Therapists in Culver City, CA

Photo of Ellen McCormack, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Ellen McCormack
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90230  (Online Only)
We all have hard times and moments of loneliness, but a good support system helps us be resilient. We all deserve support and care as we work through things, but reaching out to friends and loved ones can be scary. If you're having trouble finding or keeping support and intimacy, or if you feel consumed by fears and low self-esteem, then it can be hard to get the connection and love you deserve. As a marriage and family therapist, I can help. I focus on helping my clients create close, supportive relationships with their loved ones, (and with themselves) so that they have the support they need to overcome challenges and flourish.
We all have hard times and moments of loneliness, but a good support system helps us be resilient. We all deserve support and care as we work through things, but reaching out to friends and loved ones can be scary. If you're having trouble finding or keeping support and intimacy, or if you feel consumed by fears and low self-esteem, then it can be hard to get the connection and love you deserve. As a marriage and family therapist, I can help. I focus on helping my clients create close, supportive relationships with their loved ones, (and with themselves) so that they have the support they need to overcome challenges and flourish.
(424) 383-5947 View (424) 383-5947
Photo of Akilah Bakeer-Pullum, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Culver City, CA
Akilah Bakeer-Pullum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90230  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 14 years of experiencing partnering with people in need of support, or simply looking to improve their quality of life by making meaningful changes. I enjoy creating a warm, supportive, and accepting therapeutic environment often using humor to put my clients at ease. My goal is to provide the highest level of care to my clients by customizing treatment and drawing from a myriad of Evidence Based Practice models including Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, Managing Adaptive Practice, and relaxation skills.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 14 years of experiencing partnering with people in need of support, or simply looking to improve their quality of life by making meaningful changes. I enjoy creating a warm, supportive, and accepting therapeutic environment often using humor to put my clients at ease. My goal is to provide the highest level of care to my clients by customizing treatment and drawing from a myriad of Evidence Based Practice models including Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, Managing Adaptive Practice, and relaxation skills.
(424) 345-1801 View (424) 345-1801
Photo of Ken Seman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Culver City, CA
Ken Seman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, SAP
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90230
It is my experience after practicing over 24 years that it is not so much what you think that is important rather it is how you feel. We are motivated by our feelings. A thought is usually not sufficient to initiate lasting change unless it is connected to a feeling. Psychotherapy is usually sought when the individual is in crisis and feels overwhelmed. When an individual is overwhelmed it is like being overloaded with more hurt then can be lived with. The therapist is a catalyst to help the individual integrate their feelings and thoughts and to live in the present.
It is my experience after practicing over 24 years that it is not so much what you think that is important rather it is how you feel. We are motivated by our feelings. A thought is usually not sufficient to initiate lasting change unless it is connected to a feeling. Psychotherapy is usually sought when the individual is in crisis and feels overwhelmed. When an individual is overwhelmed it is like being overloaded with more hurt then can be lived with. The therapist is a catalyst to help the individual integrate their feelings and thoughts and to live in the present.
(424) 345-1381 View (424) 345-1381
Photo of Jason Gipstein, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Jason Gipstein
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90230
By the time clients reach my door, they've often felt stuck--either individually or relationally--for quite some time. One of my greatest strengths is the ability to help people to identify the factors that are keeping them from moving forward and the steps that it will take to change the status quo. I work with clients in an active yet compassionate way to help them to achieve their goals. Also, I'm often able to help clients to access greater inspiration and support from whatever type of spirituality they've experienced.
By the time clients reach my door, they've often felt stuck--either individually or relationally--for quite some time. One of my greatest strengths is the ability to help people to identify the factors that are keeping them from moving forward and the steps that it will take to change the status quo. I work with clients in an active yet compassionate way to help them to achieve their goals. Also, I'm often able to help clients to access greater inspiration and support from whatever type of spirituality they've experienced.
(310) 299-8236 View (310) 299-8236
Photo of Kimia Kabir, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Kimia Kabir
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90230
I understand how hard it can be to open up to an unfamiliar person & the leap of faith involved in seeking out change. We're all faced with uncertainties and questions, and it often helps to talk about it with someone who really listens and sincerely cares. My goal is to support you through any difficulties or changes, provide you with the necessary tools to ensure you become the best possible version of yourself, & live a meaningful life. I have experience working with a variety of clients facing diverse and unique circumstances and tailor my style and approach according to individual needs
I understand how hard it can be to open up to an unfamiliar person & the leap of faith involved in seeking out change. We're all faced with uncertainties and questions, and it often helps to talk about it with someone who really listens and sincerely cares. My goal is to support you through any difficulties or changes, provide you with the necessary tools to ensure you become the best possible version of yourself, & live a meaningful life. I have experience working with a variety of clients facing diverse and unique circumstances and tailor my style and approach according to individual needs
(424) 361-0952 View (424) 361-0952
Photo of Linda A Dorsey, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Linda A Dorsey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90230
We all embark on the journey of life at the same starting point. We all travel down the road before us; trying to carve out a path that will lead us to the kind of life that will bring us joy, peace, and happiness. However, there are times when the path leads us off the course of happiness and fulfillment, and into some dark corners where we become stuck.
We all embark on the journey of life at the same starting point. We all travel down the road before us; trying to carve out a path that will lead us to the kind of life that will bring us joy, peace, and happiness. However, there are times when the path leads us off the course of happiness and fulfillment, and into some dark corners where we become stuck.
(310) 879-5064 View (310) 879-5064
Photo of Ava Martinez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Ava Martinez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90230  (Online Only)
I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist in California, providing feminist and trauma-informed therapy to adolescents, adults, and couples. I am particularly passionate about collaborating with my clients to unpack and process the complex trauma associated with holding marginalized identities. Additionally, I have a background and training in the treatment of eating disorders, self-harm, and substance use disorders. My work with couples focuses on non-traditional couples.
I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist in California, providing feminist and trauma-informed therapy to adolescents, adults, and couples. I am particularly passionate about collaborating with my clients to unpack and process the complex trauma associated with holding marginalized identities. Additionally, I have a background and training in the treatment of eating disorders, self-harm, and substance use disorders. My work with couples focuses on non-traditional couples.
(323) 940-5489 View (323) 940-5489
Photo of Christi Aijian-Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Christi Aijian-Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90230
Congratulations on taking the first step to improving your life and overall well-being! I've been a therapist for over 15 years, working in a variety of settings that include schools, medical centers, and my own private practice. My professional experience ranges from therapist, to Psychiatry Department manager, to group facilitator, and teacher.
Congratulations on taking the first step to improving your life and overall well-being! I've been a therapist for over 15 years, working in a variety of settings that include schools, medical centers, and my own private practice. My professional experience ranges from therapist, to Psychiatry Department manager, to group facilitator, and teacher.
(310) 906-4130 View (310) 906-4130
Photo of Natalene Barbarian, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Natalene Barbarian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90232  (Online Only)
Welcome! I specialize in supporting adults who are finding the difficulties of life particularly challenging. I also work with sex therapy clients where I helps address couples' and individual's sexual health, intimacy and relationship difficulties. I help empower my clients to address their obstacles by processing how life experiences might be impacting current views and collaboratively develop practical ways where we can overcome these together. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, sexual performance difficulties, or experiencing intimacy concerns with your partner, I'm here to help guide you on this journey.
Welcome! I specialize in supporting adults who are finding the difficulties of life particularly challenging. I also work with sex therapy clients where I helps address couples' and individual's sexual health, intimacy and relationship difficulties. I help empower my clients to address their obstacles by processing how life experiences might be impacting current views and collaboratively develop practical ways where we can overcome these together. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, sexual performance difficulties, or experiencing intimacy concerns with your partner, I'm here to help guide you on this journey.
(310) 362-9715 View (310) 362-9715
Photo of Gina Polesetsky, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Gina Polesetsky
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90232
I am passionate about the resiliency of the human spirit in healing from trauma, forming and healing relationships, & finding our way through life’s transitions. I view therapy as a tool to create a safe space to show up authentically and work toward living the life you seek. I work with children (8 & up), teens, adults, & couples who are addressing trauma, issues of identity or self-esteem, anxiety, recovering from narcissistic, sexual, or intimate partner abuse, having difficulty with dating/relationships, & working through divorce, separation, co-parenting, & blending families. Otis, my office dog, usually joins me for sessions.
I am passionate about the resiliency of the human spirit in healing from trauma, forming and healing relationships, & finding our way through life’s transitions. I view therapy as a tool to create a safe space to show up authentically and work toward living the life you seek. I work with children (8 & up), teens, adults, & couples who are addressing trauma, issues of identity or self-esteem, anxiety, recovering from narcissistic, sexual, or intimate partner abuse, having difficulty with dating/relationships, & working through divorce, separation, co-parenting, & blending families. Otis, my office dog, usually joins me for sessions.
(424) 317-7667 View (424) 317-7667
Photo of Simeon Simov, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Simeon Simov
Marriage & Family Therapist, Simeon, Simov, LMFT
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90232
You find yourself successful in many aspects of your life- you have a great career, loving friends, a wonderful family. And yet, there is something which still feels “off” or “gray” about the world. You find yourself stuck in monotonous routine or lifestyle with little or no sense of fulfillment or purpose. It’s left you feeling depressed and constantly overthinking. You know these thoughts and feelings are “irrational” but they don’t seem to go away and you don’t know what to do about it. You’re stuck.
You find yourself successful in many aspects of your life- you have a great career, loving friends, a wonderful family. And yet, there is something which still feels “off” or “gray” about the world. You find yourself stuck in monotonous routine or lifestyle with little or no sense of fulfillment or purpose. It’s left you feeling depressed and constantly overthinking. You know these thoughts and feelings are “irrational” but they don’t seem to go away and you don’t know what to do about it. You’re stuck.
(323) 766-6351 View (323) 766-6351
Photo of Faye Ingrid Mandell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Culver City, CA
Faye Ingrid Mandell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90230
Do you desire caring, respectful, cooperative relationships without losing yourself in the process? Every individual deserves meaningful relationships that do not compromise her/his principles, values, or beliefs. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 30 plus years of experience working with individuals, couples, parents, and families, I assist clients to realize and increase their full potential while decreasing negative thinking that may block this process.
Do you desire caring, respectful, cooperative relationships without losing yourself in the process? Every individual deserves meaningful relationships that do not compromise her/his principles, values, or beliefs. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 30 plus years of experience working with individuals, couples, parents, and families, I assist clients to realize and increase their full potential while decreasing negative thinking that may block this process.
(424) 570-3077 View (424) 570-3077
Photo of Alexandra Rudd-Barnard, Psychologist in Culver City, CA
Alexandra Rudd-Barnard
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90230
I believe everyone can obtain mental stability and peak performance even during life transitions and crisis situations. At One Neuro our clinicians provide therapy, tailored evaluations, mindfulness, and neurofeedback, treatment for children and adults who experience low achievement, attentional challenges, learning difficulties, and developmental disorders. We also work with individuals who have complex medical conditions (e.g., tics, concussion, migraines, epilepsy, chronic pain, sleep difficulty, cancer, TBI, genetic conditions) that may be impacting their adaptive functioning.
I believe everyone can obtain mental stability and peak performance even during life transitions and crisis situations. At One Neuro our clinicians provide therapy, tailored evaluations, mindfulness, and neurofeedback, treatment for children and adults who experience low achievement, attentional challenges, learning difficulties, and developmental disorders. We also work with individuals who have complex medical conditions (e.g., tics, concussion, migraines, epilepsy, chronic pain, sleep difficulty, cancer, TBI, genetic conditions) that may be impacting their adaptive functioning.
(424) 361-0415 x1 View (424) 361-0415 x1
Photo of Shelly Keller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Culver City, CA
Shelly Keller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90232
Have you experienced depression, loneliness or trauma? My name is Shelly Keller and I've been practicing as an LCSW for the past 12 years. I have extensive experience working with trauma, grief, adoption, depression, foster care and relationship issues. My personality is positive and empowering. My personal philosophy is not to judge but to empower people. I have been working in the field of social work for over 22 years and have been involved in empowering people from different life circumstances during this time.
Have you experienced depression, loneliness or trauma? My name is Shelly Keller and I've been practicing as an LCSW for the past 12 years. I have extensive experience working with trauma, grief, adoption, depression, foster care and relationship issues. My personality is positive and empowering. My personal philosophy is not to judge but to empower people. I have been working in the field of social work for over 22 years and have been involved in empowering people from different life circumstances during this time.
(408) 459-6803 View (408) 459-6803
Photo of Rachel L. Brosamle, Psychologist in Culver City, CA
Rachel L. Brosamle
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90232  (Online Only)
One of the fundamental aspects of a quality therapy experience is the relationship between therapist and client and the space to develop insight and emotional awareness. This means creating an environment that feels safe, having room for curiosity and openness, and having a therapist that is attuned to your goals and needs. My integrative therapeutic approach is aimed at uniquely addressing each individual in order to cultivate healing and growth.
One of the fundamental aspects of a quality therapy experience is the relationship between therapist and client and the space to develop insight and emotional awareness. This means creating an environment that feels safe, having room for curiosity and openness, and having a therapist that is attuned to your goals and needs. My integrative therapeutic approach is aimed at uniquely addressing each individual in order to cultivate healing and growth.
(424) 285-1612 View (424) 285-1612
Photo of Sarah N Dempe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Culver City, CA
Sarah N Dempe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90232
Have you had a therapist before who you felt judged by or felt unheard by? I know the feeling all too well from my own experiences as a client. That's why I focus on creating a space where clients feel safe, accepted, and heard, while providing empathy and warmth within a therapeutic setting. Whether you feel like drawing, cursing, or engaging me in a standup act to recap your day. I welcome your expression of your authentic self. I see a wide variety of clients with different mental health needs including: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, trauma-based symptoms and recent life stressors/changes.
Have you had a therapist before who you felt judged by or felt unheard by? I know the feeling all too well from my own experiences as a client. That's why I focus on creating a space where clients feel safe, accepted, and heard, while providing empathy and warmth within a therapeutic setting. Whether you feel like drawing, cursing, or engaging me in a standup act to recap your day. I welcome your expression of your authentic self. I see a wide variety of clients with different mental health needs including: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, trauma-based symptoms and recent life stressors/changes.
(310) 361-2991 View (310) 361-2991
Photo of Stacey Wochner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Culver City, CA
Stacey Wochner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LPCC
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90232
Do you suffer from unwanted OCD thoughts and anxiety? Do you worry about bad things happening to you or those you love? Maybe you are having thoughts that you have harmed someone or may harm someone in the future. Perhaps you fear that you will become contaminated or that you will be responsible for a tragedy. Do you wash your hands excessively or check things like door locks or the stove? Or do you avoid things like knives, public restrooms, or anything that might trigger your fearful thoughts? OCD thoughts can take any form, and there is successful treatment available.
Do you suffer from unwanted OCD thoughts and anxiety? Do you worry about bad things happening to you or those you love? Maybe you are having thoughts that you have harmed someone or may harm someone in the future. Perhaps you fear that you will become contaminated or that you will be responsible for a tragedy. Do you wash your hands excessively or check things like door locks or the stove? Or do you avoid things like knives, public restrooms, or anything that might trigger your fearful thoughts? OCD thoughts can take any form, and there is successful treatment available.
(424) 235-0209 View (424) 235-0209
Photo of Rose M Leday, Psychologist in Culver City, CA
Rose M Leday
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Culver City, CA 90230
I am clinician who believes that real, lasting change is possible with time, effort and commitment. I have extensive experience working with a variety of emotional and behavioral challenges, as well as a myriad of mental health diagnoses. I believe that although growth is often painful, it is worth the pursuit. I look forward to walking with you to reach your goals and participating in your journey to wellness.
I am clinician who believes that real, lasting change is possible with time, effort and commitment. I have extensive experience working with a variety of emotional and behavioral challenges, as well as a myriad of mental health diagnoses. I believe that although growth is often painful, it is worth the pursuit. I look forward to walking with you to reach your goals and participating in your journey to wellness.
(424) 356-1001 View (424) 356-1001
Photo of Rob Whalen, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Rob Whalen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90230
It's not always easy for us to admit that we want help. As much as we like to think that we can do it all ourselves, everyone needs and deserves to have someone in their corner. No matter the disappointment or the distress, the grief or the frustration, the longing for stability and solace is an innate drive that has lead you to seek support.
It's not always easy for us to admit that we want help. As much as we like to think that we can do it all ourselves, everyone needs and deserves to have someone in their corner. No matter the disappointment or the distress, the grief or the frustration, the longing for stability and solace is an innate drive that has lead you to seek support.
(424) 385-0564 View (424) 385-0564
Photo of Claudia Young, Marriage & Family Therapist in Culver City, CA
Claudia Young
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Culver City, CA 90232
Not accepting new clients
I work with teen, young adult and adult clients who are struggling to feel safe and confident in themselves or with parts of themselves. This struggle can stem from painful, early childhood experiences or from current stressors. Sometimes, when we try to manage painful emotions, it can lead to a troubling relationship to ourselves, to others, to food, and/or to substances. It may lead to a struggle with feeling resiliency in the midst of life’s changes. It may also disrupt our ability to stay in the present moment. I enjoy helping clients heal from past wounds, build internal resources and find helpful ways to cope with emotions.
I work with teen, young adult and adult clients who are struggling to feel safe and confident in themselves or with parts of themselves. This struggle can stem from painful, early childhood experiences or from current stressors. Sometimes, when we try to manage painful emotions, it can lead to a troubling relationship to ourselves, to others, to food, and/or to substances. It may lead to a struggle with feeling resiliency in the midst of life’s changes. It may also disrupt our ability to stay in the present moment. I enjoy helping clients heal from past wounds, build internal resources and find helpful ways to cope with emotions.
(213) 699-4553 View (213) 699-4553

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Culver City, CA

500+

Average cost per session

$193

Therapists in Culver City, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
88% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
72% Stress
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aetna
52% Cigna and Evernorth
50% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Culver City, CA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Culver City?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.