Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

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Photo of Mark Halley, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Mark Halley
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
Are you not living your life the way you would like to? Is your interpersonal life not what you'd like it to be? Are you unsatisfied in your partner relationship in particular? I believe I can help. As an individual therapist, my goal is to create a safe, trusting, respectful, and nonjudgmental environment in which we can engage in a process of collaborative reflection aimed at helping you become more connected with all parts of your self. In this process, we can work together to understand how and why you relate as you do with yourself and others.
Are you not living your life the way you would like to? Is your interpersonal life not what you'd like it to be? Are you unsatisfied in your partner relationship in particular? I believe I can help. As an individual therapist, my goal is to create a safe, trusting, respectful, and nonjudgmental environment in which we can engage in a process of collaborative reflection aimed at helping you become more connected with all parts of your self. In this process, we can work together to understand how and why you relate as you do with yourself and others.
(651) 347-1323 View (651) 347-1323
Photo of Jason Kell, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Jason Kell
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55413
I’ve received my Masters Degree in Mental Health Counseling at Denver Seminary, and practice as a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC). I specializes in therapies that work towards the healing of people who have experienced trauma and other stress-related disorders. I’m fully trained as an EMDR (Eye-Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing) therapist. Moreover, I have completed the Somatic Experiencing (Beginning I, II & III) training modules through the SE Trauma Institute focused on healing and restoration.
I’ve received my Masters Degree in Mental Health Counseling at Denver Seminary, and practice as a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC). I specializes in therapies that work towards the healing of people who have experienced trauma and other stress-related disorders. I’m fully trained as an EMDR (Eye-Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing) therapist. Moreover, I have completed the Somatic Experiencing (Beginning I, II & III) training modules through the SE Trauma Institute focused on healing and restoration.
(763) 878-7568 View (763) 878-7568
Photo of Joshua Rampi, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Joshua Rampi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55439
With a combination of humor, wisdom, metaphors and professional experience, I enjoy working with folks to help them live a more fulfilled life. I work together with my clients to create a safe environment, where they are encouraged to take risks and explore the challenges they are facing. My goal is to help clients understand and address the root causes of the issues they are facing, so problems do not continue to resurface. I enjoy working with adults and young adults 18 yrs and older. I only have a few appointments available at this time. My direct voice mail is: 763-234-3728.
With a combination of humor, wisdom, metaphors and professional experience, I enjoy working with folks to help them live a more fulfilled life. I work together with my clients to create a safe environment, where they are encouraged to take risks and explore the challenges they are facing. My goal is to help clients understand and address the root causes of the issues they are facing, so problems do not continue to resurface. I enjoy working with adults and young adults 18 yrs and older. I only have a few appointments available at this time. My direct voice mail is: 763-234-3728.
(763) 244-1978 View (763) 244-1978
Photo of Jessica Grad, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Jessica Grad
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55401
< Immediate appointments available > In our sessions, we'll work to create a comfortable space for you to discuss your experiences, work through presenting challenges, and build new and adaptive thought patterns and behaviors. Our interventions and treatment goals will be catered to your specific needs and we'll work together to create coping strategies that empower you to reach your goals.
< Immediate appointments available > In our sessions, we'll work to create a comfortable space for you to discuss your experiences, work through presenting challenges, and build new and adaptive thought patterns and behaviors. Our interventions and treatment goals will be catered to your specific needs and we'll work together to create coping strategies that empower you to reach your goals.
(763) 710-6236 View (763) 710-6236
Photo of Kristin Bunge, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Kristin Bunge
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55408  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed by everyday life, you struggle to have any hope for the future as you continually find yourself repeating toxic patterns and feeling haunted by your past. It feels like no matter what you do or how hard you try you just can't get it right. You want a life that feels vibrant and healthy, one you handcraft and one that reflects all of your uniqueness, power, love, and depth.
Feeling overwhelmed by everyday life, you struggle to have any hope for the future as you continually find yourself repeating toxic patterns and feeling haunted by your past. It feels like no matter what you do or how hard you try you just can't get it right. You want a life that feels vibrant and healthy, one you handcraft and one that reflects all of your uniqueness, power, love, and depth.
(612) 688-9844 View (612) 688-9844
Photo of Audrey Jacobsen, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Audrey Jacobsen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I work with teenagers and adults (16 years and older), whose experiences may include trauma, anxiety, depression, substance use, systems involvement, and/or experiencing or engaging in interpersonal harm.
I work with teenagers and adults (16 years and older), whose experiences may include trauma, anxiety, depression, substance use, systems involvement, and/or experiencing or engaging in interpersonal harm.
(612) 712-8974 View (612) 712-8974
Photo of Anastasiia Klymenko-Reguero, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Anastasiia Klymenko-Reguero
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55407
I've seen the powerful changes that therapy can create in individuals' lives, and I feel honored to be a part of each of my client's journeys. I try not to supply my clients with answers, but I help my clients to find their own answers, since I believe every person knows what is best for them.
I've seen the powerful changes that therapy can create in individuals' lives, and I feel honored to be a part of each of my client's journeys. I try not to supply my clients with answers, but I help my clients to find their own answers, since I believe every person knows what is best for them.
(612) 712-4491 View (612) 712-4491
Photo of Nicole Gornowicz, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Nicole Gornowicz
Counselor, MA, LPCC, ATR
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55413
Hello! I am Nicole (she/her/hers) a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Art Therapist. I've worked in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area for 9 years; primarily with adolescents, children, their families, and their support networks. I'm passionate about encouraging teens, young adults, families, and individuals to keep going. I aim to provide an environment that is conducive to growth through honoring who you are, what you need in the moment, and how you will get to where you'd like to be. I do this through providing a safe, comfortable, authentic, and supportive place you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Hello! I am Nicole (she/her/hers) a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Art Therapist. I've worked in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area for 9 years; primarily with adolescents, children, their families, and their support networks. I'm passionate about encouraging teens, young adults, families, and individuals to keep going. I aim to provide an environment that is conducive to growth through honoring who you are, what you need in the moment, and how you will get to where you'd like to be. I do this through providing a safe, comfortable, authentic, and supportive place you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
(651) 372-1130 View (651) 372-1130
Photo of Elizabeth Volkman, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Elizabeth Volkman
Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55406
I believe that understanding, accepting, and committing to our values is an integral part of recovery and creating a meaningful life. I aim to provide tools and support that allow individuals to resolve their past and thrive in the present. My professional experience and training is focused on providing advocacy and guidance for adults seeking management and relief from PTSD, substance use concerns, mood and anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
I believe that understanding, accepting, and committing to our values is an integral part of recovery and creating a meaningful life. I aim to provide tools and support that allow individuals to resolve their past and thrive in the present. My professional experience and training is focused on providing advocacy and guidance for adults seeking management and relief from PTSD, substance use concerns, mood and anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
(612) 441-2828 View (612) 441-2828
Photo of Ashley Vitek, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Ashley Vitek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55403  (Online Only)
Are you currently going through significant changes in life, finding yourself feeling complacent and unable to take the steps to achieve your goals? Or maybe you have past trauma that seems to keep coming up that is impacting your current relationships? Therapy is about self- discovery, personal growth and healing. I prioritize collaborating with my clients to build a trusting, nonjudgmental, laid-back relationship that allows me to provide validation, introspection, while also keeping it real and challenging you to do the deeper work that often constitutes healing.
Are you currently going through significant changes in life, finding yourself feeling complacent and unable to take the steps to achieve your goals? Or maybe you have past trauma that seems to keep coming up that is impacting your current relationships? Therapy is about self- discovery, personal growth and healing. I prioritize collaborating with my clients to build a trusting, nonjudgmental, laid-back relationship that allows me to provide validation, introspection, while also keeping it real and challenging you to do the deeper work that often constitutes healing.
(651) 412-1426 View (651) 412-1426
Photo of Nichelle Dillon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Nichelle Dillon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55403  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe that each person comes to therapy with a unique perspective and set of strengths; and that it is through a combination of tapping into these innate strengths and learning new skills that you can begin to live your best life. As a therapist, I believe my role is to provide you with a supportive and nonjudgmental environment to process life's challenges, to support you in exploring and increasing insight into the impact of these challenges on your everyday life, and to facilitate the learning of new skills and perspectives to address these challenges and improve your life.
I believe that each person comes to therapy with a unique perspective and set of strengths; and that it is through a combination of tapping into these innate strengths and learning new skills that you can begin to live your best life. As a therapist, I believe my role is to provide you with a supportive and nonjudgmental environment to process life's challenges, to support you in exploring and increasing insight into the impact of these challenges on your everyday life, and to facilitate the learning of new skills and perspectives to address these challenges and improve your life.
(612) 887-3178 x716 View (612) 887-3178 x716
Michael Thompson
Psychologist, MSW, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55410
I specialize in forensic (legal) evaluations. I most often work with individuals involved in some aspect of the legal system. Though my specialty is the assessment of men and women accused or convicted of sexual offenses, I also have broad-based experience in competency and diminished capacity evaluations, assessment of mentally ill and dangerous persons, and violence risk assessment. I also do trial consultation for the military. Most of my referrals come from the courts and attorneys, though I encourage potential clients to contact me to discuss my services.
I specialize in forensic (legal) evaluations. I most often work with individuals involved in some aspect of the legal system. Though my specialty is the assessment of men and women accused or convicted of sexual offenses, I also have broad-based experience in competency and diminished capacity evaluations, assessment of mentally ill and dangerous persons, and violence risk assessment. I also do trial consultation for the military. Most of my referrals come from the courts and attorneys, though I encourage potential clients to contact me to discuss my services.
(612) 568-5958 View (612) 568-5958
Photo of Pregnancy Prenatal Postpartum Kendra Olson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Pregnancy Prenatal Postpartum Kendra Olson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55403
Are you overwhelmed with motherhood? Maybe you've only started the journey to motherhood and are facing infertility, or are pregnant or postpartum. Perhaps you have small kids and are still wondering when you'll feel like yourself again. You aren't sure if your feelings are "normal", and feel alone and isolated. You might expect too much of yourself, and then struggle with guilt or shame when those expectations are not met. Motherhood and parenting are hard, though this reality is not often normalized. Let's work together to process your unique experience of becoming a mom, improve your confidence, and find more joy in motherhood.
Are you overwhelmed with motherhood? Maybe you've only started the journey to motherhood and are facing infertility, or are pregnant or postpartum. Perhaps you have small kids and are still wondering when you'll feel like yourself again. You aren't sure if your feelings are "normal", and feel alone and isolated. You might expect too much of yourself, and then struggle with guilt or shame when those expectations are not met. Motherhood and parenting are hard, though this reality is not often normalized. Let's work together to process your unique experience of becoming a mom, improve your confidence, and find more joy in motherhood.
(612) 662-0883 View (612) 662-0883
Photo of Eiko Mizushima, Occupational Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Eiko Mizushima
Occupational Therapist, OTR/L, LMT
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55407
Healing is about learning to feel, feel more while present and connected in your body, your life, and the life of those around you past, present, and future. Eiko helps people heal through the ecology of embodiment during life activities you want to feel liberated or at ease while doing. Eiko integrates a healing justice lens to help people navigate colonialism, racial identities, gender, sexuality, stress reduction, sensory needs, nervous system shifts, relationships, and connecting with ecosystems. Eiko identifies as mixed, of Asian and European descent, gender non-conforming, and queer. Healing is political and healing is brave.
Healing is about learning to feel, feel more while present and connected in your body, your life, and the life of those around you past, present, and future. Eiko helps people heal through the ecology of embodiment during life activities you want to feel liberated or at ease while doing. Eiko integrates a healing justice lens to help people navigate colonialism, racial identities, gender, sexuality, stress reduction, sensory needs, nervous system shifts, relationships, and connecting with ecosystems. Eiko identifies as mixed, of Asian and European descent, gender non-conforming, and queer. Healing is political and healing is brave.
(612) 453-0564 View (612) 453-0564
Photo of Ariel Brinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Ariel Brinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55418
We are all on a journey that often presents itself in different ways for different people; each person’s life is unique. I love connecting with and seeing my clients reach their goals, sometimes that means being in a space of validation and collaboration, sometimes that means I hold you accountable for doing the work required to change to meet your goals. Regardless, I will be there for you. It doesn’t matter if it is anxiety, depression, addiction or trauma that is getting in the way, I will help you find a way to a better place.
We are all on a journey that often presents itself in different ways for different people; each person’s life is unique. I love connecting with and seeing my clients reach their goals, sometimes that means being in a space of validation and collaboration, sometimes that means I hold you accountable for doing the work required to change to meet your goals. Regardless, I will be there for you. It doesn’t matter if it is anxiety, depression, addiction or trauma that is getting in the way, I will help you find a way to a better place.
(612) 208-6151 View (612) 208-6151
Photo of Marcus Scott Manning, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Marcus Scott Manning
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55416  (Online Only)
I have deep and intense curiosity about human behavior and why people make the decisions they do. As a therapist I use that as a way to help people gain insight and understanding about their lives, ultimately finding greater contentment, happiness and fulfillment.  I'm committed to helping my clients live their best lives. My specialties are counseling with Adult Adoptees, Adult ADHD/ADD, Couples /Interracial Couples. I also work with individuals to help them navigate their way through Anxiety, Depression, Trauma and Stress Management.
I have deep and intense curiosity about human behavior and why people make the decisions they do. As a therapist I use that as a way to help people gain insight and understanding about their lives, ultimately finding greater contentment, happiness and fulfillment.  I'm committed to helping my clients live their best lives. My specialties are counseling with Adult Adoptees, Adult ADHD/ADD, Couples /Interracial Couples. I also work with individuals to help them navigate their way through Anxiety, Depression, Trauma and Stress Management.
(651) 401-8483 View (651) 401-8483
Photo of Levan Counseling & Consulting, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Levan Counseling & Consulting
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55432  (Online Only)
My passion is helping individuals, couples and families live the lives they deserve. I am a straightforward, innovative therapist with an outstanding track record for helping my clients live healthy productive lives. My personal commitment to you as your therapist is to provide counseling and psychoeducation using Cognitive Behavior Therapy to promote healthy thinking and positive outcomes. I am a firm believer that in order to change behavior we have to gain insight into underlying beliefs that have developed over time through experiences.
My passion is helping individuals, couples and families live the lives they deserve. I am a straightforward, innovative therapist with an outstanding track record for helping my clients live healthy productive lives. My personal commitment to you as your therapist is to provide counseling and psychoeducation using Cognitive Behavior Therapy to promote healthy thinking and positive outcomes. I am a firm believer that in order to change behavior we have to gain insight into underlying beliefs that have developed over time through experiences.
(612) 254-0500 View (612) 254-0500
Photo of Jocelyn Thoemke, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Jocelyn Thoemke
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, MA, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55406
Jocelyn is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Board-Certified Art Therapist with 13 years of experience supporting clients through talk and art therapy. Her practice is focused on working with individuals who identify as neurodivergent and seek support exploring this as well as those seeking support with challenges like sensory processing differences, self-esteem, general anxiety, social anxiety, depression, and difficulty with social relationships. Jocelyn will support you in harnessing your creativity to feel more empowered, confident, to find more ease in life.
Jocelyn is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Board-Certified Art Therapist with 13 years of experience supporting clients through talk and art therapy. Her practice is focused on working with individuals who identify as neurodivergent and seek support exploring this as well as those seeking support with challenges like sensory processing differences, self-esteem, general anxiety, social anxiety, depression, and difficulty with social relationships. Jocelyn will support you in harnessing your creativity to feel more empowered, confident, to find more ease in life.
(612) 255-9526 View (612) 255-9526
Photo of Renee Divine, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Renee Divine
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55419  (Online Only)
Are you feeling disconnected from your partner? Facing sexual challenges that seem insurmountable? I work with individuals and couples facing sexual and relationship issues. Therapy provides people an opportunity to learn about their feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and to develop healthier skills for coping with difficulties and painful experiences. I work mostly with emotional and physical disconnection, parenting style conflicts, life transitions, loss of sex drive, and differing libidos. I am a Certified Sex Therapist by AASECT.
Are you feeling disconnected from your partner? Facing sexual challenges that seem insurmountable? I work with individuals and couples facing sexual and relationship issues. Therapy provides people an opportunity to learn about their feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and to develop healthier skills for coping with difficulties and painful experiences. I work mostly with emotional and physical disconnection, parenting style conflicts, life transitions, loss of sex drive, and differing libidos. I am a Certified Sex Therapist by AASECT.
(612) 979-1550 View (612) 979-1550
Photo of Katie Eisold, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Katie Eisold
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CCLS
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55435
I enjoy working with individual adults, teens, and children (10+) with a variety of mental health concerns. I have significant experience working with people coping with grief and loss. Through supporting hundreds of individuals and families mourning a death, I recognize how unique grief is to each one of us. I work to normalize and validate the diversity of one's grief experiences to promote hope and healing.
I enjoy working with individual adults, teens, and children (10+) with a variety of mental health concerns. I have significant experience working with people coping with grief and loss. Through supporting hundreds of individuals and families mourning a death, I recognize how unique grief is to each one of us. I work to normalize and validate the diversity of one's grief experiences to promote hope and healing.
(952) 234-6310 View (952) 234-6310

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$166

Therapists in Minneapolis, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Minneapolis, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minneapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.