Therapists in Orlando, FL

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Photo of Michelle Brody, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Michelle Brody
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32828  (Online Only)
Are you often feeling "down"? Are you feeling alone or disconnected from others? Do you have little motivation to do things? Do you have trouble expressing your feelings? Do you have negative thoughts about yourself? Are you feeling unfulfilled in life? Do you constantly worry? Do you have trouble communicating in a positive way? Do you have trouble making decisions? Do you feel that your life is not what you want it to be? Do you have trouble setting boundaries with others? You set the goals you want for yourself and I can help you learn skills to make the changes and improvements in your life. Let me help you transform your life.
Are you often feeling "down"? Are you feeling alone or disconnected from others? Do you have little motivation to do things? Do you have trouble expressing your feelings? Do you have negative thoughts about yourself? Are you feeling unfulfilled in life? Do you constantly worry? Do you have trouble communicating in a positive way? Do you have trouble making decisions? Do you feel that your life is not what you want it to be? Do you have trouble setting boundaries with others? You set the goals you want for yourself and I can help you learn skills to make the changes and improvements in your life. Let me help you transform your life.
(407) 605-0386 View (407) 605-0386
Photo of Kelly Barna in Orlando, FL
Kelly Barna
EdS, NCSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32827
I am glad you are here. You have taken one of the first steps to better understanding your child's learning needs, and I look forward to guiding you through the process!
I am glad you are here. You have taken one of the first steps to better understanding your child's learning needs, and I look forward to guiding you through the process!
(407) 917-8348 View (407) 917-8348
Photo of Shannon Marie Hargrave, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Shannon Marie Hargrave
Counselor, MS, LMHC, QS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32803
Too often it feels like you are so overwhelmed and stressed out you just want to quit.  Or the insecurities and fears start to take over and paralyze you.  Maybe your are a parent who is at a breaking point with your kid’s behaviors you are lost and feel like a failure.  Is the shame and pain from the hurts you have experienced in you life making it too painful to get out of bed or feel any sense of happiness? Maybe it hurts to look in the mirror and not hate the image looking back at you. Maybe you look like you have it all together but inside you feel like you are a fraud or are at your breaking point.
Too often it feels like you are so overwhelmed and stressed out you just want to quit.  Or the insecurities and fears start to take over and paralyze you.  Maybe your are a parent who is at a breaking point with your kid’s behaviors you are lost and feel like a failure.  Is the shame and pain from the hurts you have experienced in you life making it too painful to get out of bed or feel any sense of happiness? Maybe it hurts to look in the mirror and not hate the image looking back at you. Maybe you look like you have it all together but inside you feel like you are a fraud or are at your breaking point.
(407) 809-4512 View (407) 809-4512
Photo of Jorge Alberto Valladares, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Jorge Alberto Valladares
Counselor, MA, MS, NCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32828
Whether you are new to counseling or have previous experiences as a client in psychotherapy, I am glad you have found your way here. I work with adults in individual counseling on issues related to anger, anxiety, depression, and the effects of adverse childhood experiences - issues that can affect our relationships with ourselves, our friends, partners, spouses, and families. I also work with clients in relationship and family counseling to enhance communication, commitment, and connection, and to help navigate difficult relationship issues.
Whether you are new to counseling or have previous experiences as a client in psychotherapy, I am glad you have found your way here. I work with adults in individual counseling on issues related to anger, anxiety, depression, and the effects of adverse childhood experiences - issues that can affect our relationships with ourselves, our friends, partners, spouses, and families. I also work with clients in relationship and family counseling to enhance communication, commitment, and connection, and to help navigate difficult relationship issues.
(689) 204-2406 View (689) 204-2406
Photo of Judith Lynn Allen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Judith Lynn Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32803
I am a Licensed Therapist/ Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years of experience working with adolescents, young adults, adults, couples and families in a variety of settings within the Orlando and Central Florida community. I have extensive experience in chronic mental health problems as well as generalized personal problems affecting one's social and emotional functioning. My primary goal is to create a caring and collaborative environment for an individual's counseling experience and to assist clients to achieve personal growth and improvement.
I am a Licensed Therapist/ Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years of experience working with adolescents, young adults, adults, couples and families in a variety of settings within the Orlando and Central Florida community. I have extensive experience in chronic mental health problems as well as generalized personal problems affecting one's social and emotional functioning. My primary goal is to create a caring and collaborative environment for an individual's counseling experience and to assist clients to achieve personal growth and improvement.
(813) 437-9844 View (813) 437-9844
Photo of Claire Gordijn, Mental Health Counselor in Orlando, FL
Claire Gordijn
Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC, C-PD, CSAM
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32804  (Online Only)
The toughest part about getting help is that first step where we have to ask. It takes a lot of courage to admit we don't have the right tools for the job, especially when that job is our happiness and fulfillment. Maybe we push people away, or get angry out of nowhere, or carry so much stress we can't sleep. Burnout and depression weigh us down and make it hard to connect with those around us. It makes sense to look for help, especially now.
The toughest part about getting help is that first step where we have to ask. It takes a lot of courage to admit we don't have the right tools for the job, especially when that job is our happiness and fulfillment. Maybe we push people away, or get angry out of nowhere, or carry so much stress we can't sleep. Burnout and depression weigh us down and make it hard to connect with those around us. It makes sense to look for help, especially now.
(321) 587-0950 View (321) 587-0950
Photo of Jessie Cuadros, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Jessie Cuadros
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32803
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who is bilingual in English and Spanish. I value the counseling process and believe everyone deserves someone to walk with them along life’s journey. I honor the importance of a caring relationship in the counseling setting in order to address and face life’s challenges. My hope is to offer a safe and welcoming environment to explore these experiences. I am Certified in EMDR which has been highly effective in treating trauma as well as other issues. I have a passion to work with those who have lost a pregnancy (via miscarriage, abortion, or stillbirth) and do so with great sensitivity.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who is bilingual in English and Spanish. I value the counseling process and believe everyone deserves someone to walk with them along life’s journey. I honor the importance of a caring relationship in the counseling setting in order to address and face life’s challenges. My hope is to offer a safe and welcoming environment to explore these experiences. I am Certified in EMDR which has been highly effective in treating trauma as well as other issues. I have a passion to work with those who have lost a pregnancy (via miscarriage, abortion, or stillbirth) and do so with great sensitivity.
(407) 250-1786 View (407) 250-1786
Photo of Dipti Lincoln, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Dipti Lincoln
Counselor, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32835  (Online Only)
When was the last time you did something for yourself? How do you take care of yourself? If you cant think of that last time, you've come to the right place. Balance is something that we all need and sometimes feels unattainable. If you are looking for balance in your relationship, career, or just for yourself, you can be proud that you are taking the first steps in finding it. Together we can create joy in your life and make those mountainous tasks that you're facing more manageable.
When was the last time you did something for yourself? How do you take care of yourself? If you cant think of that last time, you've come to the right place. Balance is something that we all need and sometimes feels unattainable. If you are looking for balance in your relationship, career, or just for yourself, you can be proud that you are taking the first steps in finding it. Together we can create joy in your life and make those mountainous tasks that you're facing more manageable.
(407) 743-6605 View (407) 743-6605
Photo of Calena Illan, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Calena Illan
Counselor, MA, LMHC, QS
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32819
I invite you to embark on a journey of self-discovery and empowerment, where you can reconnect with your true self and find greater joy and fulfillment. I specialize in wholistic wellness, helping clients like you navigate a wide range of circumstances to find greater self-awareness and understanding of the mind-body connection. Whether you're seeking success coaching, relationship therapy or trauma healing, I am here to support you on your path towards thriving. I believe in empowering my clients to gain clarity on their value system, discover what brings them joy, and take back their power to live life on their own terms.
I invite you to embark on a journey of self-discovery and empowerment, where you can reconnect with your true self and find greater joy and fulfillment. I specialize in wholistic wellness, helping clients like you navigate a wide range of circumstances to find greater self-awareness and understanding of the mind-body connection. Whether you're seeking success coaching, relationship therapy or trauma healing, I am here to support you on your path towards thriving. I believe in empowering my clients to gain clarity on their value system, discover what brings them joy, and take back their power to live life on their own terms.
(321) 415-0889 View (321) 415-0889
Photo of Shazma Palliagath, Pre-Licensed Professional in Orlando, FL
Shazma Palliagath
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, RMHCI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32804
As a person-centered therapist, I believe in the power of a strong therapeutic alliance built on empathy, understanding, and genuine care. My approach is rooted in the belief that you are the expert of your own life, and I am here to walk alongside you as you navigate the challenges you face. Together, we will collaboratively explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences, aiming to foster self-awareness, personal growth, and inner resilience. For those who find solace and strength in spirituality, I am open to incorporating spiritual aspects into our counseling sessions. I respect all religious and spiritual beliefs.
As a person-centered therapist, I believe in the power of a strong therapeutic alliance built on empathy, understanding, and genuine care. My approach is rooted in the belief that you are the expert of your own life, and I am here to walk alongside you as you navigate the challenges you face. Together, we will collaboratively explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences, aiming to foster self-awareness, personal growth, and inner resilience. For those who find solace and strength in spirituality, I am open to incorporating spiritual aspects into our counseling sessions. I respect all religious and spiritual beliefs.
(407) 863-6654 View (407) 863-6654
Photo of Nancy J Porter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Nancy J Porter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32835
Our natural state is one of balance and harmony. Many life conditions can throw us off kilter from time to time or even for years. Sometimes, life can be darkened by depression, agitated by anxiety, or even rageful with anger. Our nervous system could be highly dysregulated from immense or even small traumas in life. When we experience these states or life conditions, they can become obstacles to our natural state and rob us of peace of mind and from fully enjoying life. Our relationships can suffer and how we live and move in the world can become more difficult, even painful at times.
Our natural state is one of balance and harmony. Many life conditions can throw us off kilter from time to time or even for years. Sometimes, life can be darkened by depression, agitated by anxiety, or even rageful with anger. Our nervous system could be highly dysregulated from immense or even small traumas in life. When we experience these states or life conditions, they can become obstacles to our natural state and rob us of peace of mind and from fully enjoying life. Our relationships can suffer and how we live and move in the world can become more difficult, even painful at times.
(407) 890-0971 View (407) 890-0971
Photo of Julie Wynn, Pre-Licensed Professional in Orlando, FL
Julie Wynn
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32814
Julie Wynn is a Clinical Social Work Intern. She has experience working with both children as well as adults who have experienced varying degrees of trauma and mental health issues. She believes in working collaboratively to work toward solutions that best suit the needs of each client. Her goal is to create an environment that uplifts and empowers clients to be their true selves.
Julie Wynn is a Clinical Social Work Intern. She has experience working with both children as well as adults who have experienced varying degrees of trauma and mental health issues. She believes in working collaboratively to work toward solutions that best suit the needs of each client. Her goal is to create an environment that uplifts and empowers clients to be their true selves.
(689) 202-4416 View (689) 202-4416
Photo of Krista M. Marchman in Orlando, FL
Krista M. Marchman
MA, EdS, PhD
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32803
Building a profile of your child's uniqueness should not be determined by the simplest of efforts. For 30-years I have specialized in diagnostic evaluation, educational therapy and parenting consultation and in doing so I have designed a comprehensive method for richly describing, organizing and addressing children's social/emotional, behavioral and learning strengths and weaknesses. For each and every child and family I work with my solitary goal is to develop a deeper understanding or your child's unique social, emotional, behavioral and learning profile. I work closely with parents in collaboration before, during and beyond the evaluation.
Building a profile of your child's uniqueness should not be determined by the simplest of efforts. For 30-years I have specialized in diagnostic evaluation, educational therapy and parenting consultation and in doing so I have designed a comprehensive method for richly describing, organizing and addressing children's social/emotional, behavioral and learning strengths and weaknesses. For each and every child and family I work with my solitary goal is to develop a deeper understanding or your child's unique social, emotional, behavioral and learning profile. I work closely with parents in collaboration before, during and beyond the evaluation.
(321) 607-3075 View (321) 607-3075
Photo of Jamilla L Herring, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Jamilla L Herring
Counselor, LMHC, MEd
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32825  (Online Only)
Relieve. Revive. Restore. I am a skilled clinician helping clients with stress and anxiety, relationship issues, trauma and abuse, and confidence. Couples learn how to repair trust, improve communication, and strengthen their emotional intimacy with each other. If you are tired of feeling the weight of the world on your shoulders, please contact me to learn the tools to relieve your burdens, revive your spirit, and restore your faith in yourself and the world around you.
Relieve. Revive. Restore. I am a skilled clinician helping clients with stress and anxiety, relationship issues, trauma and abuse, and confidence. Couples learn how to repair trust, improve communication, and strengthen their emotional intimacy with each other. If you are tired of feeling the weight of the world on your shoulders, please contact me to learn the tools to relieve your burdens, revive your spirit, and restore your faith in yourself and the world around you.
(321) 221-5927 View (321) 221-5927
Photo of Josie M Oliveira, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Josie M Oliveira
Counselor, PhD, LCC, Life , Coach
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32819  (Online Only)
I help to guide people that are confused on what to do into their lives. Support goal-setting, personal growth, and behavior modification. My professionalism help my clients to achieve their goals by improving different actions necessary to take control of future plans and decisions make. My mission as a Life Coach and Licensed & Certified Clinical Christian Counselor is to empower your qualities of life too powerful to chase your dreams. As a life coach I support my clients by identifying and understanding their challenges, behaviors and help them to improve their lifestyle and relationships.
I help to guide people that are confused on what to do into their lives. Support goal-setting, personal growth, and behavior modification. My professionalism help my clients to achieve their goals by improving different actions necessary to take control of future plans and decisions make. My mission as a Life Coach and Licensed & Certified Clinical Christian Counselor is to empower your qualities of life too powerful to chase your dreams. As a life coach I support my clients by identifying and understanding their challenges, behaviors and help them to improve their lifestyle and relationships.
(321) 320-7782 View (321) 320-7782
Photo of Dr. Ramon Velez-Zumbrunn, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Orlando, FL
Dr. Ramon Velez-Zumbrunn
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, EdD, RMFTI
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32827  (Online Only)
Your story matters. Thank you for taking the time to consider me as a part of your support system. I am so glad you are here! Congratulations on taking a huge step toward prioritizing your self-care.
Your story matters. Thank you for taking the time to consider me as a part of your support system. I am so glad you are here! Congratulations on taking a huge step toward prioritizing your self-care.
(321) 204-4252 View (321) 204-4252
Photo of Suely Rivera, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Suely Rivera
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32822
Struggling to manage your thoughts? Perhaps you have no motivation, low energy, or feel overwhelmed. You’ve found yourself struggling with feeling "stuck", self-doubt, lack of self-confidence, or you don't feel good enough. Perhaps you are struggling with past hurts, toxic relationships (even friendships), never-ending overthinking, feeling overwhelmed (including burnout) or the voice in your head is quick to remind you of all the ways you’re falling short or catastrophizing. You've spent the last however many years trying to keep everything together, and it feels overwhelming. If this is you, then send me an email to get started.
Struggling to manage your thoughts? Perhaps you have no motivation, low energy, or feel overwhelmed. You’ve found yourself struggling with feeling "stuck", self-doubt, lack of self-confidence, or you don't feel good enough. Perhaps you are struggling with past hurts, toxic relationships (even friendships), never-ending overthinking, feeling overwhelmed (including burnout) or the voice in your head is quick to remind you of all the ways you’re falling short or catastrophizing. You've spent the last however many years trying to keep everything together, and it feels overwhelming. If this is you, then send me an email to get started.
(321) 895-9128 View (321) 895-9128
Photo of Michele Tingley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Michele Tingley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32817
Michele has over 26 years of experience working in the social services and behavioral healthcare fields providing case management, facilitation and training clinical assessment, instruction as an adjunct professor, curriculum and program development, program management, mentoring, therapy, and clinical supervision. Michele utilizes a client-centered, strengths-based approach in therapy with clients, identifying their treatment needs and utilizing appropriate evidenced-based treatment to achieve treatment outcomes. Michele's passion is helping individuals overcome challenges and obstacles to grow and reach their highest potential.
Michele has over 26 years of experience working in the social services and behavioral healthcare fields providing case management, facilitation and training clinical assessment, instruction as an adjunct professor, curriculum and program development, program management, mentoring, therapy, and clinical supervision. Michele utilizes a client-centered, strengths-based approach in therapy with clients, identifying their treatment needs and utilizing appropriate evidenced-based treatment to achieve treatment outcomes. Michele's passion is helping individuals overcome challenges and obstacles to grow and reach their highest potential.
(321) 460-1729 View (321) 460-1729
Photo of Taimara Dietsch, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Taimara Dietsch
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32811  (Online Only)
I am licensed in Florida with over 12 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, parenting issues, motivation, self esteem, confidence, depression, and more. It takes courage to seek out help and even more to accept that we can use a hand every now and then (it takes a village, after all, right?). I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
I am licensed in Florida with over 12 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, parenting issues, motivation, self esteem, confidence, depression, and more. It takes courage to seek out help and even more to accept that we can use a hand every now and then (it takes a village, after all, right?). I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
(407) 612-2805 View (407) 612-2805
Photo of Drstem (Sithembile) Mahlatini, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Drstem (Sithembile) Mahlatini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32810  (Online Only)
I am a Tele-Health Counselor/ Coach who is Now Permanently Providing EAP /Cash Only Teletherapy and Video Appointments. Supporting You is my Goal. I am a life-coach, business & confidence coach, licensed psychotherapist, author and motivational speaker with over 20 years of experience. I understand the need to live a stress free life, resolve current and past issues, mend broken heart, strained relationships, start a business, change jobs or resolve work issues. I do not conduct disability assessments. My work is short term solution focused, for Adults Only.
I am a Tele-Health Counselor/ Coach who is Now Permanently Providing EAP /Cash Only Teletherapy and Video Appointments. Supporting You is my Goal. I am a life-coach, business & confidence coach, licensed psychotherapist, author and motivational speaker with over 20 years of experience. I understand the need to live a stress free life, resolve current and past issues, mend broken heart, strained relationships, start a business, change jobs or resolve work issues. I do not conduct disability assessments. My work is short term solution focused, for Adults Only.
(321) 221-5925 View (321) 221-5925

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Orlando, FL

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Orlando, FL who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
68% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
84% Cigna and Evernorth
81% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Orlando, FL see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Orlando?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.