offer a fresh perspective or some additional tools that can make the difference.
(502) 324-6003 View (502) 324-6003
Photo of Haley Payne Buck, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Haley Payne Buck
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
Life can throw a lot of curve balls. Whether you are experiencing depression, work stress, relationship changes, or any other difficulty counseling is a great resource to help you take the steps to change the direction you want to go. My approach as a therapist is to provide a safe and supportive environment to assist you in setting and meeting your goals.
Life can throw a lot of curve balls. Whether you are experiencing depression, work stress, relationship changes, or any other difficulty counseling is a great resource to help you take the steps to change the direction you want to go. My approach as a therapist is to provide a safe and supportive environment to assist you in setting and meeting your goals.
(270) 212-6993 View (270) 212-6993
Photo of Michelle Ivy Oak, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Michelle Ivy Oak
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSEd, MMFT, LMFT, CHPS®
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40243
I believe everyone has the power within themselves to heal, grow, and change. I can be the person who helps you unlock your beautiful, authentic, inner spirit no matter what your age, background, or lifestyle. My therapeutic interventions vary with the needs of the people who entrust me to participate in their journey via a trauma-informed lens. I am a believer of being kind to yourself and others, being present, being mindful, and living your best life.
I believe everyone has the power within themselves to heal, grow, and change. I can be the person who helps you unlock your beautiful, authentic, inner spirit no matter what your age, background, or lifestyle. My therapeutic interventions vary with the needs of the people who entrust me to participate in their journey via a trauma-informed lens. I am a believer of being kind to yourself and others, being present, being mindful, and living your best life.
(502) 273-5306 View (502) 273-5306
Photo of Live Proud LGBT Mental Health Svcs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Live Proud LGBT Mental Health Svcs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
Are you a gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender person trying to find someone who understands your unique struggles and needs ? Have you struggled to communicate and develop the loving relationship you so strongly desire? Do loneliness, anger, and fear disrupt your closeness with others? I can help. I offer practical and personal guidance in finding the solutions you need to live free and love proud. Being a LGBT person and/or couple is often challenging- but it can ultimately be an exciting and rewarding life with the support and guidance you need.
Are you a gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender person trying to find someone who understands your unique struggles and needs ? Have you struggled to communicate and develop the loving relationship you so strongly desire? Do loneliness, anger, and fear disrupt your closeness with others? I can help. I offer practical and personal guidance in finding the solutions you need to live free and love proud. Being a LGBT person and/or couple is often challenging- but it can ultimately be an exciting and rewarding life with the support and guidance you need.
(502) 494-6631 View (502) 494-6631
Photo of Amy Hughes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Amy Hughes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40243
I realize beginning therapy can be difficult. I believe that a large portion of therapy is about your rapport with your therapist and I strive to make this process as easy and comfortable as possible. Through the past 20 years I have served children, adolescents and adults in various therapeutic settings. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor (CADC) and I have a Masters in Social Work (MSSW). I believe my education, professional experience and personal life experiences help me to be a caring and effective therapist.
I realize beginning therapy can be difficult. I believe that a large portion of therapy is about your rapport with your therapist and I strive to make this process as easy and comfortable as possible. Through the past 20 years I have served children, adolescents and adults in various therapeutic settings. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor (CADC) and I have a Masters in Social Work (MSSW). I believe my education, professional experience and personal life experiences help me to be a caring and effective therapist.
(502) 553-8896 View (502) 553-8896
Photo of Melissa Pickett, Counselor in Louisville, KY
Melissa Pickett
Counselor, MRC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40204  (Online Only)
In this life, the most important part of our journey is our journey within. I have worked in the mental health field for 9 years and have practice working with children, adolescents and adults. Some of the disorders I have treated include obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, severe mental illness, grief, trauma and addiction. I have also worked closely with couples and families to assist with strengthening relationships and family bonds.
In this life, the most important part of our journey is our journey within. I have worked in the mental health field for 9 years and have practice working with children, adolescents and adults. Some of the disorders I have treated include obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, severe mental illness, grief, trauma and addiction. I have also worked closely with couples and families to assist with strengthening relationships and family bonds.
(386) 433-8215 View (386) 433-8215

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Louisville, KY

1,000+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Louisville, KY who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
71% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
59% Relationship Issues
58% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
71% Humana
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Louisville, KY see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Louisville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.