Therapists in Sacramento, CA

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Photo of Priscilla Marie Avery, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Priscilla Marie Avery
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95831  (Online Only)
Priscilla Avery has been helping children, adolescents, and adults since 2012 towards healing and finding hope. She has a wide range of experience in working with individuals of various cultures and backgrounds. Priscilla has a variety of expertise that is not limited to the following areas: trauma, grief, divorce, parent-child relationship problems, depression, anxiety, and adjustment to life changes. She is passionate about helping individuals who have experienced trauma in finding breakthroughs so that they can find freedom in their life.
Priscilla Avery has been helping children, adolescents, and adults since 2012 towards healing and finding hope. She has a wide range of experience in working with individuals of various cultures and backgrounds. Priscilla has a variety of expertise that is not limited to the following areas: trauma, grief, divorce, parent-child relationship problems, depression, anxiety, and adjustment to life changes. She is passionate about helping individuals who have experienced trauma in finding breakthroughs so that they can find freedom in their life.
(916) 888-8912 View (916) 888-8912
Photo of Charné Powell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Charné Powell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95834
I celebrate you in taking your first step, which is a huge strength. I believe that you are the expert of you. My goal is to create a safe space that is non-judgmental, inclusive and empowering where we can work collaboratively to achieve what success means to you. Seeking support during difficult times can be a challenge. It can make us feel like we can’t solve things on our own; or our family or cultural background has taught us that our lives are not meant to be shared. Life is an incredible journey that comes with experiences that shape who we are. Let's navigate the path together and find tools that help you overcome hurdles.
I celebrate you in taking your first step, which is a huge strength. I believe that you are the expert of you. My goal is to create a safe space that is non-judgmental, inclusive and empowering where we can work collaboratively to achieve what success means to you. Seeking support during difficult times can be a challenge. It can make us feel like we can’t solve things on our own; or our family or cultural background has taught us that our lives are not meant to be shared. Life is an incredible journey that comes with experiences that shape who we are. Let's navigate the path together and find tools that help you overcome hurdles.
(916) 252-1060 View (916) 252-1060
Photo of Micaela Marie Van Dine, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Micaela Marie Van Dine
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
I am a forensic psychotherapist that works with families involved in custody disputes with a focus on the best interests for children. My focus with all clients is to find solutions to complex issues. My approach is direct and goal oriented. For psychotherapy, I treat individuals, families, and children. I also hold closed support groups for Recovery from Psychological Abuse (specifically narcissistic abuse). I work extensively with individuals going through divorce. I enjoy working with children and teens in treating depression/ anxiety, Trauma, Introversion/social anxiety, peer issues, and parental conflict/divorce.
I am a forensic psychotherapist that works with families involved in custody disputes with a focus on the best interests for children. My focus with all clients is to find solutions to complex issues. My approach is direct and goal oriented. For psychotherapy, I treat individuals, families, and children. I also hold closed support groups for Recovery from Psychological Abuse (specifically narcissistic abuse). I work extensively with individuals going through divorce. I enjoy working with children and teens in treating depression/ anxiety, Trauma, Introversion/social anxiety, peer issues, and parental conflict/divorce.
(916) 507-1817 View (916) 507-1817
Photo of Darcy Jackson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Darcy Jackson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95815  (Online Only)
Do doubt, worry, fear, judgment and isolation plague your thoughts? Does it feel like family/friends do not understand your choices? Are you struggling to see a way through grief and loss? Does the burden of infertility feel hopeless? I believe we all have a story to tell and sometimes we need guidance to move between the chapters of life.
Do doubt, worry, fear, judgment and isolation plague your thoughts? Does it feel like family/friends do not understand your choices? Are you struggling to see a way through grief and loss? Does the burden of infertility feel hopeless? I believe we all have a story to tell and sometimes we need guidance to move between the chapters of life.
(916) 866-8359 View (916) 866-8359
Photo of José Freeman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
José Freeman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95818
I consider relationships to be the single most important part of being human. My work with individuals, couples and families helps them develop the essential skills for cultivating and maintaining satisfying relationships in all sectors of their lives. A primary goal of my work is increased confidence in my clients for handling life transitions, relationship challenges, cross-cultural issues, and trauma recovery through EMDR. I bring to my work life experience from the public sector, an integrated therapeutic approach, and a rich cultural background of German-Jewish, California Indian (Salinan) and Latino. I am actively involved with my Salinan community in reawakening and maintaining our traditional ways. My private practice is located in
I consider relationships to be the single most important part of being human. My work with individuals, couples and families helps them develop the essential skills for cultivating and maintaining satisfying relationships in all sectors of their lives. A primary goal of my work is increased confidence in my clients for handling life transitions, relationship challenges, cross-cultural issues, and trauma recovery through EMDR. I bring to my work life experience from the public sector, an integrated therapeutic approach, and a rich cultural background of German-Jewish, California Indian (Salinan) and Latino. I am actively involved with my Salinan community in reawakening and maintaining our traditional ways. My private practice is located in
(916) 502-8452 View (916) 502-8452
Photo of Dana Wackerly, Psychologist in Sacramento, CA
Dana Wackerly
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist offering depth psychotherapy for adults and older adolescents. I am dedicated to working collaboratively with my clients, with the goal of generating personal growth and lasting change. We begin with an exploration of symptoms and initial problems, then widening therapy to include the history of major life attachments, sense of self, personality and current life events that impact quality of life. With over twenty-five years of experience, I've found the most potent approach is to work from an attitude of curiosity, warmth, determination, and compassion.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist offering depth psychotherapy for adults and older adolescents. I am dedicated to working collaboratively with my clients, with the goal of generating personal growth and lasting change. We begin with an exploration of symptoms and initial problems, then widening therapy to include the history of major life attachments, sense of self, personality and current life events that impact quality of life. With over twenty-five years of experience, I've found the most potent approach is to work from an attitude of curiosity, warmth, determination, and compassion.
(916) 827-4714 View (916) 827-4714
Photo of Jenna Jacobs, Pre-Licensed Professional in Sacramento, CA
Jenna Jacobs
Pre-Licensed Professional, Trainee
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Whether you are struggling with past traumas or facing current challenges, I provide a warm, non-judgmental environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences at your own pace. I bring humor, honesty, and compassion into the therapeutic process, and I will always meet you where you're at. If you're ready to take the first step toward healing, I would be honored to walk that path alongside you.
Whether you are struggling with past traumas or facing current challenges, I provide a warm, non-judgmental environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences at your own pace. I bring humor, honesty, and compassion into the therapeutic process, and I will always meet you where you're at. If you're ready to take the first step toward healing, I would be honored to walk that path alongside you.
(530) 205-3697 View (530) 205-3697
Photo of David Keith Nylund, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sacramento, CA
David Keith Nylund
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95811
I have been a therapist for 35 years working in non-profits, managed care, and private practice. My current work is couples therapy utilizing a relationship focused, resolution based approach. I have experience in working with anxiety/depression; trauma; ADHD; eating disorders; and family therapy. I am a Social Work Professor at Sacramento State Univ. I conduct workshops nationwide/internationally. I serve as the Clinical Director of the Gender Health Center, an agency serving the transgendercommunity. I have worked with hunderds of transgender youth and their families. I teach for the Vancouver School for Narrative Therapy.
I have been a therapist for 35 years working in non-profits, managed care, and private practice. My current work is couples therapy utilizing a relationship focused, resolution based approach. I have experience in working with anxiety/depression; trauma; ADHD; eating disorders; and family therapy. I am a Social Work Professor at Sacramento State Univ. I conduct workshops nationwide/internationally. I serve as the Clinical Director of the Gender Health Center, an agency serving the transgendercommunity. I have worked with hunderds of transgender youth and their families. I teach for the Vancouver School for Narrative Therapy.
(916) 382-7565 View (916) 382-7565
Photo of Stephanie Beermann, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Stephanie Beermann, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95834
I look to create a safe space for my clients, whether it be children, adolescents, adults, families or couples to support progress towards mental health. I enjoy working with a diverse population of individuals and supporting them on their paths. I consider any I spend with clients an honor and privilege. It is not easy to share with others. I work to provide a validating experience for my clients while also remaining attuned to their emotions and needs. I provide Brainspotting, Experiential, CBT, Insight-Oriented and other somatic interventions.
I look to create a safe space for my clients, whether it be children, adolescents, adults, families or couples to support progress towards mental health. I enjoy working with a diverse population of individuals and supporting them on their paths. I consider any I spend with clients an honor and privilege. It is not easy to share with others. I work to provide a validating experience for my clients while also remaining attuned to their emotions and needs. I provide Brainspotting, Experiential, CBT, Insight-Oriented and other somatic interventions.
(530) 394-3040 View (530) 394-3040
Photo of Darlene A. Obregon, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Darlene A. Obregon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95825
Hi, my name is Darlene. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. I am have experience working with couples in re-establishing safety and connection in relationships. I have worked with couples with infidelity, separation and high conflict. I am also passionate about working with individuals in helping them unpack childhood emotional trauma wounds, to foster new healthy attachments. I have 10 years experience working with children and families. In family work, I help to restore connection, trust and belonging.
Hi, my name is Darlene. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. I am have experience working with couples in re-establishing safety and connection in relationships. I have worked with couples with infidelity, separation and high conflict. I am also passionate about working with individuals in helping them unpack childhood emotional trauma wounds, to foster new healthy attachments. I have 10 years experience working with children and families. In family work, I help to restore connection, trust and belonging.
(916) 943-4076 View (916) 943-4076
Photo of Maris Loeffler: Brainspotting Certified, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Maris Loeffler: Brainspotting Certified
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
Now accepting new clients! Brainspotting Certified, Stanford Lifestyle Medicine Team Member, Somatic Experiencing, Sports Therapy - Expert trauma therapist empowering individuals to reclaim their lives. Specializing in trauma-informed care and personalized healing journeys. Skilled in evidence-based and body centered modalities for lasting transformation. Let's navigate your path to healing and renewal together. My priority is providing a safe, empathic and non-judgmental space .
Now accepting new clients! Brainspotting Certified, Stanford Lifestyle Medicine Team Member, Somatic Experiencing, Sports Therapy - Expert trauma therapist empowering individuals to reclaim their lives. Specializing in trauma-informed care and personalized healing journeys. Skilled in evidence-based and body centered modalities for lasting transformation. Let's navigate your path to healing and renewal together. My priority is providing a safe, empathic and non-judgmental space .
(916) 472-0737 View (916) 472-0737
Photo of Erica Medina, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Erica Medina
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95833  (Online Only)
We all need support from time to time. My goal is to guide you in learning and practicing healthy coping skills to manage life challenges, gain insight from past experiences, to feel successful in your relationships and life, and develop a deeper understanding and connection in the relationships that mean the most to you.
We all need support from time to time. My goal is to guide you in learning and practicing healthy coping skills to manage life challenges, gain insight from past experiences, to feel successful in your relationships and life, and develop a deeper understanding and connection in the relationships that mean the most to you.
(530) 688-6821 View (530) 688-6821
Photo of David Phillips, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
David Phillips
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95811
Hello, If you are looking for in-person (video sessions available) sessions and would like to talk to someone today, please call or send me an email. Typically, I am able to return your call or email within a day. I hear from patients all the time, that the hardest part to finding and connecting with a clinician is getting someone to take your call or call you back. I try to make connecting one of easier parts of therapy. I provide counseling services to individuals, couples, and families, and adopt an approach that is engaged and collaborative. I look forward to hearing from you.
Hello, If you are looking for in-person (video sessions available) sessions and would like to talk to someone today, please call or send me an email. Typically, I am able to return your call or email within a day. I hear from patients all the time, that the hardest part to finding and connecting with a clinician is getting someone to take your call or call you back. I try to make connecting one of easier parts of therapy. I provide counseling services to individuals, couples, and families, and adopt an approach that is engaged and collaborative. I look forward to hearing from you.
(916) 347-5637 View (916) 347-5637
Photo of Edmund Perryman, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Sacramento, CA
Edmund Perryman
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95815  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I aim to create a space within the session to promote self-growth and work to encourage change and healing. I understand stress, trauma, loss, and other challenges can interfere with happiness and natural growth. I am passionate about working with individuals of all cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds.
I aim to create a space within the session to promote self-growth and work to encourage change and healing. I understand stress, trauma, loss, and other challenges can interfere with happiness and natural growth. I am passionate about working with individuals of all cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds.
(916) 571-0967 View (916) 571-0967
Photo of Christine Moore, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Christine Moore
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental, open space for clients to explore barriers to current fulfillment in their lives and uncover and heal any past wounds. I believe that through the process of developing insight and awareness into issues and behaviors, I can help clients better manage their symptoms and develop coping mechanisms that enable them to lead more enjoyable and gratifying lives.
My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental, open space for clients to explore barriers to current fulfillment in their lives and uncover and heal any past wounds. I believe that through the process of developing insight and awareness into issues and behaviors, I can help clients better manage their symptoms and develop coping mechanisms that enable them to lead more enjoyable and gratifying lives.
(424) 339-2696 View (424) 339-2696
Photo of Cara Ann Crocker, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Sacramento, CA
Cara Ann Crocker
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Maybe you're ready for the next chapter in your life. The one in which you find ways to thrive, even amidst these unprecedented times of high stress. I help individuals and couples deal with anxiety and life transitions. I guide them towards new solutions, insights, and ways of coping. Together we will unravel the places you might have gotten stuck. I will assist you in moving from overwhelmed to calm. All parts of you will be welcomed and accepted in a process that paves the way for new relational awareness.
Maybe you're ready for the next chapter in your life. The one in which you find ways to thrive, even amidst these unprecedented times of high stress. I help individuals and couples deal with anxiety and life transitions. I guide them towards new solutions, insights, and ways of coping. Together we will unravel the places you might have gotten stuck. I will assist you in moving from overwhelmed to calm. All parts of you will be welcomed and accepted in a process that paves the way for new relational awareness.
(530) 486-0924 View (530) 486-0924
Photo of The Sacramento Counselor Group, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Sacramento, CA
The Sacramento Counselor Group
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95826
In the tapestry of life, there are moments when one feels adrift, questioning the very core of their existence. My ideal client is not just seeking a service; they are on a profound journey of self-discovery, a quest to unravel the layers of their identity and purpose. My ideal client apse for more than just superficial change- they crave a transformation that goes to the roots. Their goals extend beyond tangible; they are in pursuit of a life that aligns with their authentic self. It's not nearly about reaching a destination, but about the profound journey that shapes them along the way. Together, we embark on a journey of meaning.
In the tapestry of life, there are moments when one feels adrift, questioning the very core of their existence. My ideal client is not just seeking a service; they are on a profound journey of self-discovery, a quest to unravel the layers of their identity and purpose. My ideal client apse for more than just superficial change- they crave a transformation that goes to the roots. Their goals extend beyond tangible; they are in pursuit of a life that aligns with their authentic self. It's not nearly about reaching a destination, but about the profound journey that shapes them along the way. Together, we embark on a journey of meaning.
(916) 659-8109 View (916) 659-8109
Photo of Brinn E. Langdale, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Brinn E. Langdale
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95815  (Online Only)
Welcome! Is this your first time looking for a therapist? Or are you looking for a new therapist to help you gain actionable tools to make changes? If so, then let's connect! With 15 years of my own healing journey under my belt, I use personal experience, professional education and holistic wisdom to support your growth.
Welcome! Is this your first time looking for a therapist? Or are you looking for a new therapist to help you gain actionable tools to make changes? If so, then let's connect! With 15 years of my own healing journey under my belt, I use personal experience, professional education and holistic wisdom to support your growth.
(916) 891-1204 View (916) 891-1204
Photo of Randolph Alba Farase, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Randolph Alba Farase
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
My goal is to help you gain deeper insights into your experiences and your habits while helping you develop a plan to take you from your current situation into a desired outcome. I will also teach you strategies to continue your growth. For the past 3 years I've helped clients who are experiencing symptoms related to stress-exhaustion-burnout, anxiety, depression, relationship problems, and survivors of domestic violence.
My goal is to help you gain deeper insights into your experiences and your habits while helping you develop a plan to take you from your current situation into a desired outcome. I will also teach you strategies to continue your growth. For the past 3 years I've helped clients who are experiencing symptoms related to stress-exhaustion-burnout, anxiety, depression, relationship problems, and survivors of domestic violence.
(916) 404-1250 View (916) 404-1250
Photo of Willa Marie Lampi, Marriage & Family Therapist in Sacramento, CA
Willa Marie Lampi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSc, MFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95834
Are you tired of feeling angry, lonely, misunderstood in your relationship(s)? Are you ready to take the next step by learning new ways to feel safe and connected in your relationship. Couples working with me learn to: create a secure, loving, and trusting bond with each other. Improve Communication skills, increase verbal and sexual intimacy, stop the "blame game," talk about your thoughts and feelings without fear of being hurt or judged, set appropriate boundaries within your relationship(s), stop passive-aggressive behaviors and become assertive in all your relationships, accept each other - warts and all.
Are you tired of feeling angry, lonely, misunderstood in your relationship(s)? Are you ready to take the next step by learning new ways to feel safe and connected in your relationship. Couples working with me learn to: create a secure, loving, and trusting bond with each other. Improve Communication skills, increase verbal and sexual intimacy, stop the "blame game," talk about your thoughts and feelings without fear of being hurt or judged, set appropriate boundaries within your relationship(s), stop passive-aggressive behaviors and become assertive in all your relationships, accept each other - warts and all.
(916) 258-2885 View (916) 258-2885

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sacramento, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Sacramento, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
64% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Sacramento, CA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sacramento?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.