Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI

Photo of Lindsey Beaver, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Lindsey Beaver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Have you ever found yourself unable to feel better, despite past attempts to think your way out and move forward? Like a cycle you can't escape? Is it sometimes hard to "human"- to socialize, get yourself to focus, to navigate sensory overwhelm, or even to communicate to others? Maybe you've seen therapists in the past who seemed to be puzzled by you or not on your wavelength so you felt stuck. Are you looking to get to the root of these challenges and heal them for good instead of chronically coping just to get by? Do you need to make a change, but don't want to simply talk about your feelings? The good news is everyone can heal.
Have you ever found yourself unable to feel better, despite past attempts to think your way out and move forward? Like a cycle you can't escape? Is it sometimes hard to "human"- to socialize, get yourself to focus, to navigate sensory overwhelm, or even to communicate to others? Maybe you've seen therapists in the past who seemed to be puzzled by you or not on your wavelength so you felt stuck. Are you looking to get to the root of these challenges and heal them for good instead of chronically coping just to get by? Do you need to make a change, but don't want to simply talk about your feelings? The good news is everyone can heal.
(734) 724-5168 View (734) 724-5168
Photo of Tanya L McCune, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Tanya L McCune
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Throughout life we face unexpected situations and scenarios that we are emotionally unprepared to manage. Making the choice to engage in therapy can assist you in developing the skills needed to manage these surprise obstacles. Whether you are learning to manage thoughts and emotions, or working to process trauma, deciding to begin therapy can be difficult – even frightening. My hope is to assist you in surpassing those fears by providing a safe and collaborative environment where you are able to recognize and honor your empowerment.
Throughout life we face unexpected situations and scenarios that we are emotionally unprepared to manage. Making the choice to engage in therapy can assist you in developing the skills needed to manage these surprise obstacles. Whether you are learning to manage thoughts and emotions, or working to process trauma, deciding to begin therapy can be difficult – even frightening. My hope is to assist you in surpassing those fears by providing a safe and collaborative environment where you are able to recognize and honor your empowerment.
(734) 849-3712 View (734) 849-3712
Photo of Akanksha Madan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ann Arbor, MI
Akanksha Madan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCPS, CSAT, EMDR, Gottman
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Are you concerned that you may be emotionally or verbally manipulated by your partner? Do you ever wonder ‘am I the problem’? Has infidelity been an issue in your relationship? I am passionate about working with individuals struggling with relationship issues, including partner betrayal trauma with a particular interest in infidelity and narcissistic (verbal/emotional) abuse recovery. I am here to listen, assist, and share skills with you on how to be where you want to be and live the life you desire and deserve all coming from a life lived and a trauma-informed lens
Are you concerned that you may be emotionally or verbally manipulated by your partner? Do you ever wonder ‘am I the problem’? Has infidelity been an issue in your relationship? I am passionate about working with individuals struggling with relationship issues, including partner betrayal trauma with a particular interest in infidelity and narcissistic (verbal/emotional) abuse recovery. I am here to listen, assist, and share skills with you on how to be where you want to be and live the life you desire and deserve all coming from a life lived and a trauma-informed lens
(734) 822-9323 View (734) 822-9323
Photo of Sollars and Associates - Integrative Counseling a, Psychologist in Ann Arbor, MI
Sollars and Associates - Integrative Counseling a
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
I am a licensed psychologist and the clinical director of Sollars and Associates Integrative Counseling and Psychological Services. I have been providing counseling and psychotherapy for over 30 years in the Metro Detroit area and our group practice spans across the state of Michigan. With support, encouragement and expert insight many people begin to feel better after their first session.
I am a licensed psychologist and the clinical director of Sollars and Associates Integrative Counseling and Psychological Services. I have been providing counseling and psychotherapy for over 30 years in the Metro Detroit area and our group practice spans across the state of Michigan. With support, encouragement and expert insight many people begin to feel better after their first session.
(248) 862-1171 View (248) 862-1171
Photo of Amanda Kreschmer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Amanda Kreschmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48108  (Online Only)
Immediate openings! Sometimes we get caught up in the messiness of life and forget to enjoy it! I get it, life can be stressful. All of our feelings are normal but sometimes we feel them more intense and they might even make our day to day lives extra challenging (anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, low motivation… sound familiar?) You are deserving of a life you enjoy living and I am here to help you get back to your best, authentic self.
Immediate openings! Sometimes we get caught up in the messiness of life and forget to enjoy it! I get it, life can be stressful. All of our feelings are normal but sometimes we feel them more intense and they might even make our day to day lives extra challenging (anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, low motivation… sound familiar?) You are deserving of a life you enjoy living and I am here to help you get back to your best, authentic self.
(734) 526-1452 View (734) 526-1452
Photo of Margaret Chapman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Margaret Chapman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Not accepting new clients
**Currently I am not taking new clients. Seeking therapy can sometimes feel overwhelming and people may not know what to expect from the process. With this in mind, I have created a comfortable, safe and nonjudgmental environment for my clients. I believe that people deserve the utmost respect, warmth and compassion from their therapist. My role in the therapeutic process is to guide my clients towards their highest potential, while also collaborating with them in every aspect of our work. Because everyone has unique strengths and barriers, my therapy style is open, flexible, and tailored to meet the specific goals of each client.
**Currently I am not taking new clients. Seeking therapy can sometimes feel overwhelming and people may not know what to expect from the process. With this in mind, I have created a comfortable, safe and nonjudgmental environment for my clients. I believe that people deserve the utmost respect, warmth and compassion from their therapist. My role in the therapeutic process is to guide my clients towards their highest potential, while also collaborating with them in every aspect of our work. Because everyone has unique strengths and barriers, my therapy style is open, flexible, and tailored to meet the specific goals of each client.
(248) 965-1828 View (248) 965-1828
Photo of Susan E Cutler, Psychologist in Ann Arbor, MI
Susan E Cutler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
My approach begins with a sensitive and empathic understanding of what brought you to seek help. Then, we will discuss what approach would be best suited to you. I welcome people from all backgrounds--regardless of race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender identity, or religion. People I work with tend to want to understand the roots of the feelings or symptoms that trouble them, so that they can become more resilient to life's challenges. When it is practiced to its fullest potential, therapy engages deeply with your whole self, so that you can make profound and sustainable changes in your life.
My approach begins with a sensitive and empathic understanding of what brought you to seek help. Then, we will discuss what approach would be best suited to you. I welcome people from all backgrounds--regardless of race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender identity, or religion. People I work with tend to want to understand the roots of the feelings or symptoms that trouble them, so that they can become more resilient to life's challenges. When it is practiced to its fullest potential, therapy engages deeply with your whole self, so that you can make profound and sustainable changes in your life.
(734) 720-9267 View (734) 720-9267
Photo of Alexandra Kahtava, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Ann Arbor, MI
Alexandra Kahtava
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MS, LLP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48108  (Online Only)
Have you found yourself struggling to engage with day-to-day life in the way you would like to? Do you tend to avoid situations that stir up fear or anxiety? Do you often feel tense and on edge? These can be common experiences for people who struggle with anxiety and/or trauma. Unfortunately, these struggles can often lead us to live a more limited life than we would like and can cause us to feel stressed and isolated.
Have you found yourself struggling to engage with day-to-day life in the way you would like to? Do you tend to avoid situations that stir up fear or anxiety? Do you often feel tense and on edge? These can be common experiences for people who struggle with anxiety and/or trauma. Unfortunately, these struggles can often lead us to live a more limited life than we would like and can cause us to feel stressed and isolated.
(734) 887-1404 View (734) 887-1404
Photo of Abby Harbor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Abby Harbor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
I believe that everyone deserves a place to feel safe and seen. In my approach, I strive to create an environment of acceptance and warmth, while striking a balance of change and accountability to help you reach your goals. Doubtless, you have overcome so much on your journey, and my goal is to help you embrace and hone the strengths you already possess.
I believe that everyone deserves a place to feel safe and seen. In my approach, I strive to create an environment of acceptance and warmth, while striking a balance of change and accountability to help you reach your goals. Doubtless, you have overcome so much on your journey, and my goal is to help you embrace and hone the strengths you already possess.
(734) 371-8792 View (734) 371-8792
Photo of Eve M Avrin, Psychologist in Ann Arbor, MI
Eve M Avrin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
I have been practicing for over 26 years. I mainly work with people who are depressed or anxious, and want to get more out of life and relationships. My goal is to help you become aware of unhealthy patterns so that you can feel better, make better choices, have better relationships,and lead a fulfilling and joyful life. I provide a safe and confidential space where no topic is off limits, where you can express yourself freely and where you will feel supported and understood. I will help you acquire self-understanding and provide guidance and tools to help you feel better.
I have been practicing for over 26 years. I mainly work with people who are depressed or anxious, and want to get more out of life and relationships. My goal is to help you become aware of unhealthy patterns so that you can feel better, make better choices, have better relationships,and lead a fulfilling and joyful life. I provide a safe and confidential space where no topic is off limits, where you can express yourself freely and where you will feel supported and understood. I will help you acquire self-understanding and provide guidance and tools to help you feel better.
(734) 237-6101 View (734) 237-6101
Photo of Carisa Wilder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Carisa Wilder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, PACT II
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48105  (Online Only)
I help struggling couples get back on track and help newly engaged/wed couples set up for success. You do not have to go through this alone. Most couples experience times of disconnection, difficulty communicating, confusion around compatability and wondering how to "press the reset button" to enjoy a happier, healthier relationship!
I help struggling couples get back on track and help newly engaged/wed couples set up for success. You do not have to go through this alone. Most couples experience times of disconnection, difficulty communicating, confusion around compatability and wondering how to "press the reset button" to enjoy a happier, healthier relationship!
View
Photo of Howard M Erman, Psychologist in Ann Arbor, MI
Howard M Erman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Not accepting new clients
I designed my website, howarderman.com, for people considering psychotherapy and I think my mini-essay, Thoughts on How to Choose a Therapist, will help you even if you end up working with someone else. My own style is relaxed, engaged, sensitive and thoughtful as we explore current problems and underlying issues. I believe if our self-understanding is limited, we keep defeating ourselves in our actions, like being stuck in a hole and trying to dig our way out when that is the only action certain to get us in even deeper. With insight, support, and hard work, change begins.
I designed my website, howarderman.com, for people considering psychotherapy and I think my mini-essay, Thoughts on How to Choose a Therapist, will help you even if you end up working with someone else. My own style is relaxed, engaged, sensitive and thoughtful as we explore current problems and underlying issues. I believe if our self-understanding is limited, we keep defeating ourselves in our actions, like being stuck in a hole and trying to dig our way out when that is the only action certain to get us in even deeper. With insight, support, and hard work, change begins.
(734) 681-3266 View (734) 681-3266
Photo of Vanessa Levine-Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Vanessa Levine-Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Sometimes we want a change but we don’t know how to make it happen. We get trapped and stuck in our fears and our patterns. We hold tight when it’s time to let go. We feel alone. We sense that there are other parts of ourselves that need expression. And we know that life can be better. Sooner or later, we all need a space where we can reflect and find authentic ways to move forward.
Sometimes we want a change but we don’t know how to make it happen. We get trapped and stuck in our fears and our patterns. We hold tight when it’s time to let go. We feel alone. We sense that there are other parts of ourselves that need expression. And we know that life can be better. Sooner or later, we all need a space where we can reflect and find authentic ways to move forward.
(734) 441-2335 View (734) 441-2335
Photo of Kyle Roberts, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Kyle Roberts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Something needs to change, but you cannot put your finger on what that change is or how to go about making it. Life feels overwhelming and unrelenting and lacks meaning. You might be thinking, "My life is not everything I want it to be, and I want to figure out why that is." Perhaps, you wonder what makes you YOU and what that means for your work, your relationships, or personal self-growth. In therapy, we will holistically consider your story as we seek to restore balance and facilitate lasting change. You want to write new chapters in your story. Therapy can help you put pen to paper.
Something needs to change, but you cannot put your finger on what that change is or how to go about making it. Life feels overwhelming and unrelenting and lacks meaning. You might be thinking, "My life is not everything I want it to be, and I want to figure out why that is." Perhaps, you wonder what makes you YOU and what that means for your work, your relationships, or personal self-growth. In therapy, we will holistically consider your story as we seek to restore balance and facilitate lasting change. You want to write new chapters in your story. Therapy can help you put pen to paper.
(734) 390-4609 View (734) 390-4609
Photo of Shelby Barnes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Shelby Barnes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48109  (Online Only)
Immediate openings! Sometimes we get caught up in the messiness of life and forget to enjoy it. I get it, life can be stressful! All of our feelings are normal but sometimes we feel them more intense and they might even make our day to day lives extra challenging (anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, motivation, trauma, ADHD..sound familiar?) Your child is deserving of a life they enjoy living and I am here to help them get back to their best, authentic self.
Immediate openings! Sometimes we get caught up in the messiness of life and forget to enjoy it. I get it, life can be stressful! All of our feelings are normal but sometimes we feel them more intense and they might even make our day to day lives extra challenging (anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, motivation, trauma, ADHD..sound familiar?) Your child is deserving of a life they enjoy living and I am here to help them get back to their best, authentic self.
(734) 441-9630 View (734) 441-9630
Photo of Alaina Provenzano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Alaina Provenzano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
If you experience a pattern of disappointment and hurt in your relationships, you might begin to wonder what you're doing wrong. You may feel anxious around others and read into what they do and say to determine how they feel about you. Conflict might bring up feelings of unworthiness and self-blame. Others seem to have such ease with relationships, and you don’t understand why it feels like such a struggle to find and keep connections that feel secure. As hard as you've tried, you've not been able to interrupt this pattern and you worry you’ll feel this way forever.
If you experience a pattern of disappointment and hurt in your relationships, you might begin to wonder what you're doing wrong. You may feel anxious around others and read into what they do and say to determine how they feel about you. Conflict might bring up feelings of unworthiness and self-blame. Others seem to have such ease with relationships, and you don’t understand why it feels like such a struggle to find and keep connections that feel secure. As hard as you've tried, you've not been able to interrupt this pattern and you worry you’ll feel this way forever.
(248) 965-0158 View (248) 965-0158
Photo of Amy Barbee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ann Arbor, MI
Amy Barbee
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Being human is not always easy and life can be quite difficult. There may be times when you worry about the future, feel angry or sad; guilty or ashamed; feel upset about the emotional pain you are experiencing; or feel overwhelmed, anxious and stressed. Therapy can help by providing you with the tools and insights to help you navigate through the most difficult of life's experiences. I believe our most challenging times in life can also be our greatest opportunity for change and growth-therapy is the place to nurture that process.
Being human is not always easy and life can be quite difficult. There may be times when you worry about the future, feel angry or sad; guilty or ashamed; feel upset about the emotional pain you are experiencing; or feel overwhelmed, anxious and stressed. Therapy can help by providing you with the tools and insights to help you navigate through the most difficult of life's experiences. I believe our most challenging times in life can also be our greatest opportunity for change and growth-therapy is the place to nurture that process.
(734) 304-5037 View (734) 304-5037
Photo of Judith Banker, Psychologist in Ann Arbor, MI
Judith Banker
Psychologist, MA, LLP, FAED
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
Do you or a loved one feel stuck in frustratingly chronic patterns of disordered eating, body image dissatisfaction & low self esteem? Do you experience related depression, anxiety, OCD, or unresolved trauma? These issues tend to occur together, creating a psychological storm that is challenging to overcome on your own. It is difficult to find a treatment provider with the expertise and training to effectively address the complex symptoms of eating disorders and negative body image as well as related conditions. But expert specialized help can make all the difference. Our team at the Center for Eating Disorders can help.
Do you or a loved one feel stuck in frustratingly chronic patterns of disordered eating, body image dissatisfaction & low self esteem? Do you experience related depression, anxiety, OCD, or unresolved trauma? These issues tend to occur together, creating a psychological storm that is challenging to overcome on your own. It is difficult to find a treatment provider with the expertise and training to effectively address the complex symptoms of eating disorders and negative body image as well as related conditions. But expert specialized help can make all the difference. Our team at the Center for Eating Disorders can help.
(734) 415-8151 View (734) 415-8151
Photo of Wolf Psychological Services, PLLC, Psychologist in Ann Arbor, MI
Wolf Psychological Services, PLLC
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
When you initially seek professional care, pain and distress can cloud your vision. Everything can feel difficult and heavy. The good news is, psychotherapy works! If you reach out to us, we'll create a compassionate, professional, and nonjudgmental space to sit with you, and assess where you are. You may find options you never knew you had, and a world you never knew existed! Our diverse and highly trained clinicians can help you move forward. It won't be as difficult and heavy as it was before you found us.
When you initially seek professional care, pain and distress can cloud your vision. Everything can feel difficult and heavy. The good news is, psychotherapy works! If you reach out to us, we'll create a compassionate, professional, and nonjudgmental space to sit with you, and assess where you are. You may find options you never knew you had, and a world you never knew existed! Our diverse and highly trained clinicians can help you move forward. It won't be as difficult and heavy as it was before you found us.
(734) 215-9214 View (734) 215-9214
Photo of Lauren Herdrich, Counselor in Ann Arbor, MI
Lauren Herdrich
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
My name is Lauren Herdrich and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in private practice in Ann Arbor, Michigan. I specialize in work with college-age and adult women. I have over 25 years experience in the clinical counseling field and have worked in many different realms of the field including as a school counselor, in inpatient settings, community-based settings, and in private practice.
My name is Lauren Herdrich and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in private practice in Ann Arbor, Michigan. I specialize in work with college-age and adult women. I have over 25 years experience in the clinical counseling field and have worked in many different realms of the field including as a school counselor, in inpatient settings, community-based settings, and in private practice.
(734) 526-1933 View (734) 526-1933

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% BlueCross and BlueShield
55% Blue Care Network
48% Aetna

How Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ann Arbor?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.