Therapists in Dayton, OH

View neighborhoods in Dayton
Photo of Chanel Hall, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dayton, OH
Chanel Hall
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45409
I specialize in seeing clients who struggle with over controlled personality types. Do you work too much? Want things to be perfect? Strongly dislike being out of control of situations? Or feel like you have to do things in order for them to be done correctly? If this sounds like you and these symptoms cause you distress, give our office a call!
I specialize in seeing clients who struggle with over controlled personality types. Do you work too much? Want things to be perfect? Strongly dislike being out of control of situations? Or feel like you have to do things in order for them to be done correctly? If this sounds like you and these symptoms cause you distress, give our office a call!
(937) 817-3026 View (937) 817-3026
Photo of Janaye Guess, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dayton, OH
Janaye Guess
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW , LISW
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45405
I enjoy working with people who struggle with depression and/or anxiety. Ideally, their goals would be to improve their overall functioning and quality of life. My ideal client would be able to put in the necessary work to accomplish their goals. My therapy style is authentic, empathetic, and validating. I believe in incorporating various treatment modalities that are based on the individual needs of my clients.
I enjoy working with people who struggle with depression and/or anxiety. Ideally, their goals would be to improve their overall functioning and quality of life. My ideal client would be able to put in the necessary work to accomplish their goals. My therapy style is authentic, empathetic, and validating. I believe in incorporating various treatment modalities that are based on the individual needs of my clients.
(380) 333-6012 View (380) 333-6012
Photo of Rena Onady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dayton, OH
Rena Onady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45404  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the constant weight of depression and anxiety, longing for a way to break free and regain control of your life? As a compassionate and experienced mental health therapist, I will guide you toward discovering the strength and resilience within you. You are not alone in this struggle. Together, we will navigate the intricate paths of your mind, uncovering the underlying causes of your symptoms and crafting personalized strategies for lasting change. My goal is to provide you with the tools and support necessary to cultivate self-awareness, confidence, and balance.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the constant weight of depression and anxiety, longing for a way to break free and regain control of your life? As a compassionate and experienced mental health therapist, I will guide you toward discovering the strength and resilience within you. You are not alone in this struggle. Together, we will navigate the intricate paths of your mind, uncovering the underlying causes of your symptoms and crafting personalized strategies for lasting change. My goal is to provide you with the tools and support necessary to cultivate self-awareness, confidence, and balance.
(786) 244-7347 View (786) 244-7347
Photo of Midwest Counseling Centers of Ohio (Outpatient) in Dayton, OH
Midwest Counseling Centers of Ohio (Outpatient)
LISW
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45458
We are a family owned outpatient practice that focuses on quality care, ethical practice and we have excellent client outcomes. We work with children (aka,littles), adolescents, teens, and all adults. ADHD, anxiety, school issues, behavior issues, oppositional defiant, depression, trauma, grief, personality disorders, PTSD, social issues, change of life issues, adjustment issues, later life issues, anger issues, divorce issues, separation anxiety, blended family issues, post COVID issues and many more. We use many treatment approaches including EMDR. We have a specialized play therapy suite, art room and the office is very comforting and inviting. We also work collaboratively with your physicians to assist in continuity of care.
We are a family owned outpatient practice that focuses on quality care, ethical practice and we have excellent client outcomes. We work with children (aka,littles), adolescents, teens, and all adults. ADHD, anxiety, school issues, behavior issues, oppositional defiant, depression, trauma, grief, personality disorders, PTSD, social issues, change of life issues, adjustment issues, later life issues, anger issues, divorce issues, separation anxiety, blended family issues, post COVID issues and many more. We use many treatment approaches including EMDR. We have a specialized play therapy suite, art room and the office is very comforting and inviting. We also work collaboratively with your physicians to assist in continuity of care.
(937) 954-2573 View (937) 954-2573
Photo of Holly St. Pierre, Counselor in Dayton, OH
Holly St. Pierre
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC, SUPV
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dayton, OH 45429
Are you or someone you love struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Grief, Children, OCD, Trauma, Self-worth, your past, your future, your spirituality? Your Struggles of today can be your victories of tomorrow. Holly utilizes different therapy styles (talk & neuro-based therapies) with her clients from the age of 4 to adult to empower them to work through their struggles in partnership with respect, encouragement, and integrity. She will equip and support you with skills to be utilized in your daily lives to reach your full potential all at your pace including Performance Enhancement: improve skill, mindset, athletics(YIPs, PR)
Are you or someone you love struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Grief, Children, OCD, Trauma, Self-worth, your past, your future, your spirituality? Your Struggles of today can be your victories of tomorrow. Holly utilizes different therapy styles (talk & neuro-based therapies) with her clients from the age of 4 to adult to empower them to work through their struggles in partnership with respect, encouragement, and integrity. She will equip and support you with skills to be utilized in your daily lives to reach your full potential all at your pace including Performance Enhancement: improve skill, mindset, athletics(YIPs, PR)
(937) 675-0128 View (937) 675-0128
Photo of Ruth A McKowen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dayton, OH
Ruth A McKowen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45415  (Online Only)
I believe people want to be heard, need to be heard. I believe it takes courage to reach out for help. I am very interested in my client's story, as I believe our story helps us process the past. I am honored to be a part of helping my client heal from the past and gain the skills to be in the present moment as well as work towards emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual wholeness.
I believe people want to be heard, need to be heard. I believe it takes courage to reach out for help. I am very interested in my client's story, as I believe our story helps us process the past. I am honored to be a part of helping my client heal from the past and gain the skills to be in the present moment as well as work towards emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual wholeness.
(937) 806-5340 View (937) 806-5340
Photo of Kelly Salada, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dayton, OH
Kelly Salada
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Dayton, OH 45419  (Online Only)
I became a therapist after overcoming my own adversity and trauma.  I confronted the impact of it as a young adult through therapy where I was empowered with the tools I needed to positively evolve as a person.  I want to assist others in their struggle with trauma by empowering them with similar tools to confront the impact of their own trauma and to positively grow. I specialize in working with people that have experienced significant trauma, abuse or neglect. But I can also help you if you're experiencing anxiety, depression, mood disorders, relationship issues, adjustment issues or gender identity or sexual identity concerns.
I became a therapist after overcoming my own adversity and trauma.  I confronted the impact of it as a young adult through therapy where I was empowered with the tools I needed to positively evolve as a person.  I want to assist others in their struggle with trauma by empowering them with similar tools to confront the impact of their own trauma and to positively grow. I specialize in working with people that have experienced significant trauma, abuse or neglect. But I can also help you if you're experiencing anxiety, depression, mood disorders, relationship issues, adjustment issues or gender identity or sexual identity concerns.
(937) 871-3455 x1 View (937) 871-3455 x1
Photo of Jonathon Walton, Counselor in Dayton, OH
Jonathon Walton
Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45419  (Online Only)
Evening and Weekend Appointments Now Available. Each of us is on our own individual journey. At times, we all need assistance to help us overcome the stumbling blocks that are in our path. These stumbling blocks may be from the distant past, recent past, present, or fear of the future and may be affecting us at school, work, home, in relationships, or all the above.
Evening and Weekend Appointments Now Available. Each of us is on our own individual journey. At times, we all need assistance to help us overcome the stumbling blocks that are in our path. These stumbling blocks may be from the distant past, recent past, present, or fear of the future and may be affecting us at school, work, home, in relationships, or all the above.
(937) 975-2974 View (937) 975-2974
Photo of Nicole Ciarlariello, Counselor in Dayton, OH
Nicole Ciarlariello
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45419  (Online Only)
My philosophy is that within each of us is the capacity to flourish. Counseling can be transformational for people working through life transitions, painful emotions, challenging relationships, and so much more. Together we can work to implement practical strategies that cultivate positive wellbeing and decrease stress. I help my clients to deepen their awareness and self-compassion so that they can feel empowered to make nurturing choices for themselves each day.
My philosophy is that within each of us is the capacity to flourish. Counseling can be transformational for people working through life transitions, painful emotions, challenging relationships, and so much more. Together we can work to implement practical strategies that cultivate positive wellbeing and decrease stress. I help my clients to deepen their awareness and self-compassion so that they can feel empowered to make nurturing choices for themselves each day.
(937) 663-1576 View (937) 663-1576
Photo of Kathy J Peroutka, Counselor in Dayton, OH
Kathy J Peroutka
Counselor, LPCC-SC
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45449
As a counselor, I have had the honor and privilege to have counseled and worked with individuals, couples, and families. As your counselor, we will work together side by side, in establishing the goals you want to accomplish while addressing your concerns for emotional, mental health, and or substance use. In addition, we can also address any issues or concerns you may have for your children. My experience allows me to help you to improve relationships with couples and families. We will identify your strengths, with utilizing them in addressing your concerns. I welcome the opportunity to work within your Faith beliefs and practices.
As a counselor, I have had the honor and privilege to have counseled and worked with individuals, couples, and families. As your counselor, we will work together side by side, in establishing the goals you want to accomplish while addressing your concerns for emotional, mental health, and or substance use. In addition, we can also address any issues or concerns you may have for your children. My experience allows me to help you to improve relationships with couples and families. We will identify your strengths, with utilizing them in addressing your concerns. I welcome the opportunity to work within your Faith beliefs and practices.
(937) 915-0128 View (937) 915-0128
Metanoia Behavioral Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45405  (Online Only)
I am licensed with 47 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, trauma and abuse, coping with grief and loss, & depression. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. I will tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. It takes courage to seek out a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards a change. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
I am licensed with 47 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, trauma and abuse, coping with grief and loss, & depression. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. I will tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. It takes courage to seek out a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards a change. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
(937) 821-1700 View (937) 821-1700
Photo of MMRG Professional Mental Health Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dayton, OH
MMRG Professional Mental Health Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dayton, OH 45420
I offer a client centered approach to my therapy style. I will assist you to identify and work on your mental health needs in a caring and genuine way. My purpose as a clinician is to build on your strengths and assist with your growth process. I offer a warm an personalized experience for each of my clients to create a healthy and productive theraputic relationship.
I offer a client centered approach to my therapy style. I will assist you to identify and work on your mental health needs in a caring and genuine way. My purpose as a clinician is to build on your strengths and assist with your growth process. I offer a warm an personalized experience for each of my clients to create a healthy and productive theraputic relationship.
(937) 858-1815 View (937) 858-1815
Photo of Jeremy Vanderpool, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dayton, OH
Jeremy Vanderpool
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCP
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45459
Jeremy Vanderpool is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He obtained his Master's degree in Counseling and Human Relations from Lindsey Wilson College. He also holds a Bachelor's degree in Professional Counseling and Human and Social Services from Lindsey Wilson College. He also obtained an Associate's degree in Chemical Dependency Counseling from Southern State Community College. Jeremy has been working in inpatient and outpatient treatment centers treating clients for substance use disorders as well as mental health disorders. His experience is in working with adults.
Jeremy Vanderpool is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He obtained his Master's degree in Counseling and Human Relations from Lindsey Wilson College. He also holds a Bachelor's degree in Professional Counseling and Human and Social Services from Lindsey Wilson College. He also obtained an Associate's degree in Chemical Dependency Counseling from Southern State Community College. Jeremy has been working in inpatient and outpatient treatment centers treating clients for substance use disorders as well as mental health disorders. His experience is in working with adults.
(937) 975-2299 View (937) 975-2299
Photo of Tiffany Morris, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dayton, OH
Tiffany Morris
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dayton, OH 45459
Hello! I strive to provide a safe, nonjudgmental environment for clients. I believe everyone is unique and I am passionate about helping clients achieve emotional healing and self-growth. I support clients in setting personal goals, identifying strengths, improving resilience and building a positive mindset. My therapeutic services target a wide range of emotional and mental health needs for adults, adolescents, children, families and couples. I employ an eclectic approach including, strength-based, mindfulness, solution-focus, ACT, CBT and DBT.
Hello! I strive to provide a safe, nonjudgmental environment for clients. I believe everyone is unique and I am passionate about helping clients achieve emotional healing and self-growth. I support clients in setting personal goals, identifying strengths, improving resilience and building a positive mindset. My therapeutic services target a wide range of emotional and mental health needs for adults, adolescents, children, families and couples. I employ an eclectic approach including, strength-based, mindfulness, solution-focus, ACT, CBT and DBT.
(937) 699-5319 View (937) 699-5319
Photo of Bradford Meyers, Psychologist in Dayton, OH
Bradford Meyers
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45409
Building a trusting, collaborative relationship is at the forefront of my work, though I’m aware this looks differently with each of my clients. I see the process of change as occurring in the context of relationships and through exploration of patterns that may be preventing one from living a fulfilling life. Through the discovery of these patterns, we can begin to understand how to live life more genuinely. I am a relational and psychodynamic therapist who incorporates various therapeutic approaches and interventions, including cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness techniques.
Building a trusting, collaborative relationship is at the forefront of my work, though I’m aware this looks differently with each of my clients. I see the process of change as occurring in the context of relationships and through exploration of patterns that may be preventing one from living a fulfilling life. Through the discovery of these patterns, we can begin to understand how to live life more genuinely. I am a relational and psychodynamic therapist who incorporates various therapeutic approaches and interventions, including cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness techniques.
(937) 707-6093 View (937) 707-6093
Photo of John W Goris, Counselor in Dayton, OH
John W Goris
Counselor, MS, LSW, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dayton, OH 45449
Life can be very challenging at times. We often take care of our physical health and other needs, but may not focus on our mental health. We all deserve to take a step back and take care of ourselves. Many times depression, anxiety and stress can become overwhelming. Taking time to focus on issues like these can help move life in a much more positive direction.
Life can be very challenging at times. We often take care of our physical health and other needs, but may not focus on our mental health. We all deserve to take a step back and take care of ourselves. Many times depression, anxiety and stress can become overwhelming. Taking time to focus on issues like these can help move life in a much more positive direction.
(937) 358-8291 View (937) 358-8291
Photo of Allison Newlin, Counselor in Dayton, OH
Allison Newlin
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45429
As a Couples Therapist, Individual Therapist and Performance Consultant, I’d like to help you reach your full potential in association with your specific values. I often hear clients say that they had been thinking about starting therapy for a while before making that first phone call. This is especially common in high achievers who hold the belief that we “should” be able to figure things out on our own. Although I admire anyone who tries to fix their own problems, the burden of doing this alone is unnecessary and typically ineffective, leaving us to cycle through the same pattern that is likely leaving us feeling unsatisfied.
As a Couples Therapist, Individual Therapist and Performance Consultant, I’d like to help you reach your full potential in association with your specific values. I often hear clients say that they had been thinking about starting therapy for a while before making that first phone call. This is especially common in high achievers who hold the belief that we “should” be able to figure things out on our own. Although I admire anyone who tries to fix their own problems, the burden of doing this alone is unnecessary and typically ineffective, leaving us to cycle through the same pattern that is likely leaving us feeling unsatisfied.
(937) 915-2636 View (937) 915-2636
Photo of Sara Trembath, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Dayton, OH
Sara Trembath
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45405
I have experience working with all types of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and complex trauma. My secondary specialties include severe chronic mental illness, relationship problems, recovery from previous domestic violence, LTGBQ+ concerns, self-harm, and developmental or attachment wounds from childhood. I continue to take continuing education classes to improve my knowledge and skills in these areas. I especially enjoy working with clients motivated to improve their lives and willing to take responsibility for their success rather than expecting others to do their work.
I have experience working with all types of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and complex trauma. My secondary specialties include severe chronic mental illness, relationship problems, recovery from previous domestic violence, LTGBQ+ concerns, self-harm, and developmental or attachment wounds from childhood. I continue to take continuing education classes to improve my knowledge and skills in these areas. I especially enjoy working with clients motivated to improve their lives and willing to take responsibility for their success rather than expecting others to do their work.
(937) 998-4160 View (937) 998-4160
Photo of Marisa M Badgley, Counselor in Dayton, OH
Marisa M Badgley
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45429
Waitlist for new clients
It is my belief there is no crisis or concern too insurmountable or insignificant where the presence of a supportive therapeutic relationship cannot be beneficial. Seeking counseling is the first step on the path toward gaining insight, meaning and healing. I support clients in understanding and shifting emotions, thoughts and behaviors that may be causing suffering and impairing healthy functioning. I am humbled to walk alongside you on your path to healing. I counsel adults who have struggles with relationships, depression, anxiety, alcohol or drugs, communication, life transitions, family dynamics, anger, stress, and trauma.
It is my belief there is no crisis or concern too insurmountable or insignificant where the presence of a supportive therapeutic relationship cannot be beneficial. Seeking counseling is the first step on the path toward gaining insight, meaning and healing. I support clients in understanding and shifting emotions, thoughts and behaviors that may be causing suffering and impairing healthy functioning. I am humbled to walk alongside you on your path to healing. I counsel adults who have struggles with relationships, depression, anxiety, alcohol or drugs, communication, life transitions, family dynamics, anger, stress, and trauma.
(937) 639-1308 View (937) 639-1308
Photo of WeCare Health Clinic Group, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Dayton, OH
WeCare Health Clinic Group
Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Verified Verified
Dayton, OH 45459
I am deeply committed to helping individuals on their journey towards recovery and healing. My passion for becoming a drug and addiction counselor is rooted in my belief in the transformative power of compassion, empathy, and non-judgmental support. I understand that addiction is a complex and challenging struggle, and I am dedicated to providing a safe and nurturing environment for my clients. I will listen with an open heart, offering empathy and understanding, while also utilizing evidence-based techniques to guide them towards a healthier and happier life.
I am deeply committed to helping individuals on their journey towards recovery and healing. My passion for becoming a drug and addiction counselor is rooted in my belief in the transformative power of compassion, empathy, and non-judgmental support. I understand that addiction is a complex and challenging struggle, and I am dedicated to providing a safe and nurturing environment for my clients. I will listen with an open heart, offering empathy and understanding, while also utilizing evidence-based techniques to guide them towards a healthier and happier life.
(937) 770-8962 View (937) 770-8962

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Dayton, OH

400+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Dayton, OH who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
69% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Dayton, OH see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Dayton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.