Adoption Therapists in Farmington, MO

Photo of Tender Hearts Child Therapy Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Farmington, MO
Tender Hearts Child Therapy Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Farmington, MO 63640
SPECIALIZING IN CHILD, ADOLESCENT, FAMILY COUNSELING... Is your child or adolescent struggling with defiance, anger issues, or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Or paralyzed by symptoms of anxiety or depression? Maybe you're feeling like your family is falling apart due to poor communication skills or ineffective parenting and discipline strategies?
SPECIALIZING IN CHILD, ADOLESCENT, FAMILY COUNSELING... Is your child or adolescent struggling with defiance, anger issues, or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Or paralyzed by symptoms of anxiety or depression? Maybe you're feeling like your family is falling apart due to poor communication skills or ineffective parenting and discipline strategies?
(573) 218-9653 View (573) 218-9653
Photo of Angela Webb, Psychologist in Farmington, MO
Angela Webb
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Farmington, MO 63640
Hello, I'm Dr. Angela Webb (McIntyre), the driving force and visionary behind our practice. With over 16 years of hands-on experience, I am a passionate advocate for guiding clients through the intricate paths of self-discovery and success. My commitment goes beyond the clinical realm; it extends to creating a space where clients feel heard, understood, and empowered to embark on their own journeys of healing and growth. Whether you're facing challenges in your life, seeking support for mental health concerns, or striving for personal development, I am here to provide a safe therapeutic space to discover your best self.
Hello, I'm Dr. Angela Webb (McIntyre), the driving force and visionary behind our practice. With over 16 years of hands-on experience, I am a passionate advocate for guiding clients through the intricate paths of self-discovery and success. My commitment goes beyond the clinical realm; it extends to creating a space where clients feel heard, understood, and empowered to embark on their own journeys of healing and growth. Whether you're facing challenges in your life, seeking support for mental health concerns, or striving for personal development, I am here to provide a safe therapeutic space to discover your best self.
(757) 347-5838 View (757) 347-5838

Online Therapists

Photo of Laura Winters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Laura Winters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Chesterfield, MO 63017
I also specialize in areas related to adoption as an adoption counselor, consultant, search specialist, or mediator.
When I first walked into a therapist's office as a client, I was a ball of knotted yarn, twisted with emotion, anxiety, and confusion. I needed something...relief; to make sense of things once again; to understand myself; to identify and solve a problem. I needed someone to help me sort it out. I want to help you unknot that ball of yarn. I want my clients to feel accepted and understood, recognizing their inherent value and strength, through our interactions and exploration of themselves. You are the expert on you. I am the witness, reflection, and guide. I would be honored to help you work through whatever it is you need.
I also specialize in areas related to adoption as an adoption counselor, consultant, search specialist, or mediator.
When I first walked into a therapist's office as a client, I was a ball of knotted yarn, twisted with emotion, anxiety, and confusion. I needed something...relief; to make sense of things once again; to understand myself; to identify and solve a problem. I needed someone to help me sort it out. I want to help you unknot that ball of yarn. I want my clients to feel accepted and understood, recognizing their inherent value and strength, through our interactions and exploration of themselves. You are the expert on you. I am the witness, reflection, and guide. I would be honored to help you work through whatever it is you need.
(314) 501-9283 View (314) 501-9283
Photo of Juliana Varela, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Juliana Varela
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63117
People seek therapy for variety of reasons, ranging from difficulties with a specific life event or a general pursuit for greater purpose and connectedness. Psychotherapy offers an arena for self exploration unlike any other and can prove to be a profoundly moving experience. I work with individuals affected by trauma, difficulties in relationships, depression/post-partum depression, infertility, adoption, parenting, struggles in cultural adaptation and immigration, identity, self-esteem, sexuality, etc. Often I find that the most meaningful change comes from those who are open and willing to engage in the journey. The change you seek comes from you and will be our guiding force.
People seek therapy for variety of reasons, ranging from difficulties with a specific life event or a general pursuit for greater purpose and connectedness. Psychotherapy offers an arena for self exploration unlike any other and can prove to be a profoundly moving experience. I work with individuals affected by trauma, difficulties in relationships, depression/post-partum depression, infertility, adoption, parenting, struggles in cultural adaptation and immigration, identity, self-esteem, sexuality, etc. Often I find that the most meaningful change comes from those who are open and willing to engage in the journey. The change you seek comes from you and will be our guiding force.
(314) 591-5187 View (314) 591-5187
Photo of Claycie Gerlt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Claycie Gerlt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
I am an adoption competent clinician, familiar with common issues present for all parties involved, including grief and loss, parenting challenges, and the search and reunion process.
Hi, my name is Claycie and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I'm glad you are here! I believe therapy should be a truly collaborative experience as we work together on approaches that may work best for you. I value feedback and open communication about what would be most helpful as you begin the healing process. I work with adults dealing with adoption issues, trauma, grief and loss, and religious trauma, utilizing elements of CBT, ACT, EMDR, IFS, and mindfulness. Difficult life experiences can disconnect us from ourselves, and I aim to help clients start trusting that they are fully capable of healing.
I am an adoption competent clinician, familiar with common issues present for all parties involved, including grief and loss, parenting challenges, and the search and reunion process.
Hi, my name is Claycie and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I'm glad you are here! I believe therapy should be a truly collaborative experience as we work together on approaches that may work best for you. I value feedback and open communication about what would be most helpful as you begin the healing process. I work with adults dealing with adoption issues, trauma, grief and loss, and religious trauma, utilizing elements of CBT, ACT, EMDR, IFS, and mindfulness. Difficult life experiences can disconnect us from ourselves, and I aim to help clients start trusting that they are fully capable of healing.
(314) 582-8846 x736 View (314) 582-8846 x736
Photo of Josh Dix, Pre-Licensed Professional in Farmington, MO
Josh Dix
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
Whether its depression, anxiety, infertility, adoption, trauma, relationships or career problems, I help clients explore the schemas and attachment patterns they've developed over time.
I work with people from all walks of life...different cultural identities, ages, backgrounds and things they want to talk about. Some clients aren't sure of what's wrong and just need to explore. That's great! Others know exactly what's wrong, but just aren't sure what to do about it. And some of us know what we need to do, we just need the help to take those steps. We all enter this process at different places. There's no wrong place to be.
Whether its depression, anxiety, infertility, adoption, trauma, relationships or career problems, I help clients explore the schemas and attachment patterns they've developed over time.
I work with people from all walks of life...different cultural identities, ages, backgrounds and things they want to talk about. Some clients aren't sure of what's wrong and just need to explore. That's great! Others know exactly what's wrong, but just aren't sure what to do about it. And some of us know what we need to do, we just need the help to take those steps. We all enter this process at different places. There's no wrong place to be.
(636) 275-0986 View (636) 275-0986
Photo of Desley Wells, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Desley Wells
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bridgeton, MO 63044
I am extremely passionate about helping those in need and feel it is an honor to be a part of someone's journey through therapy. I truly enjoy supporting others in finding and becoming the very best version of themselves. I think it is important that my clients feel heard and understood and I strive to create a therapeutic environment where my clients can feel safe to be their authentic selves. I have spent the majority of my career working with children, youth, adults, and families in various capacities. I have a strong background in trauma, family dynamics, child development, foster care, adoption, and mental health of all ages.
I am extremely passionate about helping those in need and feel it is an honor to be a part of someone's journey through therapy. I truly enjoy supporting others in finding and becoming the very best version of themselves. I think it is important that my clients feel heard and understood and I strive to create a therapeutic environment where my clients can feel safe to be their authentic selves. I have spent the majority of my career working with children, youth, adults, and families in various capacities. I have a strong background in trauma, family dynamics, child development, foster care, adoption, and mental health of all ages.
(314) 907-3710 View (314) 907-3710
Photo of Melissa T Scolaro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Melissa T Scolaro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63117
Waitlist for new clients
Areas of special interest or experience include: anxiety, depression, gay and lesbian issues, women's issues including fertility and parenting, men's issues, veterans (trauma, PTSD), grief/loss, life transition, sexuality, attachment, adoption, marriage/couples, premarital work.
When the challenges of life and relationship present you with complex dilemmas and create painful or uncomfortable symptoms, therapy offers an opportunity for healing and long-lasting psychological change. The power of therapy is in the way it expands your choice in behaviors or ways of seeing others, yourself and your life circumstances. Through a compassionate journey of self-exploration I will help you work toward a fuller understanding of yourself which will lead to greater choice in how you live, love, work and play. It is a privilege to join you on your journey of self-discovery and healing.
Areas of special interest or experience include: anxiety, depression, gay and lesbian issues, women's issues including fertility and parenting, men's issues, veterans (trauma, PTSD), grief/loss, life transition, sexuality, attachment, adoption, marriage/couples, premarital work.
When the challenges of life and relationship present you with complex dilemmas and create painful or uncomfortable symptoms, therapy offers an opportunity for healing and long-lasting psychological change. The power of therapy is in the way it expands your choice in behaviors or ways of seeing others, yourself and your life circumstances. Through a compassionate journey of self-exploration I will help you work toward a fuller understanding of yourself which will lead to greater choice in how you live, love, work and play. It is a privilege to join you on your journey of self-discovery and healing.
(314) 828-1020 View (314) 828-1020
Photo of Debra H Zand, Psychologist in Farmington, MO
Debra H Zand
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63127
Dr. Debra Zand, founder and co-owner of Midwest Psychological Services LLC, is a clinical psychologist with 20+ years of experience working with children and their families. She has particular expertise in conducting comprehensive psychological testing, as well as individual and family therapies. Dr. Zand uses an integrative, playful approach to conducting therapy She routinely see families to address: adoption issues, attachment, developmental trauma, anxiety, depression, parent-child relationship struggles, self-regulation difficulties, communication struggles, divorce, and remarriage.
Dr. Debra Zand, founder and co-owner of Midwest Psychological Services LLC, is a clinical psychologist with 20+ years of experience working with children and their families. She has particular expertise in conducting comprehensive psychological testing, as well as individual and family therapies. Dr. Zand uses an integrative, playful approach to conducting therapy She routinely see families to address: adoption issues, attachment, developmental trauma, anxiety, depression, parent-child relationship struggles, self-regulation difficulties, communication struggles, divorce, and remarriage.
(314) 858-8067 View (314) 858-8067
Photo of Lutheran Family & Children's Services of MO, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Lutheran Family & Children's Services of MO
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63132
We have experience helping with: Anxiety, Trauma, Depression, Grief & Loss, Behavioral Problems, Separation & Divorce, Anger Management, Family Conflict, Family Disruption and Foster Care/Adoption, Self-Harm, and much more.
We know how hard it is to ask for help. It is easy to become overwhelmed by struggles. Life can seem unmanageable. Lutheran Family & Children's Services of Missouri (LFCS) can help you find hope and discover solutions. LFCS provides outpatient therapy throughout the state in one of our convenient locations and provides telehealth through a virtual platform. LFCS has offices in: St. Louis (Olivette), St. Peters, Union, Columbia, Cape Girardeau, and satellite offices throughout the Greater St. Louis Region. Coming soon in Kansas City, Springfield, and Joplin!
We have experience helping with: Anxiety, Trauma, Depression, Grief & Loss, Behavioral Problems, Separation & Divorce, Anger Management, Family Conflict, Family Disruption and Foster Care/Adoption, Self-Harm, and much more.
We know how hard it is to ask for help. It is easy to become overwhelmed by struggles. Life can seem unmanageable. Lutheran Family & Children's Services of Missouri (LFCS) can help you find hope and discover solutions. LFCS provides outpatient therapy throughout the state in one of our convenient locations and provides telehealth through a virtual platform. LFCS has offices in: St. Louis (Olivette), St. Peters, Union, Columbia, Cape Girardeau, and satellite offices throughout the Greater St. Louis Region. Coming soon in Kansas City, Springfield, and Joplin!
(314) 819-9852 View (314) 819-9852
Photo of Janice Mills, Counselor in Farmington, MO
Janice Mills
Counselor, NCC, LPC, CRAADC, CAMS-1, SQP-R
Verified Verified
Troy, MO 63379
We all can feel trapped, paralyzed or stuck from time to time. Whether it's a relationship, school, career, adoption, challenges with trauma, depression, anxiety, or substance use, we can find ourselves repeating the same patterns. I work with individuals, families and groups to help them understand the patterns of their lives and how to move beyond the challenges. My focus is in building families and changing lives. I believe that the major factor in successful therapy is developing a relationship that feels comfortable and safe. Trust is essential and I emphasize the importance of openness and cooperation.
We all can feel trapped, paralyzed or stuck from time to time. Whether it's a relationship, school, career, adoption, challenges with trauma, depression, anxiety, or substance use, we can find ourselves repeating the same patterns. I work with individuals, families and groups to help them understand the patterns of their lives and how to move beyond the challenges. My focus is in building families and changing lives. I believe that the major factor in successful therapy is developing a relationship that feels comfortable and safe. Trust is essential and I emphasize the importance of openness and cooperation.
(636) 306-3871 View (636) 306-3871
Photo of Chester Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Farmington, MO
Chester Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63105
With over 30 years in practice I have experience working with people of all ages with a range of concerns. People come to me to learn more about themselves and the source of their symptoms. It is through better understanding that we are able to heal and grow. My work with children/adolescents includes those dealing anxiety, adoption issues, depression, family issues, and behavioral problems. My work with adults includes those challenged with anxiety, depression, loss/grief, and relationship issues, and chronic medical conditions.
With over 30 years in practice I have experience working with people of all ages with a range of concerns. People come to me to learn more about themselves and the source of their symptoms. It is through better understanding that we are able to heal and grow. My work with children/adolescents includes those dealing anxiety, adoption issues, depression, family issues, and behavioral problems. My work with adults includes those challenged with anxiety, depression, loss/grief, and relationship issues, and chronic medical conditions.
(314) 207-8599 View (314) 207-8599
Photo of Anna Segovia Schild, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Anna Segovia Schild
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Charles, MO 63303
I am an EMDR Certified Therapist with specialized EMDR trainings in addiction, attachment, adoption and non-verbal trauma.
I believe people are more than their diagnosis. Yes, a diagnosis is a tool but it is not the big picture. I come from a place of curiosity and wonder, wanting to know my clients on a deeper level so that I can help them navigate this world. For example, PTSD is a big diagnosis that is thrown around; yet, it doesn't paint the full picture. It doesn't reflect someone's experiences, triggers, how this is impacting their relationships, family history, the strengths they possess etc. Adolescents are my passion however, I also enjoy and work closely with families and adults.
I am an EMDR Certified Therapist with specialized EMDR trainings in addiction, attachment, adoption and non-verbal trauma.
I believe people are more than their diagnosis. Yes, a diagnosis is a tool but it is not the big picture. I come from a place of curiosity and wonder, wanting to know my clients on a deeper level so that I can help them navigate this world. For example, PTSD is a big diagnosis that is thrown around; yet, it doesn't paint the full picture. It doesn't reflect someone's experiences, triggers, how this is impacting their relationships, family history, the strengths they possess etc. Adolescents are my passion however, I also enjoy and work closely with families and adults.
(636) 249-1795 View (636) 249-1795
Photo of Tina Villalobos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Tina Villalobos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63124
I specialize in working with teens, adults, and older adults who are facing challenges related to eating disorders, poor relationships with food and exercise, and negative body image. I often work with people referred by their weight management physicians when mental health issues are getting in the way of their medical treatment. In addition to these specialties, I have extensive experience working with addiction, trauma, abuse, neglect, self-harm, adoption, and family conflict. I also frequently work with teens navigating sexuality and gender identity issues, anxiety, depression, and challenges with peers and family.
I specialize in working with teens, adults, and older adults who are facing challenges related to eating disorders, poor relationships with food and exercise, and negative body image. I often work with people referred by their weight management physicians when mental health issues are getting in the way of their medical treatment. In addition to these specialties, I have extensive experience working with addiction, trauma, abuse, neglect, self-harm, adoption, and family conflict. I also frequently work with teens navigating sexuality and gender identity issues, anxiety, depression, and challenges with peers and family.
(314) 328-5097 View (314) 328-5097
Photo of Steven B Adams, Psychologist in Farmington, MO
Steven B Adams
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ballwin, MO 63021
Psychological testing services for issues such as ADHD, autism, learning problems, psychiatric diagnosis (including second opinions), adoption, bariatric, pastoral candidacy and threat assessment.
People come to our office hurting and wanting change in their lives. We offer caring, experienced and professional psychological services.
Psychological testing services for issues such as ADHD, autism, learning problems, psychiatric diagnosis (including second opinions), adoption, bariatric, pastoral candidacy and threat assessment.
People come to our office hurting and wanting change in their lives. We offer caring, experienced and professional psychological services.
(573) 346-9855 View (573) 346-9855
Photo of Karen R Moist, Licensed Professional Counselor in Farmington, MO
Karen R Moist
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
University City, MO 63130
Waitlist for new clients
In my practice I work with families and children who have experienced trauma and are having attachment difficulties. Many children I see have pre-verbal trauma from parental stress during pregnancy, adoption, neglect, or abuse. Some of the children I see are experiencing traumatic stress due to gender fluidity or gender dysphoria. Because trauma is the result of feeling helpless in a situation, many of the families I see have never thought of their child's behavior as a symptom of a life trauma. This shift in perspective is often the beginning of the healing process.
In my practice I work with families and children who have experienced trauma and are having attachment difficulties. Many children I see have pre-verbal trauma from parental stress during pregnancy, adoption, neglect, or abuse. Some of the children I see are experiencing traumatic stress due to gender fluidity or gender dysphoria. Because trauma is the result of feeling helpless in a situation, many of the families I see have never thought of their child's behavior as a symptom of a life trauma. This shift in perspective is often the beginning of the healing process.
(314) 310-0413 View (314) 310-0413
Photo of Audra Bell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Audra Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Peters, MO 63376
I have special interest in infertility, adoption, and autism/Asperger’s Syndrome.
My name is Audra Bell and I am a Psychotherapist certified as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I work with clients throughout Missouri via telehealth. I work with adults experiencing anxiety, depression, or other life stressors using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Family Systems Theory. I find it most helpful to start where the client feels comfortable and work right away towards helping clients find progress and relief quickly.
I have special interest in infertility, adoption, and autism/Asperger’s Syndrome.
My name is Audra Bell and I am a Psychotherapist certified as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I work with clients throughout Missouri via telehealth. I work with adults experiencing anxiety, depression, or other life stressors using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Family Systems Theory. I find it most helpful to start where the client feels comfortable and work right away towards helping clients find progress and relief quickly.
(636) 303-1667 View (636) 303-1667
Photo of Jen Durham Austin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Farmington, MO
Jen Durham Austin, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Webster Groves, MO 63119
I offer short-term & long-term therapy focusing on depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, LGBT and gender identity exploration, adoption and parenting issues, PTSD, complex stress and trauma, & substance use. As a clinician, I approach my work from a holistic, trauma-informed lens. An individual's mental health and overall happiness are based on a number of different factors that are unique to that individual. Therapy is a collaborative effort that takes compassion, reflection, & creativity. Therapy is a financial commitment, but it's also an investment in your emotional well-being, relationships, and quality of life.
I offer short-term & long-term therapy focusing on depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, LGBT and gender identity exploration, adoption and parenting issues, PTSD, complex stress and trauma, & substance use. As a clinician, I approach my work from a holistic, trauma-informed lens. An individual's mental health and overall happiness are based on a number of different factors that are unique to that individual. Therapy is a collaborative effort that takes compassion, reflection, & creativity. Therapy is a financial commitment, but it's also an investment in your emotional well-being, relationships, and quality of life.
(314) 370-2794 View (314) 370-2794
Photo of Becky King, Licensed Professional Counselor in Farmington, MO
Becky King
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Linn, MO 65051  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience working with adolescents and adults in navigating life and accompanying changes. Challenges such as anxiety, depression, trauma, or life transitions, are made easier when we partner together to explore those experiences in a safe and supportive environment.
I have extensive experience working with adolescents and adults in navigating life and accompanying changes. Challenges such as anxiety, depression, trauma, or life transitions, are made easier when we partner together to explore those experiences in a safe and supportive environment.
(573) 260-5471 View (573) 260-5471
Photo of S Bellomy Iliff in Farmington, MO
S Bellomy Iliff
MS, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
I love to work with clients who are motivated to heal the trauma of their past. That trauma can be due to Family of Origin, abuse, neglect, LGBTQIA+ Struggles, medical trauma, religious trauma, sexual abuse, a single event, or a combination of these. Typically, my clients want to gain function in daily life as well as be able to relate to others in a way that works better than what they are currently doing. They are tired of being triggered and their trauma response ruling their lives, so they want to take charge again.
I love to work with clients who are motivated to heal the trauma of their past. That trauma can be due to Family of Origin, abuse, neglect, LGBTQIA+ Struggles, medical trauma, religious trauma, sexual abuse, a single event, or a combination of these. Typically, my clients want to gain function in daily life as well as be able to relate to others in a way that works better than what they are currently doing. They are tired of being triggered and their trauma response ruling their lives, so they want to take charge again.
(314) 948-5525 View (314) 948-5525

See more therapy options for Farmington

Adoption Therapists

Does my adopted child need therapy?

Not every adopted child needs therapy. However, many can benefit from seeing an adoption-informed therapist, especially if they were victims of abuse or neglect, appear withdrawn or disconnected, have behavioral or developmental issues (which may or may not be related to their adoption), are struggling with feelings of grief or loss surrounding their birth parents, or find it difficult to establish an identity, a challenge that often becomes most apparent during adolescence.

When should adoptive parents seek therapy?

Prospective parents can benefit from therapy even before an adoption—for example, to voice worries and fears; to reconcile infertility struggles, if relevant; or simply to prepare themselves for parenthood. After the adoption, parents who are struggling to bond with their child; are unsure how to talk about adoption or related issues, such as race; or whose child is dealing with developmental, behavioral, or psychiatric concerns can address these and other issues with the help of an adoption-competent therapist.

Is family therapy appropriate for adoptive families?

Family therapy can be invaluable for strengthening the bond between adoptive parents and children, helping the latter feel more secure in their place in the family. Family therapy can also help adoptive families navigate complex communication issues—for example, parents who feel uncomfortable discussing race with their child, who in turn feels invalidated by their silence, or a child who has questions about his birth parents but avoids asking them out of fear of hurting his adoptive parents’ feelings.

What therapy is not appropriate for adoption issues?

A discredited therapy known as “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy” or “rebirthing therapy”) should not be used to treat adopted and foster children, though it was largely designed for this population. Attachment therapy involves restraining, coercing, and punishing the child in order for them to “release” negative emotions and attach to their new caregivers—techniques that are abusive and dangerous and have even proven fatal in some cases.