Therapists in Plymouth Meeting, PA

Photo of Jeff Garson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Jeff Garson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
While feeling better is always job one, the best psychotherapy moves beyond our painful feelings, replacing them with a more hopeful vision. My special passion is to support you -- not just in feeling less sad, anxious or confused -- but also in living an more satisfying life, Drawing on my extensive "real world" experience as an attorney and community leader, I offer traditional counseling tools - and more -- teaching the real world skills you need to more effectively negotiate the world as it is and working to mold the environments you live in ways that are more decent and humane.
While feeling better is always job one, the best psychotherapy moves beyond our painful feelings, replacing them with a more hopeful vision. My special passion is to support you -- not just in feeling less sad, anxious or confused -- but also in living an more satisfying life, Drawing on my extensive "real world" experience as an attorney and community leader, I offer traditional counseling tools - and more -- teaching the real world skills you need to more effectively negotiate the world as it is and working to mold the environments you live in ways that are more decent and humane.
(215) 454-2956 View (215) 454-2956
Photo of Jennifer Weeks, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Jennifer Weeks
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, CAADC, CSAT
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
The decision to seek treatment is often very difficult. I work to make the therapeutic environment comfortable, offering a non-judgmental arena to work on issues of addiction, sexual addiction and trauma. I work to meet the client where they are in the moment and help guide them on the journey to recovery, well-being and peace of mind
The decision to seek treatment is often very difficult. I work to make the therapeutic environment comfortable, offering a non-judgmental arena to work on issues of addiction, sexual addiction and trauma. I work to meet the client where they are in the moment and help guide them on the journey to recovery, well-being and peace of mind
(908) 444-0215 View (908) 444-0215
Photo of Open Minds Psychological, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Open Minds Psychological
Psychologist, PsyD, LPC
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
At Open Minds Psychological our clinicians are trained using a variety of evidence-informed models to support individuals, couples and families, and groups. Services offered are diagnostic evaluations, therapy (individual, family, group), career counseling, behavior consultation, parent support and co-parenting.
At Open Minds Psychological our clinicians are trained using a variety of evidence-informed models to support individuals, couples and families, and groups. Services offered are diagnostic evaluations, therapy (individual, family, group), career counseling, behavior consultation, parent support and co-parenting.
(267) 458-6779 View (267) 458-6779
Photo of John Gentry, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
John Gentry
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Dr. John Gentry, PsyD is a licensed psychologist who received his doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Denver, and previously a master's degree in counseling psychology from Texas Technological University. He combines both Humanistic-Existential and Cognitive-Behavioral orientations to provide a safe and non-judgmental place for learning how to have a happier and better quality of life, with peace of mind and fulfillment.
Dr. John Gentry, PsyD is a licensed psychologist who received his doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Denver, and previously a master's degree in counseling psychology from Texas Technological University. He combines both Humanistic-Existential and Cognitive-Behavioral orientations to provide a safe and non-judgmental place for learning how to have a happier and better quality of life, with peace of mind and fulfillment.
(484) 559-6095 View (484) 559-6095
Photo of Landrigan Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Landrigan Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462  (Online Only)
If you are struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, or behaviors that are hurting you, I am here to help! My name is Melissa Landrigan and I am a licensed clinical social worker and focus on helping individuals find the tools to begin healing and develop self compassion. If you are looking for a space to navigate stormy seas or life’s twists and turns, this space is for you.
If you are struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, or behaviors that are hurting you, I am here to help! My name is Melissa Landrigan and I am a licensed clinical social worker and focus on helping individuals find the tools to begin healing and develop self compassion. If you are looking for a space to navigate stormy seas or life’s twists and turns, this space is for you.
(484) 900-8076 View (484) 900-8076
Photo of Emily Boettcher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Emily Boettcher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Emily Boettcher is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2019. In her experience as a therapist, Emily has worked with adolescents and adults to address a variety of issues including life transitions, anxiety, depression, grief, and relationship issues; however, this is your personal journey, so no topic is off limits. Emily builds lasting rapport quickly with her clients so that they can feel comfortable in the therapeutic space, with no fear of judgment. Her focus is to cultivate a space of healing through connection, humor, and open and honest discussion.
Emily Boettcher is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2019. In her experience as a therapist, Emily has worked with adolescents and adults to address a variety of issues including life transitions, anxiety, depression, grief, and relationship issues; however, this is your personal journey, so no topic is off limits. Emily builds lasting rapport quickly with her clients so that they can feel comfortable in the therapeutic space, with no fear of judgment. Her focus is to cultivate a space of healing through connection, humor, and open and honest discussion.
(484) 900-2901 View (484) 900-2901
Photo of Ashley Fisher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Ashley Fisher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Ashley Fisher is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Pennsylvania with over 13 years of experience as a therapist. She graduated from Juniata College with her Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) in 2011 and received her Master of Social Work (MSW) in 2015 from Shippensburg University. Ashley has had the opportunity to practice in various settings throughout her career with clients of all ages, in both mental health and/or substance abuse outpatient and inpatient settings. Ashley prides herself as being a LGBTQIA+ affirming, a gender-affirming, and a neurodiversity-affirming therapist.
Ashley Fisher is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Pennsylvania with over 13 years of experience as a therapist. She graduated from Juniata College with her Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) in 2011 and received her Master of Social Work (MSW) in 2015 from Shippensburg University. Ashley has had the opportunity to practice in various settings throughout her career with clients of all ages, in both mental health and/or substance abuse outpatient and inpatient settings. Ashley prides herself as being a LGBTQIA+ affirming, a gender-affirming, and a neurodiversity-affirming therapist.
(484) 613-2997 View (484) 613-2997
Photo of Steven Richfield, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Steven Richfield
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
My typical client is a child, teen or adult struggling with depression/anxiety, ADHD, OCD or ASD. Problems adapting to school, work, marriage, relationships, and executive functioning bring havoc and heartache to life. Underachievement, activation troubles, damaged self-esteem, or issues navigating priorities are the norm for the population I help every day. Clients look to me for coaching improved decision making, optimizing work/school performance, and better overall psychological health. I offer strategic tools and templates to fulfill these goals by identifying problem sources and collaborating upon action steps for solutions
My typical client is a child, teen or adult struggling with depression/anxiety, ADHD, OCD or ASD. Problems adapting to school, work, marriage, relationships, and executive functioning bring havoc and heartache to life. Underachievement, activation troubles, damaged self-esteem, or issues navigating priorities are the norm for the population I help every day. Clients look to me for coaching improved decision making, optimizing work/school performance, and better overall psychological health. I offer strategic tools and templates to fulfill these goals by identifying problem sources and collaborating upon action steps for solutions
(610) 347-5364 View (610) 347-5364
Photo of Stephanie G. Fine, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Stephanie G. Fine
Psychologist, MEd, PsyD, BCB
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist specializing in Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based psychotherapies, Neurofeedback, Biofeedback, Clinical Hypnosis, Anxiety and Trauma Disorders and Somatic and Experiential therapies. Please visit my website at http://www.DrStephanieGFine.com for more information about how I can help you on your path to wellness. Thank you.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist specializing in Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based psychotherapies, Neurofeedback, Biofeedback, Clinical Hypnosis, Anxiety and Trauma Disorders and Somatic and Experiential therapies. Please visit my website at http://www.DrStephanieGFine.com for more information about how I can help you on your path to wellness. Thank you.
(215) 515-4751 View (215) 515-4751
Photo of Caryn Richfield, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Caryn Richfield
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
In my 30 plus years of practice, I have devoted most of my time to the treatment of children, adolescents and adults of all ages. I have particular expertise in the areas of trauma, mood and anxiety disorders, ADHD, eating disorders, chronic illness as well as life transitions. As well as treating individuals, I also do problem-focused marital therapy and parent counseling. My approach incorporates a blending of cognitive-behavioral strategies, determining root causes and psychoeducation. A thorough assessment of each patient helps me to formulate a plan that is individualized and focused on accomplishing specific goals.
In my 30 plus years of practice, I have devoted most of my time to the treatment of children, adolescents and adults of all ages. I have particular expertise in the areas of trauma, mood and anxiety disorders, ADHD, eating disorders, chronic illness as well as life transitions. As well as treating individuals, I also do problem-focused marital therapy and parent counseling. My approach incorporates a blending of cognitive-behavioral strategies, determining root causes and psychoeducation. A thorough assessment of each patient helps me to formulate a plan that is individualized and focused on accomplishing specific goals.
(610) 624-8969 View (610) 624-8969
Photo of Michelle Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Michelle Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Michelle Davis is a Licensed Social Worker in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2015. She has a Master's Degree of Social Work from Widener University. Each client is uniquely different. As your therapist, Michelle will work together with you to identify your needs and challenges. Her approach involves helping clients identify and understanding specific needs to help establish goals. She prides herself on connecting, listening, and establishing a trusting partnership to help navigate behaviors, parenting, and life challenges.
Michelle Davis is a Licensed Social Worker in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2015. She has a Master's Degree of Social Work from Widener University. Each client is uniquely different. As your therapist, Michelle will work together with you to identify your needs and challenges. Her approach involves helping clients identify and understanding specific needs to help establish goals. She prides herself on connecting, listening, and establishing a trusting partnership to help navigate behaviors, parenting, and life challenges.
(484) 549-9315 View (484) 549-9315
Photo of David Galbraith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
David Galbraith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
David Galbraith earned his master's degree in clinical social work from the University of Pennsylvania in 2007. Since then, he has received training in Eco-Systemic Structural Family Therapy from the Philadelphia Child and Family Therapy Center and training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy from the Center for Cognitive Therapy. David considers himself a generalist, working with adults who struggle with a variety of different concerns, and specializing in depression, anxiety, and ADHD.
David Galbraith earned his master's degree in clinical social work from the University of Pennsylvania in 2007. Since then, he has received training in Eco-Systemic Structural Family Therapy from the Philadelphia Child and Family Therapy Center and training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy from the Center for Cognitive Therapy. David considers himself a generalist, working with adults who struggle with a variety of different concerns, and specializing in depression, anxiety, and ADHD.
(484) 559-7542 View (484) 559-7542
Photo of Gabrielle Bilotta, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Gabrielle Bilotta
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CAADC, ECCP
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Gab began working at CM Counsel in 2022: conducts intake assessments + works with adult clients individually processing symptoms of PTSD, anxiety and depression utilizing a CBT-approach to therapy; works with some clients who have substance misuse, women processing gender-related challenges + health barriers, clients with some personality-disorder features. Gab previously worked at the Joseph J. Peters Institute (JJPI) in Philadelphia from 2013 - 2022, transitioning through roles to eventually become Project Coordinator of Court Services and Evidence-Based Practices.
Gab began working at CM Counsel in 2022: conducts intake assessments + works with adult clients individually processing symptoms of PTSD, anxiety and depression utilizing a CBT-approach to therapy; works with some clients who have substance misuse, women processing gender-related challenges + health barriers, clients with some personality-disorder features. Gab previously worked at the Joseph J. Peters Institute (JJPI) in Philadelphia from 2013 - 2022, transitioning through roles to eventually become Project Coordinator of Court Services and Evidence-Based Practices.
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Photo of Peter T Capper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Peter T Capper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, AAMFT
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Not accepting new clients
I am a lifelong agent of change, working with diverse populations to help them achieve their full potential, and be free of self-limiting behaviors. I provide individual, couple and family therapy utilizing the most effective strategies, all in the context of a comfortable and collaborative relationship. I will always view my client in the context of their family, social network and broader environment. Complexity and clinical difficulty is stimulating and familiar to me, and I will wholeheartedly join with you to limit the difficulties you face.
I am a lifelong agent of change, working with diverse populations to help them achieve their full potential, and be free of self-limiting behaviors. I provide individual, couple and family therapy utilizing the most effective strategies, all in the context of a comfortable and collaborative relationship. I will always view my client in the context of their family, social network and broader environment. Complexity and clinical difficulty is stimulating and familiar to me, and I will wholeheartedly join with you to limit the difficulties you face.
(267) 578-2832 View (267) 578-2832
Photo of Lisa Ruggiano, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Lisa Ruggiano
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Lisa Ruggiano is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2019. She has a Master’s Degree in Counseling from West Chester University Lisa specializes in assisting individuals who are seeking to discover and articulate their authentic voice. Her expertise lies in helping clients communicate more effectively, fostering meaningful connections without conflict. Lisa excels in guiding individuals on a journey to access and embody the best version of themselves, both personally and professionally.
Lisa Ruggiano is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2019. She has a Master’s Degree in Counseling from West Chester University Lisa specializes in assisting individuals who are seeking to discover and articulate their authentic voice. Her expertise lies in helping clients communicate more effectively, fostering meaningful connections without conflict. Lisa excels in guiding individuals on a journey to access and embody the best version of themselves, both personally and professionally.
(484) 603-3628 View (484) 603-3628
Photo of Jeanae M. Hopgood, Marriage & Family Therapist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Jeanae M. Hopgood
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MEd, PMH-C, CAGCS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462  (Online Only)
Are you having difficulty in your interpersonal relationships? Struggling to communicate concerns about identity, sexual orientation, gender identity or any intersection of these areas? Are you & your partner(s) in need of support around improved communication? Are you having fertility challenges & need help sorting through options & feelings? Have you experienced perinatal loss? If you are challenged by life's transitions and are looking for help processing & planning, contact me. I am a couple & family therapist specializing in sexuality, relational patterns, perinatal mental health, and grief & loss .
Are you having difficulty in your interpersonal relationships? Struggling to communicate concerns about identity, sexual orientation, gender identity or any intersection of these areas? Are you & your partner(s) in need of support around improved communication? Are you having fertility challenges & need help sorting through options & feelings? Have you experienced perinatal loss? If you are challenged by life's transitions and are looking for help processing & planning, contact me. I am a couple & family therapist specializing in sexuality, relational patterns, perinatal mental health, and grief & loss .
(484) 334-2961 View (484) 334-2961
Photo of Deborah Roth Ledley, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Deborah Roth Ledley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
I specialize in the assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders including social anxiety, panic, OCD, generalized anxiety, specific phobias & separation anxiety. I also see patients who are having difficulties managaing stress in their lives, be it perfectionism at school or in the workplace, difficulties establishing social relationships, or problems balancing work and family. I also enjoy working with women who are experiencing anxiety about pregnancy and new motherhood. I treat children, adolescents and adults. I work to establish a strong rapport with patients such that they feel supported, yet also encouraged to make important changes in their lives.
I specialize in the assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders including social anxiety, panic, OCD, generalized anxiety, specific phobias & separation anxiety. I also see patients who are having difficulties managaing stress in their lives, be it perfectionism at school or in the workplace, difficulties establishing social relationships, or problems balancing work and family. I also enjoy working with women who are experiencing anxiety about pregnancy and new motherhood. I treat children, adolescents and adults. I work to establish a strong rapport with patients such that they feel supported, yet also encouraged to make important changes in their lives.
(484) 401-9756 View (484) 401-9756
Photo of Emily K Brooks, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Emily K Brooks
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Dr. Emily Brooks is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and founder of the Anxiety Care Center in Philadelphia. She has worked extensively with children, adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, worry, panic and stress.
Dr. Emily Brooks is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and founder of the Anxiety Care Center in Philadelphia. She has worked extensively with children, adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, worry, panic and stress.
(484) 309-9072 View (484) 309-9072
Photo of Kate Deatrich, Psychologist in Plymouth Meeting, PA
Kate Deatrich
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
I am an experienced psychologist who helps adolescents and adults overcome a variety of mental health and life challenges. I specialize in adolescent and adult survivors of abuse and trauma. This includes childhood abuse, sexual abuse/assault, complex PTSD, and medical trauma. Another specialty of mine is chronic pain and illness, including syndromes that are difficult to diagnose and treat. I also particularly enjoy working with folks in the LGBTQ+ community. Lastly, I provide psychological assessment for ADHD in adults, as well as IQ and personality/diagnostic testing.
I am an experienced psychologist who helps adolescents and adults overcome a variety of mental health and life challenges. I specialize in adolescent and adult survivors of abuse and trauma. This includes childhood abuse, sexual abuse/assault, complex PTSD, and medical trauma. Another specialty of mine is chronic pain and illness, including syndromes that are difficult to diagnose and treat. I also particularly enjoy working with folks in the LGBTQ+ community. Lastly, I provide psychological assessment for ADHD in adults, as well as IQ and personality/diagnostic testing.
(484) 572-4273 View (484) 572-4273
Photo of John K. Cook, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plymouth Meeting, PA
John K. Cook
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
People often come to therapy when they're feeling distressed, stuck, or hopeless. My goal is to assist them in finding the way beyond these feelings.
People often come to therapy when they're feeling distressed, stuck, or hopeless. My goal is to assist them in finding the way beyond these feelings.
(484) 851-9285 View (484) 851-9285

See more therapy options for Plymouth Meeting

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Plymouth Meeting, PA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Plymouth Meeting, PA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
90% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
62% Grief

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% Highmark
67% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Plymouth Meeting, PA see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Plymouth Meeting?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.