Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

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Photo of Lucy Oh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Lucy Oh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90005  (Online Only)
At times, you may encounter feeling stuck and seek an alternative perspective to break out of unhelpful patterns. In such moments, a purposeful therapeutic connection can offer a safe space to gain self-awareness, delve into your authentic self, and heal, empowering you to move forward. As a culturally sensitive and mindfulness-based therapist, I provide a judgment-free space to process traumatic events, discover meaning and fulfillment, and take steps to embrace life in its entirety.
At times, you may encounter feeling stuck and seek an alternative perspective to break out of unhelpful patterns. In such moments, a purposeful therapeutic connection can offer a safe space to gain self-awareness, delve into your authentic self, and heal, empowering you to move forward. As a culturally sensitive and mindfulness-based therapist, I provide a judgment-free space to process traumatic events, discover meaning and fulfillment, and take steps to embrace life in its entirety.
(323) 859-6261 View (323) 859-6261
Photo of Alina Mikolaitis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Alina Mikolaitis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Hello! My name is Alina Mikolaitis and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, practicing in the field of mental health and psychology since 2000. My approach in therapy is to focus on building organic relationships, process and resolve identified issues, and ultimately support you in reaching your goals to live a more positive and fulfilling life. I mainly work with adult individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, postpartum, addiction, an array of mental health issues, familial and relationship issues.
Hello! My name is Alina Mikolaitis and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, practicing in the field of mental health and psychology since 2000. My approach in therapy is to focus on building organic relationships, process and resolve identified issues, and ultimately support you in reaching your goals to live a more positive and fulfilling life. I mainly work with adult individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, postpartum, addiction, an array of mental health issues, familial and relationship issues.
(424) 372-8193 View (424) 372-8193
Photo of Chloe Horowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Chloe Horowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048
I value an eclectic approach that combines psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness practices and emphasizes the ways in which childhood experiences shape adult personalities and functioning. I am a humanistic, client-centered therapist and I believe you are the expert in the room. We will collaborate to identify goals and areas of growth.
I value an eclectic approach that combines psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness practices and emphasizes the ways in which childhood experiences shape adult personalities and functioning. I am a humanistic, client-centered therapist and I believe you are the expert in the room. We will collaborate to identify goals and areas of growth.
(323) 990-6739 View (323) 990-6739
Photo of Kerstin Cornell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Kerstin Cornell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90012
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with the California Board of Behavioral Sciences and a certified alcohol and drug counselor with the California Consortium of Addiction Programs and Professionals. I earned a Master of Arts in psychology with an emphasis in marriage and family therapy and professional clinical counseling from Brandman University and a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Washington State University; I am currently enrolled in a Ph.D. in psychology at Walden University.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with the California Board of Behavioral Sciences and a certified alcohol and drug counselor with the California Consortium of Addiction Programs and Professionals. I earned a Master of Arts in psychology with an emphasis in marriage and family therapy and professional clinical counseling from Brandman University and a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Washington State University; I am currently enrolled in a Ph.D. in psychology at Walden University.
(562) 669-3757 View (562) 669-3757
Photo of Jessica Dennis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jessica Dennis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 91335
My name is Jessica Dennis, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has a background working with the BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, Persons of Color) and military/veteran populations looking to break generational cycles. I provide culturally responsive therapy to individuals and couples using a strengths-based approach and I also have a background in working with individuals who are new to therapy or are the first in their families to receive therapy. I am open to anyone who is serious about working on themselves and needs additional support and a listening ear.
My name is Jessica Dennis, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has a background working with the BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, Persons of Color) and military/veteran populations looking to break generational cycles. I provide culturally responsive therapy to individuals and couples using a strengths-based approach and I also have a background in working with individuals who are new to therapy or are the first in their families to receive therapy. I am open to anyone who is serious about working on themselves and needs additional support and a listening ear.
(747) 302-6986 View (747) 302-6986
Photo of Kameron Marquise Birch, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Los Angeles, CA
Kameron Marquise Birch
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90010
Hi I'm Kameron Associate Clinical Social Worker who has worked in Intensive Inpatient, Outpatient & Enhanced Residential Service facilities. I have spent my time serving adults who were living in transitional housing shelters & have been struggling with anger management, anxiety, stress, grief, and PTSD through assault or sexual abuse. I have also worked with individuals who have been diagnosed with Schizophrenia, Major Depressive Disorder, & varying Personality Disorders. I am highly passionate and privileged to be able to provide my therapeutic services to individuals looking to start or continue their journey!
Hi I'm Kameron Associate Clinical Social Worker who has worked in Intensive Inpatient, Outpatient & Enhanced Residential Service facilities. I have spent my time serving adults who were living in transitional housing shelters & have been struggling with anger management, anxiety, stress, grief, and PTSD through assault or sexual abuse. I have also worked with individuals who have been diagnosed with Schizophrenia, Major Depressive Disorder, & varying Personality Disorders. I am highly passionate and privileged to be able to provide my therapeutic services to individuals looking to start or continue their journey!
(310) 872-1869 View (310) 872-1869
Photo of Laurie Astor-Dubin, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Laurie Astor-Dubin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90024
In over 25 years of practice, my aim has been to help people enlarge their experience of themselves and achieve a greater sense of purpose behind their actions. Once you accept your thoughts and actions as your own, you can choose to change the things that are interfering with your ability to reach important goals and enjoy your life.
In over 25 years of practice, my aim has been to help people enlarge their experience of themselves and achieve a greater sense of purpose behind their actions. Once you accept your thoughts and actions as your own, you can choose to change the things that are interfering with your ability to reach important goals and enjoy your life.
(310) 341-7620 View (310) 341-7620
Photo of Zakieh Alahmad, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Zakieh Alahmad
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Welcome! I work with folks seeking to strengthen their relationship with themselves, explore their identities, and work through topics related to self esteem, anxiety, relationships, boundaries, and people pleasing. Together, we will explore old patterns and create lasting change. Coming from from a mixed-race Middle Eastern background myself, I especially enjoy working with women with MENA/SWANA identities, mixed-race folks, and children of immigrants working to navigate the messaging of multiple cultures. Most of my clients are young professionals, creatives, teens, and members of the Deaf community.
Welcome! I work with folks seeking to strengthen their relationship with themselves, explore their identities, and work through topics related to self esteem, anxiety, relationships, boundaries, and people pleasing. Together, we will explore old patterns and create lasting change. Coming from from a mixed-race Middle Eastern background myself, I especially enjoy working with women with MENA/SWANA identities, mixed-race folks, and children of immigrants working to navigate the messaging of multiple cultures. Most of my clients are young professionals, creatives, teens, and members of the Deaf community.
(323) 366-4574 View (323) 366-4574
Photo of Samuel Kim, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Samuel Kim
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90042  (Online Only)
You’ve tried everything to make your relationship work but nothing seems to change. You feel disheartened because, despite your best attempts, communication still breaks down and tensions rise. The two of you cycle back into the same painful arguments you hope to avoid. “If only they would stop pushing my buttons!” you think to yourself. You don’t mean to retaliate or withdraw from your partner, but you do. You find yourself feeling lost and alone. The disconnection has left you feeling constantly exhausted. This isn’t the relationship you envisioned. You yearn for change; you crave a healthy and happy partnership.
You’ve tried everything to make your relationship work but nothing seems to change. You feel disheartened because, despite your best attempts, communication still breaks down and tensions rise. The two of you cycle back into the same painful arguments you hope to avoid. “If only they would stop pushing my buttons!” you think to yourself. You don’t mean to retaliate or withdraw from your partner, but you do. You find yourself feeling lost and alone. The disconnection has left you feeling constantly exhausted. This isn’t the relationship you envisioned. You yearn for change; you crave a healthy and happy partnership.
(323) 870-6904 View (323) 870-6904
Photo of Edward Droste, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Edward Droste
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90026
I'm an empathetic and dedicated Associate Marriage and Family Therapist, wholeheartedly committed to guiding individuals on their journey towards improved mental health and overall well-being. With a rich background in entertainment and music, I ventured into the realm of clinical psychology, obtaining an MA from Antioch University. My career began at APLA Health, where I provided psychotherapy to a diverse range of LGBTQIA+ clients. This unique blend of experiences has enriched my perspective on life, allowing me to appreciate the resilience individuals display in the face of adversity.
I'm an empathetic and dedicated Associate Marriage and Family Therapist, wholeheartedly committed to guiding individuals on their journey towards improved mental health and overall well-being. With a rich background in entertainment and music, I ventured into the realm of clinical psychology, obtaining an MA from Antioch University. My career began at APLA Health, where I provided psychotherapy to a diverse range of LGBTQIA+ clients. This unique blend of experiences has enriched my perspective on life, allowing me to appreciate the resilience individuals display in the face of adversity.
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Photo of Shannon O'Connor, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Shannon O'Connor
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90048
Life's experiences are wide-reaching. At times we struggle with our thoughts, our emotions, how we interact with others, and our beliefs about ourselves. Sometimes we are able to navigate through these situations quite well. Other times our capacity to cope and manage these concerns become limited. While both responses are completely normal, it can be helpful to have a supportive voice along the way via therapy.
Life's experiences are wide-reaching. At times we struggle with our thoughts, our emotions, how we interact with others, and our beliefs about ourselves. Sometimes we are able to navigate through these situations quite well. Other times our capacity to cope and manage these concerns become limited. While both responses are completely normal, it can be helpful to have a supportive voice along the way via therapy.
(323) 433-5370 View (323) 433-5370
Photo of Kimberly Redlicki, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Kimberly Redlicki
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90035  (Online Only)
Do you ever feel that you have too much going on in your mind? You want to take action, but it’s hard to even get started? Are you in a transition, or having trouble coping with your stress? Making an appointment with a therapist is a courageous first step in your journey of healing and wellbeing.
Do you ever feel that you have too much going on in your mind? You want to take action, but it’s hard to even get started? Are you in a transition, or having trouble coping with your stress? Making an appointment with a therapist is a courageous first step in your journey of healing and wellbeing.
(310) 361-2636 View (310) 361-2636
Photo of Emily Rebecca Ward, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Emily Rebecca Ward
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90064  (Online Only)
Are you ready to stop feeling anxious and/or depressed? Do you want to learn skills to calm your racing mind? Do you remember a time when anxiety, depression, & personal issues weren’t a part of your daily life? I can give you the tools and coping skills to change this. I help children/teenagers, couples, and individuals just like you: ones that have it within them to learn how to cope with their anxiety or depression and go back to living life the way that they remember it. I can support you on your journey towards feeling more self-confident, happy, fulfilled. I can help to guide you to a better understanding of yourself & others.
Are you ready to stop feeling anxious and/or depressed? Do you want to learn skills to calm your racing mind? Do you remember a time when anxiety, depression, & personal issues weren’t a part of your daily life? I can give you the tools and coping skills to change this. I help children/teenagers, couples, and individuals just like you: ones that have it within them to learn how to cope with their anxiety or depression and go back to living life the way that they remember it. I can support you on your journey towards feeling more self-confident, happy, fulfilled. I can help to guide you to a better understanding of yourself & others.
(310) 564-0604 View (310) 564-0604
Photo of Cheryl Feldmann, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Cheryl Feldmann
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024
I believe in your capacity to change and to fully live and enjoy your life. Relationship struggles, illness, addictions, and many other obstacles may be blocking your way to a fully actualized experience. For over 20 years I have helped people overcome their obstacles, come to a new understanding of their choices and relationships, and experience a new freedom. When given a nurturing environment, people flourish. I provide a therapy that is active, warm, and at the same time challenging enough to help you achieve your goals and reach an enjoyment of life that you didn't know was possible.
I believe in your capacity to change and to fully live and enjoy your life. Relationship struggles, illness, addictions, and many other obstacles may be blocking your way to a fully actualized experience. For over 20 years I have helped people overcome their obstacles, come to a new understanding of their choices and relationships, and experience a new freedom. When given a nurturing environment, people flourish. I provide a therapy that is active, warm, and at the same time challenging enough to help you achieve your goals and reach an enjoyment of life that you didn't know was possible.
(424) 320-6409 View (424) 320-6409
Photo of Ray Cochran, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Ray Cochran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90039
Everyone goes through periods when life is challenging and something isn’t working. If you are here, you've probably decided something needs to change in your life. Whatever you are feeling in this moment - by simply noticing what is happening in your life and deciding that you'd like to see yourself living differently - you have already begun and you’re on your way.
Everyone goes through periods when life is challenging and something isn’t working. If you are here, you've probably decided something needs to change in your life. Whatever you are feeling in this moment - by simply noticing what is happening in your life and deciding that you'd like to see yourself living differently - you have already begun and you’re on your way.
(323) 638-2956 View (323) 638-2956
Photo of Marci Reiss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Marci Reiss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90035  (Online Only)
When someone is diagnosed with a serious illness, they have no idea what it means for their life, their future, their family, or their career. They have endless questions and nowhere to get answers. Just navigating the medical world feels like learning a whole new language in a foreign city. There are so many life changes, it can feel extremely overwhelming.
When someone is diagnosed with a serious illness, they have no idea what it means for their life, their future, their family, or their career. They have endless questions and nowhere to get answers. Just navigating the medical world feels like learning a whole new language in a foreign city. There are so many life changes, it can feel extremely overwhelming.
(424) 523-5787 View (424) 523-5787
Photo of Laura Jean Brownstein, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Laura Jean Brownstein
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Have you ever felt like you weren't being heard? Have you struggled to advocate for yourself? Have you felt like you were different from others? If you answered, yes, to any of these questions, know that you are not alone. Whether you are seeking treatment as an adult or for a child or adolescent, being able to learn skills to advocate for yourself and develop confidence in that ability can be enlightening. I can help in making speaking up less stressful by helping you understand the roots of that difficulty and help you find your voice. For minors, I can work with other providers in helping your child feel heard and understood.
Have you ever felt like you weren't being heard? Have you struggled to advocate for yourself? Have you felt like you were different from others? If you answered, yes, to any of these questions, know that you are not alone. Whether you are seeking treatment as an adult or for a child or adolescent, being able to learn skills to advocate for yourself and develop confidence in that ability can be enlightening. I can help in making speaking up less stressful by helping you understand the roots of that difficulty and help you find your voice. For minors, I can work with other providers in helping your child feel heard and understood.
(424) 408-1730 View (424) 408-1730
Photo of Dr. Gautami Ashok, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Gautami Ashok
Psychologist, PsyD, MSc
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90014
In dealing with stressors, life events, challenging relationships, and traumatic experiences we develop patterns to keep ourselves safe and sane; which often also limits us. The challenge is unlearning these narratives and trusting our innate wisdom. When we feel safe, secure and accepted for who we are we can begin the process of shedding what doesn’t work for us, while exploring our untapped potential. I believe you are the master of your story; and I hope to create a safe space where we can gain insight about your inner battles, develop skills to enhance holistic development, and realize the potential of your authentic self.
In dealing with stressors, life events, challenging relationships, and traumatic experiences we develop patterns to keep ourselves safe and sane; which often also limits us. The challenge is unlearning these narratives and trusting our innate wisdom. When we feel safe, secure and accepted for who we are we can begin the process of shedding what doesn’t work for us, while exploring our untapped potential. I believe you are the master of your story; and I hope to create a safe space where we can gain insight about your inner battles, develop skills to enhance holistic development, and realize the potential of your authentic self.
(916) 848-5866 View (916) 848-5866
Photo of John Dosta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
John Dosta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90063
Hi! My name is John Dosta and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I do talk therapy and I'd like to get to know you. A few areas in which I am familiar include veterans, anxiety, depression, divorce, child custody, and family relationships. I am most comfortable working with clients in the midst of high-conflict divorce/ child custody situations, anxiety/panic disorders, depression, reacclimating from military service, and substance abuse.
Hi! My name is John Dosta and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I do talk therapy and I'd like to get to know you. A few areas in which I am familiar include veterans, anxiety, depression, divorce, child custody, and family relationships. I am most comfortable working with clients in the midst of high-conflict divorce/ child custody situations, anxiety/panic disorders, depression, reacclimating from military service, and substance abuse.
(323) 417-2540 View (323) 417-2540
Photo of Khiet Truong, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Khiet Truong
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024  (Online Only)
I am passionate about my work with adults who struggle to live in the in-between worlds (e.g., cultural and gender identity, work, family, relationships, etc.). I believe that transformation occurs within a blanket of emotional security. Therefore, it is crucial for me to curate a compassionate and safe therapeutic space for my clients as they experience difficult emotions in the moment. I practice from a strength-based approach in which I view you as the expert in your lived experience. Together, I will co-create a support system that is unique to your individual healing journey. You are safe here.
I am passionate about my work with adults who struggle to live in the in-between worlds (e.g., cultural and gender identity, work, family, relationships, etc.). I believe that transformation occurs within a blanket of emotional security. Therefore, it is crucial for me to curate a compassionate and safe therapeutic space for my clients as they experience difficult emotions in the moment. I practice from a strength-based approach in which I view you as the expert in your lived experience. Together, I will co-create a support system that is unique to your individual healing journey. You are safe here.
(310) 510-6157 View (310) 510-6157

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.