Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of Jessica Robershaw, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jessica Robershaw
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I have 15 years of experience working with adults, children, and adolescents. I have extensive experience with diverse populations in medical, group and community settings. I work with my clients collaboratively by providing a non-judgmental, compassionate, and supportive setting. I believe in working in a partnership with my clients to help them identify their challenges and utilize their strengths to help them achieve their goals.
I have 15 years of experience working with adults, children, and adolescents. I have extensive experience with diverse populations in medical, group and community settings. I work with my clients collaboratively by providing a non-judgmental, compassionate, and supportive setting. I believe in working in a partnership with my clients to help them identify their challenges and utilize their strengths to help them achieve their goals.
(510) 851-9132 View (510) 851-9132
Photo of Andrea Gonzalez-Guemes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Andrea Gonzalez-Guemes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
Things seem fine from the outside, you are successful in some areas of your life, but deep down you feel there is something missing. You feel anxious, depressed or empty, and there is a constant feeling of not fitting in. You notice frustrating patterns you continue to get stuck in and feel dissatisfied with where you are. In therapy you can talk freely and safely about how you feel. Through our work together you will understand your experience in relation to your personal history and everyday life, learn to manage difficult feelings and get the tools to address your needs. This will lead to long-lasting meaningful change.
Things seem fine from the outside, you are successful in some areas of your life, but deep down you feel there is something missing. You feel anxious, depressed or empty, and there is a constant feeling of not fitting in. You notice frustrating patterns you continue to get stuck in and feel dissatisfied with where you are. In therapy you can talk freely and safely about how you feel. Through our work together you will understand your experience in relation to your personal history and everyday life, learn to manage difficult feelings and get the tools to address your needs. This will lead to long-lasting meaningful change.
(628) 225-4873 View (628) 225-4873
Photo of Alexis Lyon, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Alexis Lyon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
I love discovering the emerging potential of my clients, and supporting their unique personal development and evolution. I'm experienced working with highly sensitive individuals, and those who self-identify as having a history of trauma. Adults who are self-motivated, and those who have or desire a mind-body-spirit practice, are a good fit for the support I provide. I adapt to the needs of children and adults alike. I believe therapy can be a powerful tool to unlock our greater creativity and feelings of interconnectivity and trust, so that my clients can thrive in the web of life.
I love discovering the emerging potential of my clients, and supporting their unique personal development and evolution. I'm experienced working with highly sensitive individuals, and those who self-identify as having a history of trauma. Adults who are self-motivated, and those who have or desire a mind-body-spirit practice, are a good fit for the support I provide. I adapt to the needs of children and adults alike. I believe therapy can be a powerful tool to unlock our greater creativity and feelings of interconnectivity and trust, so that my clients can thrive in the web of life.
(510) 880-4194 View (510) 880-4194
Photo of Dr. Tracy Cleo Smith, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Tracy Cleo Smith
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
"We are now able to see the essential ingredient that makes psychotherapy effective and successful. It is not unconditional positive regard, nor is it magical words, techniques, or postures; it is human involvement and struggle. It is the willingness of the therapist to extend himself or herself for the purpose of nurturing the patient's growth - willingness to go out on a limb, to truly involve oneself at an emotional level in the relationship." M.Scott Peck, MD
"We are now able to see the essential ingredient that makes psychotherapy effective and successful. It is not unconditional positive regard, nor is it magical words, techniques, or postures; it is human involvement and struggle. It is the willingness of the therapist to extend himself or herself for the purpose of nurturing the patient's growth - willingness to go out on a limb, to truly involve oneself at an emotional level in the relationship." M.Scott Peck, MD
(628) 227-5537 View (628) 227-5537
Photo of Alissa Benporat, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Alissa Benporat
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
I believe that healing happens in relationship, and offer warmth and curiosity to help you explore and name the truth of your experience in order to heal from anxiety, relational trauma, and embrace life's challenges. I work with individuals & couples who want to improve boundaries and communication, create meaningful connection, and align their choices with their values. I support you through circumstances life throws at you - affairs, loss, aging, marriage, divorce, raising kids, job stress. I am keen to explore issues related to gender, culture, health, spirituality, sexuality, monogamy, polyamory, and psychedelic integration.
I believe that healing happens in relationship, and offer warmth and curiosity to help you explore and name the truth of your experience in order to heal from anxiety, relational trauma, and embrace life's challenges. I work with individuals & couples who want to improve boundaries and communication, create meaningful connection, and align their choices with their values. I support you through circumstances life throws at you - affairs, loss, aging, marriage, divorce, raising kids, job stress. I am keen to explore issues related to gender, culture, health, spirituality, sexuality, monogamy, polyamory, and psychedelic integration.
(510) 330-1145 View (510) 330-1145
Photo of Rachel Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Rachel Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C-IAYT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Do you tend to focus your energy on taking care of others? Are you often left feeling overwhelmed, unsupported, and disconnected from yourself? Do you often feel guilty or ashamed when you ask for what you need or want? As an empath or a highly sensitive person who has experienced trauma, it can be overwhelming when you don’t have the right tools to manage your emotions and the energy you pick up from others. You care deeply for others and want to find a way to care just as deeply for yourself. You want to build your capacity to have relationships where you allow yourself to receive as much as you give.
Do you tend to focus your energy on taking care of others? Are you often left feeling overwhelmed, unsupported, and disconnected from yourself? Do you often feel guilty or ashamed when you ask for what you need or want? As an empath or a highly sensitive person who has experienced trauma, it can be overwhelming when you don’t have the right tools to manage your emotions and the energy you pick up from others. You care deeply for others and want to find a way to care just as deeply for yourself. You want to build your capacity to have relationships where you allow yourself to receive as much as you give.
(415) 843-7395 View (415) 843-7395
Photo of Tanisha Stewart, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Tanisha Stewart
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Life can feel overwhelming, isolating, or riddled with anxiety and depression. Perhaps things feel stuck and you are seeking a change and want more out of life. Early adulthood is a particularly challenging time. It can be difficult to challenge the perceptions of the world shaped by our families and upbringing, while maintaining the shared connections and values. It is a time to explore racial, sexual, and gender identities. A task made more complicated when layered with neurodiversity, trauma, grief, or a life circumstance that makes you feel different. Therapy can offer a sense of insight, stability, and self-acceptance.
Life can feel overwhelming, isolating, or riddled with anxiety and depression. Perhaps things feel stuck and you are seeking a change and want more out of life. Early adulthood is a particularly challenging time. It can be difficult to challenge the perceptions of the world shaped by our families and upbringing, while maintaining the shared connections and values. It is a time to explore racial, sexual, and gender identities. A task made more complicated when layered with neurodiversity, trauma, grief, or a life circumstance that makes you feel different. Therapy can offer a sense of insight, stability, and self-acceptance.
(510) 380-7789 View (510) 380-7789
Photo of Nokomis Holistic Counseling in Oakland, CA
Nokomis Holistic Counseling
MS
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Nicole and I'm offering virtual counseling services. I can support you with trauma processing and integration, major life changes and instability, relationship concerns & dynamics, addiction, eating disorders & body image concerns, as well as protecting your light/Source energy. Growth begins by rooting within your own innate wisdom and power.
Hi, I'm Nicole and I'm offering virtual counseling services. I can support you with trauma processing and integration, major life changes and instability, relationship concerns & dynamics, addiction, eating disorders & body image concerns, as well as protecting your light/Source energy. Growth begins by rooting within your own innate wisdom and power.
(510) 241-4790 View (510) 241-4790
Photo of Zonya Johnson, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Zonya Johnson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I have worked as a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist for over 25 years. I work with individuals and couples with a broad range of psychological and relationship problems. I very much enjoy the sociocultural diversity of the Bay Area and my psychotherapy practice reflects this diversity. Helping people maximize their individual potential is a never-ending source of satisfaction. I have special interests in relationship issues, women's issues, cultural concerns, and health-related problems. I also enjoy helping people find a balance between the demands of work, self, spirit and family.
I have worked as a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist for over 25 years. I work with individuals and couples with a broad range of psychological and relationship problems. I very much enjoy the sociocultural diversity of the Bay Area and my psychotherapy practice reflects this diversity. Helping people maximize their individual potential is a never-ending source of satisfaction. I have special interests in relationship issues, women's issues, cultural concerns, and health-related problems. I also enjoy helping people find a balance between the demands of work, self, spirit and family.
(925) 238-8809 View (925) 238-8809
Photo of Urana Jackson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Urana Jackson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606
Not accepting new clients
Often when an individual or couple is seeking out a therapist they're in the midst of a significant transition or challenge that can feel overwhelming. Paradoxically, I believe this is often the time in which the greatest change is possible. By exploring issues through a multi-layered approach, we will identify the deeper truths and lessons these challenges are presenting. By lending tools and feedback, I assist my clients in having a different relationship with their challenges; thus moving away from constriction into conscious growth and empowerment.
Often when an individual or couple is seeking out a therapist they're in the midst of a significant transition or challenge that can feel overwhelming. Paradoxically, I believe this is often the time in which the greatest change is possible. By exploring issues through a multi-layered approach, we will identify the deeper truths and lessons these challenges are presenting. By lending tools and feedback, I assist my clients in having a different relationship with their challenges; thus moving away from constriction into conscious growth and empowerment.
(510) 275-7633 View (510) 275-7633
Photo of Carrie E Gray, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Carrie E Gray
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
In an atmosphere of acceptance, understanding and clarity, I am here to support your relationship with yourself. Using tools such as mindfulness, insight, somatic and narrative approaches, I create a space where the many parts of you are welcome. Goal setting is a collaborative process and therapy can be long or short term depending on your needs. I deeply support the listening process, as well as the interplay between individual needs and relationship needs. I have a particular orientation towards meaning and purpose, and I draw from your values as a means of integrating both difficult and inspiring experiences.
In an atmosphere of acceptance, understanding and clarity, I am here to support your relationship with yourself. Using tools such as mindfulness, insight, somatic and narrative approaches, I create a space where the many parts of you are welcome. Goal setting is a collaborative process and therapy can be long or short term depending on your needs. I deeply support the listening process, as well as the interplay between individual needs and relationship needs. I have a particular orientation towards meaning and purpose, and I draw from your values as a means of integrating both difficult and inspiring experiences.
(510) 343-7651 View (510) 343-7651
Photo of Elizabeth Preston, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Elizabeth Preston
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with 25 years of experience treating children, adolescents, families and adults. I provide highly indiviudalized therapy to each and every client. I integrate techniques from several theoretical orientations, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused therapy, family systems theory, and psychodynamic theory, to formulate an indiviudalized treatment plan for each client. Within the session, I create a safe, compassionate and confidential setting for clients to address their core issues and to work out past and present difficulties.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with 25 years of experience treating children, adolescents, families and adults. I provide highly indiviudalized therapy to each and every client. I integrate techniques from several theoretical orientations, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused therapy, family systems theory, and psychodynamic theory, to formulate an indiviudalized treatment plan for each client. Within the session, I create a safe, compassionate and confidential setting for clients to address their core issues and to work out past and present difficulties.
(510) 962-7931 View (510) 962-7931
Photo of Jennifer Fatzler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jennifer Fatzler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Welcome. Are you repeating the same patterns and don't understand why? Have you attempted to change only to find yourself in the same situations with the same problems? I am a CA licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience helping people address their mental health needs and to improve their relationships and their quality of life. I am educated and trained in both psychodynamic and family systems therapy which informs my work.
Welcome. Are you repeating the same patterns and don't understand why? Have you attempted to change only to find yourself in the same situations with the same problems? I am a CA licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience helping people address their mental health needs and to improve their relationships and their quality of life. I am educated and trained in both psychodynamic and family systems therapy which informs my work.
(510) 945-1007 View (510) 945-1007
Photo of Mary Mahood, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Mary Mahood
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
With over 25 years as a licensed therapist, I am a skilled and compassionate guide in helping people feel better, function better, and have more fulfilling relationships. I am able to understand people from multiple perspectives, how their family system has shaped them, how their attachment style impacts them, how their connections with others cause them joy and pain. I am very present in sessions and have an interactive style, giving direct feedback. You won't find me just listening and nodding, I am there to understand you and collaborate on a plan with you for meeting your goals.
With over 25 years as a licensed therapist, I am a skilled and compassionate guide in helping people feel better, function better, and have more fulfilling relationships. I am able to understand people from multiple perspectives, how their family system has shaped them, how their attachment style impacts them, how their connections with others cause them joy and pain. I am very present in sessions and have an interactive style, giving direct feedback. You won't find me just listening and nodding, I am there to understand you and collaborate on a plan with you for meeting your goals.
(510) 876-4307 View (510) 876-4307
Photo of Katrina Brashares, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Katrina Brashares
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
I work with individuals of all ages, including couples and families, to foster emotional health and equilibrium. Together, we build a positive therapeutic relationship to explore patterns and find solutions. I bring a tailored approach to treatment that draws on elements of attachment theory, strength-based therapy, mindfulness, ACT, and CBT. I apply these approaches to support clients, including teens and young adults facing anxiety and depression, adults and couples navigating relationships, couples preparing for children, and parents seeking support in achieving work-family-personal balance.
I work with individuals of all ages, including couples and families, to foster emotional health and equilibrium. Together, we build a positive therapeutic relationship to explore patterns and find solutions. I bring a tailored approach to treatment that draws on elements of attachment theory, strength-based therapy, mindfulness, ACT, and CBT. I apply these approaches to support clients, including teens and young adults facing anxiety and depression, adults and couples navigating relationships, couples preparing for children, and parents seeking support in achieving work-family-personal balance.
(510) 694-4368 View (510) 694-4368
Photo of Brian S. Sedgeley, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Brian S. Sedgeley
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
Waitlist for new clients
Feeling success has alienated you from others? Feeling that satisfaction is illusive, despite having all the markers of a good life? Anxious or depressed? Worried that all will crumble around you? Relationships feeling transactional? Want to find help making big life changes? I can help
Feeling success has alienated you from others? Feeling that satisfaction is illusive, despite having all the markers of a good life? Anxious or depressed? Worried that all will crumble around you? Relationships feeling transactional? Want to find help making big life changes? I can help
(510) 374-4821 View (510) 374-4821
Photo of Renee K. Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Renee K. Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
My experience includes 15 years of helping clients heal themselves and their relationships.The essence of my counseling approach is each person has access to health and well being regardless of what is currently being experienced. I help clients regain that innate health through deep listening and non-judgmental feedback. I work deeply with current thoughts, beliefs and feelings about one's self to uncover deep seated self-judgment that blocks happiness. Anxiety, depression and unhappiness transform into greater peace and understanding. In turn, self awareness is enhanced which leads to greater understanding, compassion and empathy for self and others.
My experience includes 15 years of helping clients heal themselves and their relationships.The essence of my counseling approach is each person has access to health and well being regardless of what is currently being experienced. I help clients regain that innate health through deep listening and non-judgmental feedback. I work deeply with current thoughts, beliefs and feelings about one's self to uncover deep seated self-judgment that blocks happiness. Anxiety, depression and unhappiness transform into greater peace and understanding. In turn, self awareness is enhanced which leads to greater understanding, compassion and empathy for self and others.
(925) 695-7914 View (925) 695-7914
Photo of Ben Geiger, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Ben Geiger
Marriage & Family Therapist, JD, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Do you find yourself stuck in painful ways of relating to yourself or others? I can work with you to recognize these patterns, understand why they developed, and loosen their grip on your life today. Through the therapy relationship, we can develop a trusting environment to explore your thoughts and feelings, personal history, and relationships. In this way, we can create enough distance from these painful experiences and ways of relating to allow for greater freedom and satisfaction in your relationships, work, and creative life.
Do you find yourself stuck in painful ways of relating to yourself or others? I can work with you to recognize these patterns, understand why they developed, and loosen their grip on your life today. Through the therapy relationship, we can develop a trusting environment to explore your thoughts and feelings, personal history, and relationships. In this way, we can create enough distance from these painful experiences and ways of relating to allow for greater freedom and satisfaction in your relationships, work, and creative life.
(510) 240-8977 View (510) 240-8977
Photo of Matthew McKernan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Matthew McKernan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I see therapy as a collaborative process. In a sense, you are my guide—and I am yours. Together, we will explore your nature and seek for an embodied understanding of your path toward well-being—as defined by you and your goals. You are the expert of your own experience. I fully respect and celebrate this fact, and encourage in all my clients the growth of self-awareness, creativity, intuition, self-love, acceptance, empowerment, self-support, compassion, imagination, meaning, and sense of purpose—the roots of a healthy life. I am here to help you align with the natural healing power inherent within life, within you.
I see therapy as a collaborative process. In a sense, you are my guide—and I am yours. Together, we will explore your nature and seek for an embodied understanding of your path toward well-being—as defined by you and your goals. You are the expert of your own experience. I fully respect and celebrate this fact, and encourage in all my clients the growth of self-awareness, creativity, intuition, self-love, acceptance, empowerment, self-support, compassion, imagination, meaning, and sense of purpose—the roots of a healthy life. I am here to help you align with the natural healing power inherent within life, within you.
(510) 369-1672 View (510) 369-1672
Photo of Alex Marterre, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Alex Marterre
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Hi, I'm Alex. I am a white, queer, trans non-binary person. I use they/them pronouns. And I care deeply about justice, collective liberation, mutual aid, and human evolution. I dedicate myself and my work to deconstructing the harmful and misappropriated messages of our white supremacist, capitalist, cis-hetero-patriarchal mainstream culture, while supporting the organic and authentic self-expression that lives beyond toxic constructs. I aim to offer and support an experience of re-humanization.
Hi, I'm Alex. I am a white, queer, trans non-binary person. I use they/them pronouns. And I care deeply about justice, collective liberation, mutual aid, and human evolution. I dedicate myself and my work to deconstructing the harmful and misappropriated messages of our white supremacist, capitalist, cis-hetero-patriarchal mainstream culture, while supporting the organic and authentic self-expression that lives beyond toxic constructs. I aim to offer and support an experience of re-humanization.
(510) 216-1484 View (510) 216-1484

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aetna
49% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.