Therapists in Raleigh, NC

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Photo of Miriam Gold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Miriam Gold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27612
I will help you understand and overcome barriers and challenges as we foster opportunities for options and possibilities. I look forward to working with you through an interactive and dynamic partnership driven by your needs and dreams, motivation, commitment, strengths, and goals. I provide a supportive, caring, non-judgmental, responsive approach to a therapeutic relationship based on trust and collaboration. I have over 25 years experience empowering people in the development, utilization, and enhancement of coping skills long after completion of therapeutic services. Therapy is tailored to each client or family's unique needs, goals, and strengths. Saturday and evening availability.
I will help you understand and overcome barriers and challenges as we foster opportunities for options and possibilities. I look forward to working with you through an interactive and dynamic partnership driven by your needs and dreams, motivation, commitment, strengths, and goals. I provide a supportive, caring, non-judgmental, responsive approach to a therapeutic relationship based on trust and collaboration. I have over 25 years experience empowering people in the development, utilization, and enhancement of coping skills long after completion of therapeutic services. Therapy is tailored to each client or family's unique needs, goals, and strengths. Saturday and evening availability.
(919) 289-8171 View (919) 289-8171
D. Cooksy, L.C.S.W., P.A.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27623
I have over 30 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. My primary referral sources are Primary Care Groups and 'word of mouth.' I am passionate about designing a unique set of cognitive-behavioral tools to help individuals improve their management of thoughts, emotions, and behavior. In the process of selecting a provider, I strongly encourage prospective clients to contact my office and schedule a FREE 10-15 minute consultation.
I have over 30 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. My primary referral sources are Primary Care Groups and 'word of mouth.' I am passionate about designing a unique set of cognitive-behavioral tools to help individuals improve their management of thoughts, emotions, and behavior. In the process of selecting a provider, I strongly encourage prospective clients to contact my office and schedule a FREE 10-15 minute consultation.
(919) 813-7252 View (919) 813-7252
Photo of Lisa Gunter, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Lisa Gunter
Counselor, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
Throughout our lives, we all encounter moments when we require assistance in navigating challenging circumstances. As a person-centered therapist, I am here to guide you through these situations with a compassionate and nonjudgmental approach. I deeply honor your role as the expert in your own life, and we will work together collaboratively to devise solutions. Our joint effort will culminate in the creation and execution of a plan aimed at achieving a positive outcome.
Throughout our lives, we all encounter moments when we require assistance in navigating challenging circumstances. As a person-centered therapist, I am here to guide you through these situations with a compassionate and nonjudgmental approach. I deeply honor your role as the expert in your own life, and we will work together collaboratively to devise solutions. Our joint effort will culminate in the creation and execution of a plan aimed at achieving a positive outcome.
(919) 769-6216 View (919) 769-6216
Photo of Living Post Divorce in Raleigh, NC
Living Post Divorce
BS, MS
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27612
BREAK UPS ARE HARD - YOU ARE NOT ALONE. Are you finding it hard to handle the difficult emotions that are coming up after the loss of a relationship? Do you want to be able to harness those emotions and use them for growth? Do you want to be part of a community that will provide support for your healing and transformation and help you find your way back to center? Offering Divorce Support Workshops in the Raleigh, NC and individualized coaching anywhere.
BREAK UPS ARE HARD - YOU ARE NOT ALONE. Are you finding it hard to handle the difficult emotions that are coming up after the loss of a relationship? Do you want to be able to harness those emotions and use them for growth? Do you want to be part of a community that will provide support for your healing and transformation and help you find your way back to center? Offering Divorce Support Workshops in the Raleigh, NC and individualized coaching anywhere.
(919) 887-8152 View (919) 887-8152
Photo of Victoria Ardines, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Victoria Ardines
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27615  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am deeply committed to providing specialized support to those facing the unique challenges of chronic pain, disabilities, and illnesses within minority and bicultural communities, along with anyone with depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. I also recognize that I want to provide culturally sensitive care to my clients to meet their racial or ethnic needs, address past traumas, and empower their mental health experience.
I am deeply committed to providing specialized support to those facing the unique challenges of chronic pain, disabilities, and illnesses within minority and bicultural communities, along with anyone with depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. I also recognize that I want to provide culturally sensitive care to my clients to meet their racial or ethnic needs, address past traumas, and empower their mental health experience.
(919) 444-8202 View (919) 444-8202
Photo of Kimberly Lillig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Kimberly Lillig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27612  (Online Only)
Do you have persistent worries, have boundary issues, always feeling stuck or sad or are haunted by past traumas? I can help you in your healing journey and we can work together to untangle unresolved issues in your life. Above all however, compassionate listening is the first hallmark of my practice. To feel safe enough to make changes you must first feel you have been truly heard without judgement while expressing your concerns. Together we can create a space where both your feel safe to express Bothe thoughts and embodied emotions. Feel free to reach out to me for a short free 15 minute session.
Do you have persistent worries, have boundary issues, always feeling stuck or sad or are haunted by past traumas? I can help you in your healing journey and we can work together to untangle unresolved issues in your life. Above all however, compassionate listening is the first hallmark of my practice. To feel safe enough to make changes you must first feel you have been truly heard without judgement while expressing your concerns. Together we can create a space where both your feel safe to express Bothe thoughts and embodied emotions. Feel free to reach out to me for a short free 15 minute session.
(919) 646-2672 View (919) 646-2672
Photo of Stephanie D Williams, LCSW Associate in Raleigh, NC
Stephanie D Williams
LCSW Associate, LCSWA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27607  (Online Only)
One thing about life is that it can, and will, be unpredictable at various moments. It’s in those moments that the ability to navigate from the inside out is necessary. You may be experiencing fear, grief, sadness, irritability and a host of emotions stemming from past or present issues. You may be worried about things that haven't even happened yet. Ultimately you want to gain some tools to navigate these emotions in a healthy way. And whether it's your first attempt at therapy or one of several, you haven't given up on the idea of overall wellness and I love that for you!
One thing about life is that it can, and will, be unpredictable at various moments. It’s in those moments that the ability to navigate from the inside out is necessary. You may be experiencing fear, grief, sadness, irritability and a host of emotions stemming from past or present issues. You may be worried about things that haven't even happened yet. Ultimately you want to gain some tools to navigate these emotions in a healthy way. And whether it's your first attempt at therapy or one of several, you haven't given up on the idea of overall wellness and I love that for you!
(984) 400-8632 View (984) 400-8632
Photo of Kerry Dowd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Kerry Dowd
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27606  (Online Only)
Kerry helps you heal from the past, build your self-esteem, and find joy in life. Kerry has over 10 years of experience. She uses aspects of Internal Family Systems, Polyvagal Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitizing and Reprocessing (EMDR). Are you feeling anxious, stuck, or frustrated with your relationships? Are you tired of being overwhelmed and putting everyone else first? She can help.
Kerry helps you heal from the past, build your self-esteem, and find joy in life. Kerry has over 10 years of experience. She uses aspects of Internal Family Systems, Polyvagal Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitizing and Reprocessing (EMDR). Are you feeling anxious, stuck, or frustrated with your relationships? Are you tired of being overwhelmed and putting everyone else first? She can help.
(919) 504-5569 View (919) 504-5569
Photo of Mandy Balmadrid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Mandy Balmadrid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27607
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker that specializes in working with adults (18+) who are experiencing anxiety, attachment issues, depression, grief/loss, infertility, midlife transitions, parenthood struggles, perinatal/postpartum mood disorders, and trauma. I believe working through some of the most difficult times in our life requires additional support. You deserve that so you can heal and feel like yourself again.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker that specializes in working with adults (18+) who are experiencing anxiety, attachment issues, depression, grief/loss, infertility, midlife transitions, parenthood struggles, perinatal/postpartum mood disorders, and trauma. I believe working through some of the most difficult times in our life requires additional support. You deserve that so you can heal and feel like yourself again.
(984) 733-1241 View (984) 733-1241
Photo of LiveWell Psychology PLLC, Psychologist in Raleigh, NC
LiveWell Psychology PLLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
As a health psychologist, I provide support to the whole person, not one condition, and consider the biological, psychological, and social factors that may enhance or get in the way of your satisfaction in life. I seek to foster a collaborative, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment so that we can work together to create and implement a plan that leads to fulfillment.
As a health psychologist, I provide support to the whole person, not one condition, and consider the biological, psychological, and social factors that may enhance or get in the way of your satisfaction in life. I seek to foster a collaborative, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment so that we can work together to create and implement a plan that leads to fulfillment.
(984) 249-2384 View (984) 249-2384
Photo of Paige Orlandi-Holmes, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Paige Orlandi-Holmes
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MEd, LCMHC
Verified Verified
20 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27607
Waitlist for new clients
Accepting New Clients. Our world today can be such a loud, chaotic, unpredictable place - and we are all feeling it, especially post COVID. Life can knock us to the ground and then lift us up to the highest of highs. None of us are immune to pain, but this is of course what makes us human. If you choose to work with me, I will be someone who can support you, encourage you to grow with self-discovery, guide you towards a greater sense of well-being, and help you feel empowered to manage life’s ups and downs.
Accepting New Clients. Our world today can be such a loud, chaotic, unpredictable place - and we are all feeling it, especially post COVID. Life can knock us to the ground and then lift us up to the highest of highs. None of us are immune to pain, but this is of course what makes us human. If you choose to work with me, I will be someone who can support you, encourage you to grow with self-discovery, guide you towards a greater sense of well-being, and help you feel empowered to manage life’s ups and downs.
(984) 223-0061 View (984) 223-0061
Photo of Latisha Riley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Latisha Riley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHCS, LPC, CPCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27612  (Online Only)
I am Latisha Riley, a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Supervisor (NC) and Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Professional Counselors Supervisor (GA) . I have over 15 years of experience working with diverse populations in schools and the community. My clinical experience includes agency and private sector counseling, working with children, adolescents and adults. I utilize a range of therapeutic modalities to focus on the client and their needs. Treating the whole individual is my main focus and will work with the client and/or family to ensure that you reach your full potential.
I am Latisha Riley, a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Supervisor (NC) and Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Professional Counselors Supervisor (GA) . I have over 15 years of experience working with diverse populations in schools and the community. My clinical experience includes agency and private sector counseling, working with children, adolescents and adults. I utilize a range of therapeutic modalities to focus on the client and their needs. Treating the whole individual is my main focus and will work with the client and/or family to ensure that you reach your full potential.
(919) 634-6174 View (919) 634-6174
Photo of Hannah Johnson, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in Raleigh, NC
Hannah Johnson
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MS, LCMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27605
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate (LCMHCA) who offers therapy to adolescents 13+, adults, seniors, and will soon begin seeing couples with a primary focus on trauma, as well as addiction, depression, anxiety, life transitions, LGBTQ+ and gender identity issues, and other life stressors. My work in community mental health provided me the opportunity to work with a wide range of clients and presenting issues. I am excited to bring those skills into my practice!
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate (LCMHCA) who offers therapy to adolescents 13+, adults, seniors, and will soon begin seeing couples with a primary focus on trauma, as well as addiction, depression, anxiety, life transitions, LGBTQ+ and gender identity issues, and other life stressors. My work in community mental health provided me the opportunity to work with a wide range of clients and presenting issues. I am excited to bring those skills into my practice!
(984) 400-8913 View (984) 400-8913
Photo of Joquita Cooper, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Joquita Cooper
Counselor, MS, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27614  (Online Only)
You find yourself here reading all these profiles still not knowing if the person you see displayed on the screen will be someone who can hold space for you in the way you need. Finding a therapist to trust someone to trust with your thoughts can feel daunting and scary. It is my goal to provide you with a soft place to land where the focus is you. You deserve to feel seen and heard. There's strength in your vulnerability.
You find yourself here reading all these profiles still not knowing if the person you see displayed on the screen will be someone who can hold space for you in the way you need. Finding a therapist to trust someone to trust with your thoughts can feel daunting and scary. It is my goal to provide you with a soft place to land where the focus is you. You deserve to feel seen and heard. There's strength in your vulnerability.
(919) 213-1331 View (919) 213-1331
Photo of Michelle Dodson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Michelle Dodson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27613  (Online Only)
Are you or your child struggling with feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or depressed? Are you dealing with a stressful life transition and need support? I provide virtual therapy to adults, teens, and children ages 8+. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, perinatal mood issues, attention difficulties, behavior issues, trauma, and grief/loss. I'm also a mom of 3 and enjoy helping parents navigate life changes and find work/life balance.
Are you or your child struggling with feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or depressed? Are you dealing with a stressful life transition and need support? I provide virtual therapy to adults, teens, and children ages 8+. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, perinatal mood issues, attention difficulties, behavior issues, trauma, and grief/loss. I'm also a mom of 3 and enjoy helping parents navigate life changes and find work/life balance.
(984) 295-3931 View (984) 295-3931
Photo of Amanda Wood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Amanda Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27601  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a partner to support you as you tackle thoughts, feelings and life stressors that are getting in the way of your peace and happiness? If so, I hope I will be a good fit for you. I use the analogy that therapists are like shoes, you have to find the right fit. Feeling comfortable, seen, and safe allows for great progress to be made. I will ensure that our time together is focused on your goals. You set the pace and teach me how to best support you, because no one knows that better than you!
Are you looking for a partner to support you as you tackle thoughts, feelings and life stressors that are getting in the way of your peace and happiness? If so, I hope I will be a good fit for you. I use the analogy that therapists are like shoes, you have to find the right fit. Feeling comfortable, seen, and safe allows for great progress to be made. I will ensure that our time together is focused on your goals. You set the pace and teach me how to best support you, because no one knows that better than you!
(919) 823-9876 View (919) 823-9876
Photo of Sarina Manifold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Sarina Manifold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27606
Not accepting new clients
Have you experienced a loss, change, or transition that has left you thinking, “this isn’t how it was supposed to be” or “no one understands”? Because of this, you feel hopeless, or afraid you aren’t going to be able to go on. Maybe you are caring for someone with a chronic or terminal illness and you feel exhausted and angry, and then almost immediately guilty for feeling that way. When you try to talk to others, they tell you to "think of the good things", which then leads you to feel more anger and frustration. You are tired of feeling like this.
Have you experienced a loss, change, or transition that has left you thinking, “this isn’t how it was supposed to be” or “no one understands”? Because of this, you feel hopeless, or afraid you aren’t going to be able to go on. Maybe you are caring for someone with a chronic or terminal illness and you feel exhausted and angry, and then almost immediately guilty for feeling that way. When you try to talk to others, they tell you to "think of the good things", which then leads you to feel more anger and frustration. You are tired of feeling like this.
(984) 207-0834 View (984) 207-0834
Photo of Samuel Everette, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Samuel Everette
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
Samuel Everette is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 20 years of mental health experience. He is enthusiastic and passionate about helping children, families, as well as individuals. Samuel specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, parenting, domestic violence, and male issues.
Samuel Everette is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 20 years of mental health experience. He is enthusiastic and passionate about helping children, families, as well as individuals. Samuel specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, parenting, domestic violence, and male issues.
(984) 203-9605 View (984) 203-9605
Photo of Jessie T O'Neill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Jessie T O'Neill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27615
Guaranteed response in 2 business days- Are you feeling like you are successful, functional, and efficient but still struggling with feeling completely satisfied and fulfilled? You may be confused because you have so many things to be grateful for and to be happy about. Maybe you're on the fence about even needing therapy or professional help because you know people who have been to therapy and you're different than them. Allow me to tell you something you probably already know in the back of your head (because you're here): everyone can benefit from therapy and some non-judgmental support.
Guaranteed response in 2 business days- Are you feeling like you are successful, functional, and efficient but still struggling with feeling completely satisfied and fulfilled? You may be confused because you have so many things to be grateful for and to be happy about. Maybe you're on the fence about even needing therapy or professional help because you know people who have been to therapy and you're different than them. Allow me to tell you something you probably already know in the back of your head (because you're here): everyone can benefit from therapy and some non-judgmental support.
(984) 400-5382 View (984) 400-5382
Photo of Foundation Restoration, Marriage & Family Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Foundation Restoration
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
Life is full of challenges, changes, and seasons, and we understand that. We offer genuine care and clinical expertise in a compassionate environment. We work with individuals, couples, and families to come alongside you and help you face and overcome whatever you may be dealing with. Depression, anxiety, transitions, relational strife, family stressors, sadness, loneliness, fear ... we care, and we can help! One of the greatest investments you can make is getting professional care. We believe you shouldn’t have to face struggles or hiccups alone. Often times it just takes a little guidance and direction to get you back on track.
Life is full of challenges, changes, and seasons, and we understand that. We offer genuine care and clinical expertise in a compassionate environment. We work with individuals, couples, and families to come alongside you and help you face and overcome whatever you may be dealing with. Depression, anxiety, transitions, relational strife, family stressors, sadness, loneliness, fear ... we care, and we can help! One of the greatest investments you can make is getting professional care. We believe you shouldn’t have to face struggles or hiccups alone. Often times it just takes a little guidance and direction to get you back on track.
(919) 569-5820 View (919) 569-5820

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Raleigh, NC

2,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Raleigh, NC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Self Esteem
76% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
73% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
74% Aetna
56% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Raleigh, NC see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Raleigh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.