Therapists in Hardwick, MA

Photo of Laura Fasano, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Laura Fasano
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Hardwick, MA 01037
Not accepting new clients
Want to make changes in your life? Would you like to feel more like yourself? For over 25 years, I've witnessed individuals unburden past beliefs at the deepest level, and overcome depression, anxiety, self-medicating, or repeating toxic relationships. Whatever challenges are currently bringing you to therapy, my main goal is to provide a safe, compassionate, and empathic therapeutic relationship where individuals can realize their full potential. Our work together will help you understand your own healing process. Beginning right where you are is the only way to change.. Wholeness is absolutely within you.
Want to make changes in your life? Would you like to feel more like yourself? For over 25 years, I've witnessed individuals unburden past beliefs at the deepest level, and overcome depression, anxiety, self-medicating, or repeating toxic relationships. Whatever challenges are currently bringing you to therapy, my main goal is to provide a safe, compassionate, and empathic therapeutic relationship where individuals can realize their full potential. Our work together will help you understand your own healing process. Beginning right where you are is the only way to change.. Wholeness is absolutely within you.
(978) 808-6012 View (978) 808-6012

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Donna O'Brien, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Donna O'Brien
Counselor, PhD, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Barre, MA 01005  (Online Only)
Not currently accepting new clients. I have been a psychotherapist for over 25 years, working with men, women, adolescents, couples and groups. I view psychotherapy as a collaborative process between client and therapist. As a therapist I try to see the world through the eyes of my clients and accommodate the therapy to their particular needs. First we try to understand the problems that have brought the client into therapy, and we gradually put into practice ways to alleviate them. Unhappiness may take the form of depression, anxiety, panic, life change adjustment, recovery, guilt, grief, or relationship problems.
Not currently accepting new clients. I have been a psychotherapist for over 25 years, working with men, women, adolescents, couples and groups. I view psychotherapy as a collaborative process between client and therapist. As a therapist I try to see the world through the eyes of my clients and accommodate the therapy to their particular needs. First we try to understand the problems that have brought the client into therapy, and we gradually put into practice ways to alleviate them. Unhappiness may take the form of depression, anxiety, panic, life change adjustment, recovery, guilt, grief, or relationship problems.
(508) 213-5085 View (508) 213-5085
Photo of Joy Cook, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Joy Cook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Ware, MA 01082
Not accepting new clients
I am a skilled clinician with nearly two decades of experience working with children, teens and adults. At the center of my work, is a focus on nurturing self-awareness, self-compassion and self-regulation, which I believe are gifts we all possess, regardless of age. I place a strong emphasis on meeting you where you’re at, letting therapy be a process that is on your terms. I invite you to engage in open communication by using curious inquiry and reflective listening. In doing so I offer you, and your loved ones if they’re involved, the time and space to safely explore beliefs and learned behavior that may no longer serve you.
I am a skilled clinician with nearly two decades of experience working with children, teens and adults. At the center of my work, is a focus on nurturing self-awareness, self-compassion and self-regulation, which I believe are gifts we all possess, regardless of age. I place a strong emphasis on meeting you where you’re at, letting therapy be a process that is on your terms. I invite you to engage in open communication by using curious inquiry and reflective listening. In doing so I offer you, and your loved ones if they’re involved, the time and space to safely explore beliefs and learned behavior that may no longer serve you.
(413) 287-8209 View (413) 287-8209
Photo of John D Menard, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
John D Menard
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Ware, MA 01082
Not accepting new clients
I have been a LMHC for over 20 years. I have been in the field of addiction for 35 years. I have night time hours available. I work with people who have addiction issues of all kinds. I work with all kinds types of mental illness. If you want to make changes in your life I can help you do that. I believe no matter what we have been through in our past and present we can get through it. No one needs to be a victim of his or her past.
I have been a LMHC for over 20 years. I have been in the field of addiction for 35 years. I have night time hours available. I work with people who have addiction issues of all kinds. I work with all kinds types of mental illness. If you want to make changes in your life I can help you do that. I believe no matter what we have been through in our past and present we can get through it. No one needs to be a victim of his or her past.
(413) 650-1276 View (413) 650-1276
Photo of Mary-Alice R Austin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Mary-Alice R Austin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
West Brookfield, MA 01585
It has been my privilege to work as a clinical social worker/therapist for over 25 years. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, adults and elders. Each client presents a unique set of needs and strengths.
It has been my privilege to work as a clinical social worker/therapist for over 25 years. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, adults and elders. Each client presents a unique set of needs and strengths.
(413) 338-5582 View (413) 338-5582
Photo of Cheryl Guerriero, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Cheryl Guerriero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Barre, MA 01005  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with adults to meet their goals in an empathetic and supportive way. I work collaboratively with individuals to heal patterns that are creating difficulties in their lives. My style is down to earth, relaxed, supportive and compassionate, but can be guided when needed.
I enjoy working with adults to meet their goals in an empathetic and supportive way. I work collaboratively with individuals to heal patterns that are creating difficulties in their lives. My style is down to earth, relaxed, supportive and compassionate, but can be guided when needed.
(617) 229-6938 View (617) 229-6938
Photo of Dr. Jean Stannard in Hardwick, MA
Dr. Jean Stannard
PhD
Verified Verified
Barre, MA 01005
I am seeking people who would like to achieve a deeper sense of themselves (your authentic self) which includes a heightened sense of conscious awareness & a more grounded, balanced, and focused lived-life experience. In this state of mind, you are more apt to choose how to react to complex & challenging life situations including complicated thought processes & the emotions generated by them.
I am seeking people who would like to achieve a deeper sense of themselves (your authentic self) which includes a heightened sense of conscious awareness & a more grounded, balanced, and focused lived-life experience. In this state of mind, you are more apt to choose how to react to complex & challenging life situations including complicated thought processes & the emotions generated by them.
(978) 820-7446 View (978) 820-7446
Photo of Bryony Smith, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Bryony Smith
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Barre, MA 01005  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
With skilled support you can create the life you want. You sense that more is possible for your life and you are ready to make some needed inner and outer changes. You are motivated to prioritize your mental and emotional wellbeing. I can be your ally, coach, and also help you uncover and heal inner blocks that are getting in your way. I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional: Complex Trauma. Traditional talk therapy is often not enough. I am trained in IFS (Internal Family Systems) and I offer a somatic/body-centered approach. Please see my website (heartmindhealing.net) for MANY more details about what I offer.
With skilled support you can create the life you want. You sense that more is possible for your life and you are ready to make some needed inner and outer changes. You are motivated to prioritize your mental and emotional wellbeing. I can be your ally, coach, and also help you uncover and heal inner blocks that are getting in your way. I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional: Complex Trauma. Traditional talk therapy is often not enough. I am trained in IFS (Internal Family Systems) and I offer a somatic/body-centered approach. Please see my website (heartmindhealing.net) for MANY more details about what I offer.
(413) 359-6629 View (413) 359-6629
Photo of Emily Adair Anderson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Emily Adair Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Barre, MA 01005
Life can feel overwhelming. We live in a world full of uncertainty and upheaval. But our world also contains hope and possibility. If you have been struggling with stress, fear and worries, sadness and grief, or needing to heal in any way, therapy can help. During our time together I will work with you to foster a brave, safe space to explore your needs and goals, whether they are related to processing experiences from your past, navigating current areas where you might feel stuck, or identifying potential areas of growth. I approach my practice with warmth, compassion, understanding, wisdom, and a sense of humor.
Life can feel overwhelming. We live in a world full of uncertainty and upheaval. But our world also contains hope and possibility. If you have been struggling with stress, fear and worries, sadness and grief, or needing to heal in any way, therapy can help. During our time together I will work with you to foster a brave, safe space to explore your needs and goals, whether they are related to processing experiences from your past, navigating current areas where you might feel stuck, or identifying potential areas of growth. I approach my practice with warmth, compassion, understanding, wisdom, and a sense of humor.
(978) 756-5716 View (978) 756-5716
Photo of Diane T Roth MEd LMHC, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Diane T Roth MEd LMHC
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Barre, MA 01005  (Online Only)
My practice is client centered, focusing on assistance with goal setting and developing strategies together to help clients meet their individual goals. I work with individuals, couples and families assisting them in making changes that will promote their growth and satisfaction. In addition, I have been working with individuals who are experiencing grief and loss, anxiety and depression. Some of these issues are related to the pandemic, some of these issues have resurfaced due to the recent changes in our world.
My practice is client centered, focusing on assistance with goal setting and developing strategies together to help clients meet their individual goals. I work with individuals, couples and families assisting them in making changes that will promote their growth and satisfaction. In addition, I have been working with individuals who are experiencing grief and loss, anxiety and depression. Some of these issues are related to the pandemic, some of these issues have resurfaced due to the recent changes in our world.
(508) 392-6083 View (508) 392-6083
Photo of Michael Cummings, Licensed Professional Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Michael Cummings
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Barre, MA 01005
If you and/or your love ones are struggling with life, work, family, or school. I can help. My focus is on utilizing EMDR therapy to help adults overcome the events, irrational beliefs, and past emotionally charged memories that are holding them back from living a full life. EMDR has been shown to be useful for PTSD, anxiety, panic attacks and phobias; chronic illness and medical trauma, depression and bipolar disorder, grief and loss, dissociative disorders, pain, performance anxiety, and others. I work with adults (18+), college students, young professionals.
If you and/or your love ones are struggling with life, work, family, or school. I can help. My focus is on utilizing EMDR therapy to help adults overcome the events, irrational beliefs, and past emotionally charged memories that are holding them back from living a full life. EMDR has been shown to be useful for PTSD, anxiety, panic attacks and phobias; chronic illness and medical trauma, depression and bipolar disorder, grief and loss, dissociative disorders, pain, performance anxiety, and others. I work with adults (18+), college students, young professionals.
(978) 541-1613 View (978) 541-1613
Photo of Laurie Ann Majka, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Laurie Ann Majka
Counselor, LMHC, CAGS, MA, BA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Barre, MA 01005
I have been licensed (LMHC) for 9 years, my speciality is children, but I do work with adults too. I have been working with children for more then 30 years. I am trained in play therapy, CBT, Trauma-focused therapy, grief/loss, children of divorce, OCD, parent-child conflicts, relationship conflicts, anxiety, depression, child adoption, IEP's, school related issues, couples therapy and existential therapy - focuses on free will, self-determination and the search for meaning. I believe blending elements from different approaches and tailor the treatment according to each patient's needs. I believe individuals have strengths.
I have been licensed (LMHC) for 9 years, my speciality is children, but I do work with adults too. I have been working with children for more then 30 years. I am trained in play therapy, CBT, Trauma-focused therapy, grief/loss, children of divorce, OCD, parent-child conflicts, relationship conflicts, anxiety, depression, child adoption, IEP's, school related issues, couples therapy and existential therapy - focuses on free will, self-determination and the search for meaning. I believe blending elements from different approaches and tailor the treatment according to each patient's needs. I believe individuals have strengths.
(351) 666-8113 View (351) 666-8113
Photo of Maura A Hogan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Maura A Hogan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Barre, MA 01005
Not accepting new clients
Our mental and emotional health is so important. Especially these days. Very simply... talking about things helps us. Talking to a professional about our thoughts, ideas, concerns, and hopes can help to make sense of things we feel do not always make sense.
Our mental and emotional health is so important. Especially these days. Very simply... talking about things helps us. Talking to a professional about our thoughts, ideas, concerns, and hopes can help to make sense of things we feel do not always make sense.
(508) 232-6597 View (508) 232-6597
Photo of Melissa Wojtkowski, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Melissa Wojtkowski
Counselor, LMHC, LADC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Barre, MA 01005
Not accepting new clients
I believe the most important aspect to finding a therapist is the connection you experience during that first session. I use a humorous, non judgmental, engaging and interactive style to assist you in exploring your difficulties and help you find new ways of coping with significant distress. I have a strong passion for my work and am able to treat a wide range of clients with anxiety, depression, abuse/trauma, addiction, relationships, and sexuality. I am a licensed mental health counselor and alcohol & drug counselor and have been in the field for over twenty years.
I believe the most important aspect to finding a therapist is the connection you experience during that first session. I use a humorous, non judgmental, engaging and interactive style to assist you in exploring your difficulties and help you find new ways of coping with significant distress. I have a strong passion for my work and am able to treat a wide range of clients with anxiety, depression, abuse/trauma, addiction, relationships, and sexuality. I am a licensed mental health counselor and alcohol & drug counselor and have been in the field for over twenty years.
(774) 294-0784 View (774) 294-0784
Photo of Sarah Aubuchon, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Sarah Aubuchon
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Barre, MA 01005  (Online Only)
*Now taking new clients for Virtual sessions. Does life seem harder lately? Has covid left you isolated, lonely? Do you need someone to talk to? Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can help, especially if you desire to address anxiety issues, depression, relationship challenges. I'm here to help, to listen objectively, without judgment. Do you need help managing addictions? Let's work on things together.
*Now taking new clients for Virtual sessions. Does life seem harder lately? Has covid left you isolated, lonely? Do you need someone to talk to? Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can help, especially if you desire to address anxiety issues, depression, relationship challenges. I'm here to help, to listen objectively, without judgment. Do you need help managing addictions? Let's work on things together.
(603) 605-1085 View (603) 605-1085
Photo of Avera Morrison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Avera Morrison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Barre, MA 01005
Reaching out and finding the right therapist can be a challenge but it is the first, and bravest, step one can take. I provide therapy with a practical, down to earth and real world outlook and strive to help people develop resiliency, find greater purpose and create a path to live their best life. With 19 years of experience, I recognizes that each individual is unique, and will work with you to develop a personalized approach to the therapeutic process.
Reaching out and finding the right therapist can be a challenge but it is the first, and bravest, step one can take. I provide therapy with a practical, down to earth and real world outlook and strive to help people develop resiliency, find greater purpose and create a path to live their best life. With 19 years of experience, I recognizes that each individual is unique, and will work with you to develop a personalized approach to the therapeutic process.
(978) 396-3287 View (978) 396-3287
Photo of Laura Silva, Counselor in Hardwick, MA
Laura Silva
Counselor, MA, LicMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Petersham, MA 01366  (Online Only)
I provide traditional, holistic and transpersonal psychotherapy, empowering people with hope, skills for positive change and a path for total well being. I help Individuals feeling stuck, discontent,and desiring greater fulfillment. Clients love my work. I provide a natural approach to mental health. Working together, blocks and struggles are transformed, unlocking inner wisdom and personal power. For over 30+ years, I offer a compassionate, intuitive presence, healing the root cause of the problem. Clients express feeling greater clarity, integration, self acceptance and inner strength. I also teach inner skills of mindfulness, meditation and spiritual development.
I provide traditional, holistic and transpersonal psychotherapy, empowering people with hope, skills for positive change and a path for total well being. I help Individuals feeling stuck, discontent,and desiring greater fulfillment. Clients love my work. I provide a natural approach to mental health. Working together, blocks and struggles are transformed, unlocking inner wisdom and personal power. For over 30+ years, I offer a compassionate, intuitive presence, healing the root cause of the problem. Clients express feeling greater clarity, integration, self acceptance and inner strength. I also teach inner skills of mindfulness, meditation and spiritual development.
(978) 249-0997 View (978) 249-0997
Photo of Chelsea Sciabarrasi, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Chelsea Sciabarrasi, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
West Brookfield, MA 01585  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed clinical social worker with a virtual outpatient private practice. Over the past 7 years I have worked with children, families, and adults in community, home based, and outpatient settings. I have a deep love, respect, and appreciation for the inner workings of the mind and body. I look to help others heal from trauma. I work with clients who experience challenges with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and relationships. My areas of interest include EMDR, humanistic therapy, expressive modalities, somatic & parts work. I also offer clinical supervision to other therapists!
I am a licensed clinical social worker with a virtual outpatient private practice. Over the past 7 years I have worked with children, families, and adults in community, home based, and outpatient settings. I have a deep love, respect, and appreciation for the inner workings of the mind and body. I look to help others heal from trauma. I work with clients who experience challenges with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and relationships. My areas of interest include EMDR, humanistic therapy, expressive modalities, somatic & parts work. I also offer clinical supervision to other therapists!
(978) 647-7696 View (978) 647-7696
Photo of Lynne C Davis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Lynne C Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ware, MA 01082  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Psychotherapy is a doorway into new insights & perspectives that can be life changing. We learn how to get beyond our reactions, often shaped by our painful life experiences & create new ways of being in our lives. Therapy can help us see more possibilities & break free from the stuck & painful dilemmas that weigh us down. My practice is informed by spiritual and clinical perspectives. We all want to feel more love, more belonging & more wholeness. We do that by using what comes our way to grow wiser & experience more peace & balance. I work to help people release fear while developing more trust in their own unshakable center.
Psychotherapy is a doorway into new insights & perspectives that can be life changing. We learn how to get beyond our reactions, often shaped by our painful life experiences & create new ways of being in our lives. Therapy can help us see more possibilities & break free from the stuck & painful dilemmas that weigh us down. My practice is informed by spiritual and clinical perspectives. We all want to feel more love, more belonging & more wholeness. We do that by using what comes our way to grow wiser & experience more peace & balance. I work to help people release fear while developing more trust in their own unshakable center.
(413) 299-2492 View (413) 299-2492

Online Therapists

Photo of Brenda L Homefield-Rosenzweig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hardwick, MA
Brenda L Homefield-Rosenzweig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, M ED
Verified Verified
Framingham, MA 01701
Brenda Homefield-Rosenzweig, LICSW has a Master's in Social Work from Boston College and a Master's in Generic Special Education. She enjoys working with a wide range of clients including adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Her clinical approach is client-centered, holistic, and integrative to utilize an environmental, strength-based and problem-solving approach which includes focuses on skills, talent, and art therapy. She also has an interest in LGBT issues, especially with support and processing for families of a person who is a member of the transgender community.
Brenda Homefield-Rosenzweig, LICSW has a Master's in Social Work from Boston College and a Master's in Generic Special Education. She enjoys working with a wide range of clients including adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Her clinical approach is client-centered, holistic, and integrative to utilize an environmental, strength-based and problem-solving approach which includes focuses on skills, talent, and art therapy. She also has an interest in LGBT issues, especially with support and processing for families of a person who is a member of the transgender community.
(774) 217-7728 View (774) 217-7728

See more therapy options for Hardwick

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Hardwick, MA

< 10

Therapists in Hardwick, MA who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% Chronic Pain
100% Domestic Abuse
100% Eating Disorders

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Harvard Pilgrim
100% UniCare

How Therapists in Hardwick, MA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Hardwick?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.