Therapists in Greenfield, MA

Photo of Adam Marshall Barcroft, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Adam Marshall Barcroft
Counselor, LMHC, MS, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor serving individuals and groups in Franklin County Massachusetts. I have 15 years experience training and practice in using action-based methods for engaging the mind, emotions, and the body. Effective for use with individuals and in a group setting, together we address issues related to depression, anxiety, grief, anger, suicidal ideation and self-harm impulses, social anxiety, ADHD, substance abuse, bullying, and issues related to emotional and physical abuse, abandonment and neglect. Supporting children, youth, adults and elders restoring creativity and spontaneity.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor serving individuals and groups in Franklin County Massachusetts. I have 15 years experience training and practice in using action-based methods for engaging the mind, emotions, and the body. Effective for use with individuals and in a group setting, together we address issues related to depression, anxiety, grief, anger, suicidal ideation and self-harm impulses, social anxiety, ADHD, substance abuse, bullying, and issues related to emotional and physical abuse, abandonment and neglect. Supporting children, youth, adults and elders restoring creativity and spontaneity.
(413) 628-1212 View (413) 628-1212
Photo of Kat Freeman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Greenfield, MA
Kat Freeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301
Waitlist for new clients
As a therapist, I ground my work in a deep curiosity and support people to unpack the old stories about ourselves which are often rooted in family systems and systemic oppression. I specialize in working with young adults around issues of emerging identity, anxiety, depression and other symptoms related to the challenges of living in these difficult and rapidly changing times. I ground my work relationally in creating a warm, safe and supportive environment where people feel invited to bring what is most alive to them to session. I incorporate elements of narrative therapy, self exploration, mindfulness, psychoeducation, and DBT.
As a therapist, I ground my work in a deep curiosity and support people to unpack the old stories about ourselves which are often rooted in family systems and systemic oppression. I specialize in working with young adults around issues of emerging identity, anxiety, depression and other symptoms related to the challenges of living in these difficult and rapidly changing times. I ground my work relationally in creating a warm, safe and supportive environment where people feel invited to bring what is most alive to them to session. I incorporate elements of narrative therapy, self exploration, mindfulness, psychoeducation, and DBT.
(413) 287-8248 View (413) 287-8248
Photo of John David Boles, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
John David Boles
Counselor, LMHC, LSW
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Having been in private practice and mental health services in the Pioneer Valley for 45 years, I offer an accepting, diverse and varied background. I provide individual, child, adolescent, and adult therapy, couples therapy, family therapy, and outreach services to the home. My specialties include the following ; ADHD,Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Anger Mgt., Bi-Polar, Divorce and Separation, Adoption and Foster Care, Grief and Loss, Asperger's and Autism, and Parenting Concerns.
Having been in private practice and mental health services in the Pioneer Valley for 45 years, I offer an accepting, diverse and varied background. I provide individual, child, adolescent, and adult therapy, couples therapy, family therapy, and outreach services to the home. My specialties include the following ; ADHD,Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Anger Mgt., Bi-Polar, Divorce and Separation, Adoption and Foster Care, Grief and Loss, Asperger's and Autism, and Parenting Concerns.
(413) 475-7369 View (413) 475-7369
Photo of Serena Torrey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Greenfield, MA
Serena Torrey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
Welcome! I currently have space in my online Internal Family Systems (IFS) Practice Groups, and some openings for couples. I approach couples and group work with the intention of exploring each person's complexity and internal conflict. IFS lets us view conflicting parts with open-hearted curiosity. The groups offer hands-on IFS activities to strengthen your relationship with all parts of you. To learn more please contact me via the email link. I currently only see new individual clients who have completed an IFS group.
Welcome! I currently have space in my online Internal Family Systems (IFS) Practice Groups, and some openings for couples. I approach couples and group work with the intention of exploring each person's complexity and internal conflict. IFS lets us view conflicting parts with open-hearted curiosity. The groups offer hands-on IFS activities to strengthen your relationship with all parts of you. To learn more please contact me via the email link. I currently only see new individual clients who have completed an IFS group.
(413) 314-2546 View (413) 314-2546
Photo of Gwendolyn Roit, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Gwendolyn Roit
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
Are you interested in exploring the connections between your emotional, mental, physical and spiritual facets of being? Are you feeling stuck in some way, and unsure of how to move through it to find the fluidity you seek? My passion is supporting individuals in becoming increasingly attuned to their true self and identity, gently observing the obstacles and barriers that have muddied the waters. Whether you seek relief from anxiety, clarity around a difficult life decision, or simply a safe place to explore what has been kept in the dark, you want the support of someone who will deeply listen, reflect, and challenge you to grow.
Are you interested in exploring the connections between your emotional, mental, physical and spiritual facets of being? Are you feeling stuck in some way, and unsure of how to move through it to find the fluidity you seek? My passion is supporting individuals in becoming increasingly attuned to their true self and identity, gently observing the obstacles and barriers that have muddied the waters. Whether you seek relief from anxiety, clarity around a difficult life decision, or simply a safe place to explore what has been kept in the dark, you want the support of someone who will deeply listen, reflect, and challenge you to grow.
(413) 308-6941 View (413) 308-6941
Photo of Faith Burrington Jones, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Faith Burrington Jones
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CADCII
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
Many who have worked with me have said that I provide a warm, safe, and understanding healing presence. I believe it is a privilege to work with those who are willing to work at healing their emotional selves. I call myself a mind, body, spirit therapist as I believe it is important to explore all parts of the "self" in order to heal into wholeness. I team with the person I am working with to arrive at the best possible course of treatment for cognitive, emotional and spiritual imbalance. My specialties are: Addictions (dual-diagnosis); PTSD; Relationship Issues; Anxiety disorders; Bereavement; Spiritual Development.
Many who have worked with me have said that I provide a warm, safe, and understanding healing presence. I believe it is a privilege to work with those who are willing to work at healing their emotional selves. I call myself a mind, body, spirit therapist as I believe it is important to explore all parts of the "self" in order to heal into wholeness. I team with the person I am working with to arrive at the best possible course of treatment for cognitive, emotional and spiritual imbalance. My specialties are: Addictions (dual-diagnosis); PTSD; Relationship Issues; Anxiety disorders; Bereavement; Spiritual Development.
(413) 357-1792 View (413) 357-1792
Emily Barr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Psychodynamic therapy/depth work with adults.
Psychodynamic therapy/depth work with adults.
(413) 423-0987 View (413) 423-0987
Photo of Nick Boutros, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Nick Boutros
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I work with people who feel disconnected and who need help re-finding to what makes them feel alive. My specific areas of specialty are: (1) those experienced with meditation wanting a meditation-knowledgeable therapist, especially vajrayana practitioners. (2) LGBTQI individuals who specifically want a male-identified therapist, and (3) individuals struggling with fear or anxiety around death.
Hi! I work with people who feel disconnected and who need help re-finding to what makes them feel alive. My specific areas of specialty are: (1) those experienced with meditation wanting a meditation-knowledgeable therapist, especially vajrayana practitioners. (2) LGBTQI individuals who specifically want a male-identified therapist, and (3) individuals struggling with fear or anxiety around death.
(413) 650-6894 View (413) 650-6894
Photo of Elan Moses, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Elan Moses
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
I offer my clients strategies for growth and change that align with their values and goals. My Holistic and Integrative psychotherapy and Life Coaching is Strength Based and Solution Focused. I am committed to forming a collaboration designed to help you find your own unique path to Wellness, Fulfillment and Happiness. I am also committed to making Therapy and Life Coaching accessible financially, especially to those with no Health Insurance, or if you have concerns about privacy and insurance. I have experience working across the lifespan and with couples. Adolescents and young adults find me particularly easy to talk with.
I offer my clients strategies for growth and change that align with their values and goals. My Holistic and Integrative psychotherapy and Life Coaching is Strength Based and Solution Focused. I am committed to forming a collaboration designed to help you find your own unique path to Wellness, Fulfillment and Happiness. I am also committed to making Therapy and Life Coaching accessible financially, especially to those with no Health Insurance, or if you have concerns about privacy and insurance. I have experience working across the lifespan and with couples. Adolescents and young adults find me particularly easy to talk with.
(413) 376-7268 View (413) 376-7268
Photo of Rosie Fanale in Greenfield, MA
Rosie Fanale
APRN, RNCS, MEd
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
Hi there and thanks for reading about my services. People come to therapy for many kinds of reasons. Sometimes they feel blocked from finding what they are needing and wanting . They may be depressed, anxious, have survived trauma, of difficulty coping with illness or challenging life transitions. I believe that every human being has the power to live the life they want to live. For the past 26 years as a therapist, I have been happy to help individuals like you find their own best particular best happy life. As a nurse practitioner I can also help provide other ways to improve their health and lessen symptoms if one desires.
Hi there and thanks for reading about my services. People come to therapy for many kinds of reasons. Sometimes they feel blocked from finding what they are needing and wanting . They may be depressed, anxious, have survived trauma, of difficulty coping with illness or challenging life transitions. I believe that every human being has the power to live the life they want to live. For the past 26 years as a therapist, I have been happy to help individuals like you find their own best particular best happy life. As a nurse practitioner I can also help provide other ways to improve their health and lessen symptoms if one desires.
(413) 489-5562 View (413) 489-5562
Photo of Jamie Parnell, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Jamie Parnell
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
Together we can help you become the best version of yourself. I specialize in working with Children, Teens, Young Adults, Adults & Families. Through insight and awareness into thoughts, emotions, and relationships patterns; You will begin to experience profound growth. This is a warm & empathetic space for you to identify concerns, manage emotions, and create realistic, achievable goals.
Together we can help you become the best version of yourself. I specialize in working with Children, Teens, Young Adults, Adults & Families. Through insight and awareness into thoughts, emotions, and relationships patterns; You will begin to experience profound growth. This is a warm & empathetic space for you to identify concerns, manage emotions, and create realistic, achievable goals.
(413) 300-9838 View (413) 300-9838
Photo of Keri Harshbarger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Greenfield, MA
Keri Harshbarger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301
Not accepting new clients
Therapy is a safe space to share your unique story, have your feelings validated, and receive support without judgment. Whether you are trying to manage feelings of sadness, are worried about the future, or experiencing conflict at home or work, I'm confident that we can work together to help you feel better, improve your relationships, and start enjoying your life in the way that you deserve.
Therapy is a safe space to share your unique story, have your feelings validated, and receive support without judgment. Whether you are trying to manage feelings of sadness, are worried about the future, or experiencing conflict at home or work, I'm confident that we can work together to help you feel better, improve your relationships, and start enjoying your life in the way that you deserve.
(413) 414-4538 View (413) 414-4538
Photo of Frances Recchi, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Frances Recchi
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you are struggling to hold all the pieces together, experiencing stress over career, relationships, or life goals - you don't have to do it alone. Choosing to work with a therapist is a way of investing in yourself. It is time, set aside solely for you. We all carry the the imprint of our early experiences, our adaptive responses that helped us survive. You can benefit from letting go of coping strategies or defenses that are no longer serving your best self. Through a process of building insight, acceptance, and awareness, we will travel a path of healing old wounds, so that you can freely engage in the present.
If you are struggling to hold all the pieces together, experiencing stress over career, relationships, or life goals - you don't have to do it alone. Choosing to work with a therapist is a way of investing in yourself. It is time, set aside solely for you. We all carry the the imprint of our early experiences, our adaptive responses that helped us survive. You can benefit from letting go of coping strategies or defenses that are no longer serving your best self. Through a process of building insight, acceptance, and awareness, we will travel a path of healing old wounds, so that you can freely engage in the present.
(413) 613-4725 View (413) 613-4725
Photo of Andrew Golibersuch, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Andrew Golibersuch
Counselor, LMHC, ATR-P, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
I work with people who are looking to embark on a process of intentional healing, self understanding, growth and actualization. I'm here to support you if you are struggling with anxiety, depression, identity issues, interpersonal challenges, difficulties with motivation and focus, healing of trauma, and/or wrestling with life's big questions. Therapy, to me, is a highly collaborative process. You are driving the bus and deciding where to go, and I am here to help you navigate through a process of deep listening, reflection, and psychoeducation.
I work with people who are looking to embark on a process of intentional healing, self understanding, growth and actualization. I'm here to support you if you are struggling with anxiety, depression, identity issues, interpersonal challenges, difficulties with motivation and focus, healing of trauma, and/or wrestling with life's big questions. Therapy, to me, is a highly collaborative process. You are driving the bus and deciding where to go, and I am here to help you navigate through a process of deep listening, reflection, and psychoeducation.
(413) 422-6680 View (413) 422-6680
Photo of Luke David Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Greenfield, MA
Luke David Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
**All appointments are by telehealth for the foreseeable future.** Therapy is, of course, serious business, though it is also at its best when the process feels fun and engaging. The work of therapy may be serious, but it has long been my philosophy as a clinician to approach that work with my whole self--including humor, creativity, and playfulness. In bringing my whole self to our work together, I hope to invite you to do the same. As a partner in your therapy, I can help guide you to focus on the things that matter most to you while navigating the thoughts, emotions, and feelings that always seem to stand in the way.
**All appointments are by telehealth for the foreseeable future.** Therapy is, of course, serious business, though it is also at its best when the process feels fun and engaging. The work of therapy may be serious, but it has long been my philosophy as a clinician to approach that work with my whole self--including humor, creativity, and playfulness. In bringing my whole self to our work together, I hope to invite you to do the same. As a partner in your therapy, I can help guide you to focus on the things that matter most to you while navigating the thoughts, emotions, and feelings that always seem to stand in the way.
(413) 475-7257 View (413) 475-7257
Photo of Jennifer Goselin, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Jennifer Goselin
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301
Not accepting new clients
Reaching out for support is a powerful first step. It is so important to take time for yourself, to do things that soothe and empower you. I am here to listen, to learn about your goals, and to support you to access the tools to achieve them. I offer a safe and compassionate space to explore and grow.
Reaching out for support is a powerful first step. It is so important to take time for yourself, to do things that soothe and empower you. I am here to listen, to learn about your goals, and to support you to access the tools to achieve them. I offer a safe and compassionate space to explore and grow.
(413) 216-4811 View (413) 216-4811
Photo of Elissa Burdick in Greenfield, MA
Elissa Burdick
MA, NBC-HWC
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
I get it. You're feeling stuck and don't know how to get out of this rut you've been in for who-knows-how-long. You've spent countless hours reading self-help books but just can't piece it all together to live a life you love. You WANT a self-care routine you love, to be kinder to yourself, to trust your decisions, and to have deeply connected relationships that lift you up. I'm here to tell you it's 100% possible to break free from tiresome autopilot mode and create the life you've always wanted for yourself! I know because I've made this happen both for myself AND for hundreds of clients just like you, locally and worldwide.
I get it. You're feeling stuck and don't know how to get out of this rut you've been in for who-knows-how-long. You've spent countless hours reading self-help books but just can't piece it all together to live a life you love. You WANT a self-care routine you love, to be kinder to yourself, to trust your decisions, and to have deeply connected relationships that lift you up. I'm here to tell you it's 100% possible to break free from tiresome autopilot mode and create the life you've always wanted for yourself! I know because I've made this happen both for myself AND for hundreds of clients just like you, locally and worldwide.
(617) 544-7280 View (617) 544-7280
Photo of Susan Hayes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Greenfield, MA
Susan Hayes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
Prioritizing your mental health by entering psychotherapy offers the opportunity to work on challenges in life and begin the process of self-discovery and healing. It is this process that allows you to get to the root of your emotional challenges through a therapeutic relationship where you can get help reaching solutions and learn new ways of problem-solving. I will help sort out and manage difficulty in relationships, feelings of depression and anxiety and identity issues. Many of my clients have issues with long term relationships and I offer the support they need to manage these situations.
Prioritizing your mental health by entering psychotherapy offers the opportunity to work on challenges in life and begin the process of self-discovery and healing. It is this process that allows you to get to the root of your emotional challenges through a therapeutic relationship where you can get help reaching solutions and learn new ways of problem-solving. I will help sort out and manage difficulty in relationships, feelings of depression and anxiety and identity issues. Many of my clients have issues with long term relationships and I offer the support they need to manage these situations.
(413) 992-3447 View (413) 992-3447
Photo of Astrid Burke, Counselor in Greenfield, MA
Astrid Burke
Counselor, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
Welcome! I'm a remote therapist based in Western Mass and seeing clients in MA and NY. I love connecting deeply with my clients and understanding their life stories, past experiences, relationships, and identities. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process and that you are the expert of your own story. I imagine you in the driver's seat and me in the passenger seat, with you every step of the way, holding the map and offering guidance and support, but understanding that the real growth comes from you.
Welcome! I'm a remote therapist based in Western Mass and seeing clients in MA and NY. I love connecting deeply with my clients and understanding their life stories, past experiences, relationships, and identities. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process and that you are the expert of your own story. I imagine you in the driver's seat and me in the passenger seat, with you every step of the way, holding the map and offering guidance and support, but understanding that the real growth comes from you.
(917) 993-5130 View (917) 993-5130
Photo of Terry Kennedy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Greenfield, MA
Terry Kennedy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301
I have been interested in transformative Consciousness work since the early 1970's and have extensive training in both Freudian and Jungian psychology, and varities of Mindfulness Practice. I practiced psychotherapy in greater Boston from 1973 through 1991 and then came to California to study with a Jungian teacher who studied with Carl Jung, M.D., in Zurich Switzerland in the mid 1950's! I currently combine meditative practice with the best multi-modal psychotherapy practices in order to help clients gain the maximum advantage in their lives!
I have been interested in transformative Consciousness work since the early 1970's and have extensive training in both Freudian and Jungian psychology, and varities of Mindfulness Practice. I practiced psychotherapy in greater Boston from 1973 through 1991 and then came to California to study with a Jungian teacher who studied with Carl Jung, M.D., in Zurich Switzerland in the mid 1950's! I currently combine meditative practice with the best multi-modal psychotherapy practices in order to help clients gain the maximum advantage in their lives!
(413) 213-3015 View (413) 213-3015

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Greenfield, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Greenfield, MA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
66% Grief
62% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
46% Optum

How Therapists in Greenfield, MA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

65% Female
29% Male
6% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Greenfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.