Therapists in Berkeley County, WV

View cities in Berkeley County
Photo of HeartSpace Enterprises, Psychologist in Berkeley County, WV
HeartSpace Enterprises
Psychologist, PhD, HMCT
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Insanity is repeatedly doing the same thing, yet expecting different results. Ironically, someone living with chronic stress uses the same strategy. Hoping their "I'll get through this somehow" attitude will make the stress go away. Symptoms such as anxiety and depression, trouble sleeping, growing impatience and anger with others, trouble concentrating and making decisions, secretly feeling bad about oneself, guilty and resentful are all indicators one is out of balance. Let me help you remove this distress before it results in health issues. I have years of successful experience teaching clients powerful interventions to transform stress into personal empowerment.
Insanity is repeatedly doing the same thing, yet expecting different results. Ironically, someone living with chronic stress uses the same strategy. Hoping their "I'll get through this somehow" attitude will make the stress go away. Symptoms such as anxiety and depression, trouble sleeping, growing impatience and anger with others, trouble concentrating and making decisions, secretly feeling bad about oneself, guilty and resentful are all indicators one is out of balance. Let me help you remove this distress before it results in health issues. I have years of successful experience teaching clients powerful interventions to transform stress into personal empowerment.
(304) 241-2039 View (304) 241-2039
Photo of Elizabeth Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
Elizabeth Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401  (Online Only)
I am licensed in Maryland and West Virginia currently. I look forward to working with you. I utilize CBT along with mindfulness to help you find new patterns of thinking to change old patterns to better ones! I am here to listen, and help you on your journey.
I am licensed in Maryland and West Virginia currently. I look forward to working with you. I utilize CBT along with mindfulness to help you find new patterns of thinking to change old patterns to better ones! I am here to listen, and help you on your journey.
(304) 396-6899 View (304) 396-6899
Photo of K Melissa Smallwood, Licensed Professional Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
K Melissa Smallwood
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25404  (Online Only)
Sometimes issues affecting one family member end up impacting the whole family. Is your child struggling in school? Is your family going through a transition such as a divorce, a move or other such disruption? Are you struggling to communicate with your spouse? Do you have a foster/adopted child who has been affected by trauma? All of these (and more) are reasons to seek counseling. I love working with clients to identify strategies to help you create a happy and healthy environment for your family.
Sometimes issues affecting one family member end up impacting the whole family. Is your child struggling in school? Is your family going through a transition such as a divorce, a move or other such disruption? Are you struggling to communicate with your spouse? Do you have a foster/adopted child who has been affected by trauma? All of these (and more) are reasons to seek counseling. I love working with clients to identify strategies to help you create a happy and healthy environment for your family.
(681) 201-3882 View (681) 201-3882
Photo of Begin Counseling, PLLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Begin Counseling, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Begin Counseling exists to expand trauma-specialized services in our community and surrounding areas. It is a place for individuals, families, and children to connect with a therapist and thrive in their roles and responsibilities. We welcome those in search of a competent, genuine, professional counseling experience. We value those who protect, serve, and care for our community. We understand the unique challenges first responders face at work and at home.
Begin Counseling exists to expand trauma-specialized services in our community and surrounding areas. It is a place for individuals, families, and children to connect with a therapist and thrive in their roles and responsibilities. We welcome those in search of a competent, genuine, professional counseling experience. We value those who protect, serve, and care for our community. We understand the unique challenges first responders face at work and at home.
(304) 403-7778 View (304) 403-7778
Photo of Nurture and Balance, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Nurture and Balance
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401
My therapy practice is trauma informed, person centered, and affirming of the LGBTQ community. I work with general mental health experiences, including mood, stress, and anxiety. I identify as Genderqueer and Bi-Racial. I enjoy working with folks from different ethnicities and races, as well as those who are exploring their gender and sexuality. I graduated from Shepherd University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology and a minor in Environmental Studies. I went on to obtain Masters of Social Work from West Virginia University.
My therapy practice is trauma informed, person centered, and affirming of the LGBTQ community. I work with general mental health experiences, including mood, stress, and anxiety. I identify as Genderqueer and Bi-Racial. I enjoy working with folks from different ethnicities and races, as well as those who are exploring their gender and sexuality. I graduated from Shepherd University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology and a minor in Environmental Studies. I went on to obtain Masters of Social Work from West Virginia University.
(304) 244-3484 View (304) 244-3484
Photo of Kathy A Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Kathy A Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Kathy Jones earned her Master’s degree in Social Work from West Virginia University. She has over 20 years experience working with children and families as a social worker. Kathy has worked in a variety of therapeutic settings: outpatient, inpatient, and residential treatment, as well as a working with clients ranging from children, adolescents, and adults. She generally treats clients who are seeking to address trauma, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, behavioral issues, life transitions, and/or everyday life challenges.
Kathy Jones earned her Master’s degree in Social Work from West Virginia University. She has over 20 years experience working with children and families as a social worker. Kathy has worked in a variety of therapeutic settings: outpatient, inpatient, and residential treatment, as well as a working with clients ranging from children, adolescents, and adults. She generally treats clients who are seeking to address trauma, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, behavioral issues, life transitions, and/or everyday life challenges.
(681) 539-5292 View (681) 539-5292
Photo of Hometown Healing, Licensed Professional Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
Hometown Healing
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Hedgesville, WV 25427
Hometown Healing is a family owned practice. Brynn and Jesse Simmons established the practice in 2020 to provide the community with a new approach to therapy and overall wellness. We currently have two clinicians, Heather Carr, LGSW and Brynn Simmons, LPC. Hometown Healing offers therapy for all ages. Together we can identify goals to help make changes in your life, or manage hard, overwhelming feelings.
Hometown Healing is a family owned practice. Brynn and Jesse Simmons established the practice in 2020 to provide the community with a new approach to therapy and overall wellness. We currently have two clinicians, Heather Carr, LGSW and Brynn Simmons, LPC. Hometown Healing offers therapy for all ages. Together we can identify goals to help make changes in your life, or manage hard, overwhelming feelings.
(304) 449-3441 View (304) 449-3441
Photo of Rhonda Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Rhonda Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression or a sense of overwhelm? Does this anxiety affect your mood, how you relate to others and your relationships? Do you often wonder if this feeling of anxiety and overwhelm could be better, that you could feel better? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain and overwhelmed with their anxiety and depression. They are feeling more lonely than ever and are wanting to get support toward feeling less anxious and more sure about their place in this world.
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression or a sense of overwhelm? Does this anxiety affect your mood, how you relate to others and your relationships? Do you often wonder if this feeling of anxiety and overwhelm could be better, that you could feel better? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain and overwhelmed with their anxiety and depression. They are feeling more lonely than ever and are wanting to get support toward feeling less anxious and more sure about their place in this world.
(304) 814-4078 View (304) 814-4078
Photo of Jennifer Young, Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
Jennifer Young
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401
As a therapist, my primary goal is to provide a supportive, nonjudgmental relationship to assist you in meeting your goals. Whether you are seeking therapy to heal past wounds or address current issues, my approach is a collaborative one, building upon your personal strengths and resilience. I provide individual, family, and/or couples therapy to address a variety of mental health symptoms, behavioral disorders, and relationship problems.
As a therapist, my primary goal is to provide a supportive, nonjudgmental relationship to assist you in meeting your goals. Whether you are seeking therapy to heal past wounds or address current issues, my approach is a collaborative one, building upon your personal strengths and resilience. I provide individual, family, and/or couples therapy to address a variety of mental health symptoms, behavioral disorders, and relationship problems.
(304) 896-0705 View (304) 896-0705
Photo of Laurie R. LaFollette, Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
Laurie R. LaFollette
Counselor, LGPC, NCC, ADT
Verified Verified
Falling Waters, WV 25419  (Online Only)
Since 2018, I have worked as an addiction’s counselor, and then became a mental health therapist. Currently, I specialize in dual diagnosis therapy for mental health, complex trauma, and addiction therapy. For over the past 20 plus years my working career has been focused to some degree in the medical, legal, and law enforcement fields, ultimately leading me to obtain a graduate Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and becoming a mental health counselor working with clients who struggle with mental health problems, complex trauma, addiction, and everything in between.
Since 2018, I have worked as an addiction’s counselor, and then became a mental health therapist. Currently, I specialize in dual diagnosis therapy for mental health, complex trauma, and addiction therapy. For over the past 20 plus years my working career has been focused to some degree in the medical, legal, and law enforcement fields, ultimately leading me to obtain a graduate Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and becoming a mental health counselor working with clients who struggle with mental health problems, complex trauma, addiction, and everything in between.
(304) 223-9650 View (304) 223-9650
Photo of Harmony Martinsburg, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
Harmony Martinsburg
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Harmony is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving West Virginia and the local Martinsburg area. At our Martinsburg clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
Harmony is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving West Virginia and the local Martinsburg area. At our Martinsburg clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
(304) 600-7872 View (304) 600-7872
Photo of Melba Natasha Sanchez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Melba Natasha Sanchez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LIMHP, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Martinsburg, WV 25401  (Online Only)
M. Natasha Sanchez, MSW, LIMHP, LICSW, is a community based therapist providing services to those seeking to improve their relationships with others, change or eliminate troubling behaviors and habits, improve their control over mood and anxiety, perform better at school or work, adjust to difficult life events/transitions, and those who simply wish to gain insight into their personal past in order to welcome a bright and more honest future. Natasha's orientation to counseling is relationship based (collaborative), flexible, respectful and confidential.
M. Natasha Sanchez, MSW, LIMHP, LICSW, is a community based therapist providing services to those seeking to improve their relationships with others, change or eliminate troubling behaviors and habits, improve their control over mood and anxiety, perform better at school or work, adjust to difficult life events/transitions, and those who simply wish to gain insight into their personal past in order to welcome a bright and more honest future. Natasha's orientation to counseling is relationship based (collaborative), flexible, respectful and confidential.
(402) 307-6101 View (402) 307-6101
Photo of Judith Keatley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Judith Keatley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Bunker Hill, WV 25413  (Online Only)
You don’t have to accept that you’re feeling misunderstood, isolated, stuck, angry, sad, or anxious. Pain is natural, but struggle and suffering are what happens when we don’t act. My goal is to gently approach the hurdle(s) that are keeping you from fulfilling a wholesome and authentic life. I understand that throughout life, changes and events may cause emotional conflict, confusion, and feel unbearable. I believe strongly that people are very resilient, and I’m passionate about assisting individuals find their inner strength to overcome.
You don’t have to accept that you’re feeling misunderstood, isolated, stuck, angry, sad, or anxious. Pain is natural, but struggle and suffering are what happens when we don’t act. My goal is to gently approach the hurdle(s) that are keeping you from fulfilling a wholesome and authentic life. I understand that throughout life, changes and events may cause emotional conflict, confusion, and feel unbearable. I believe strongly that people are very resilient, and I’m passionate about assisting individuals find their inner strength to overcome.
(304) 814-2479 View (304) 814-2479
Photo of Kacey D Arnold-Nowlin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
Kacey D Arnold-Nowlin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401  (Online Only)
I've had the pleasure in working with many resilient people along my journey of helping others since 2006. Those drawn to me seek help with social anxiety, depressive disorders, addiction, childhood trauma or emotional neglect, and codependency issues. I also have a passion for helping people move on from abusive relationships and to go through the very difficult task of rebuilding their lives. Am I the right fit for you? I offer introduction calls, so let's talk.
I've had the pleasure in working with many resilient people along my journey of helping others since 2006. Those drawn to me seek help with social anxiety, depressive disorders, addiction, childhood trauma or emotional neglect, and codependency issues. I also have a passion for helping people move on from abusive relationships and to go through the very difficult task of rebuilding their lives. Am I the right fit for you? I offer introduction calls, so let's talk.
(304) 315-7083 View (304) 315-7083
Photo of Jonathan M Hartiens, Psychologist in Berkeley County, WV
Jonathan M Hartiens
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25404
I am a Clinical Psychologist specializing in individual, couples and family therapy. I have over 30 years of experience and expertise in the treatment of depression, anxiety, addictions, and marital counseling. My clients quickly find out that hope is not just wishful thinking, but a reality to be experienced.
I am a Clinical Psychologist specializing in individual, couples and family therapy. I have over 30 years of experience and expertise in the treatment of depression, anxiety, addictions, and marital counseling. My clients quickly find out that hope is not just wishful thinking, but a reality to be experienced.
(304) 907-6043 View (304) 907-6043
Photo of Kyle Yoder, Licensed Professional Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
Kyle Yoder
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401  (Online Only)
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
(304) 519-4896 View (304) 519-4896
Photo of Whitney Bender, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Whitney Bender
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Through supportive connection and partnership, I believe recovery is possible; and I am enthusiastic about being a part of that process. Having graduated from Shippensburg University with a BA in Psychology, I obtained my Masters in Social Work after working in the mental health field for over a decade. My experience includes working through symptoms of trauma, anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar, and other mood disorders. I passionately serve folks on the autism spectrum, and in the LGBTQ+ and aging populations. I also recognize and enjoy the challenges that come with working with diverse populations.
Through supportive connection and partnership, I believe recovery is possible; and I am enthusiastic about being a part of that process. Having graduated from Shippensburg University with a BA in Psychology, I obtained my Masters in Social Work after working in the mental health field for over a decade. My experience includes working through symptoms of trauma, anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar, and other mood disorders. I passionately serve folks on the autism spectrum, and in the LGBTQ+ and aging populations. I also recognize and enjoy the challenges that come with working with diverse populations.
(304) 317-3019 View (304) 317-3019
Photo of Michelle Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Michelle Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Martinsburg, WV 25401
I have a strong passion for working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I work to restore balance to my clients; helping them use their strengths to move forward, providing support and guidance, and finding clarity in obstacles they face in life. Additionally, I work with parents who are struggling to understand their child’s challenging behavior. I use the Nurtured Heart Approach to strengthen the parent-child relationship for the promotion of healing, forward momentum, and relationship growth.
I have a strong passion for working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I work to restore balance to my clients; helping them use their strengths to move forward, providing support and guidance, and finding clarity in obstacles they face in life. Additionally, I work with parents who are struggling to understand their child’s challenging behavior. I use the Nurtured Heart Approach to strengthen the parent-child relationship for the promotion of healing, forward momentum, and relationship growth.
(681) 433-8509 View (681) 433-8509
Photo of Maggie Wolford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley County, WV
Maggie Wolford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Martinsburg, WV 25401
I hold a Master’s Degree in Social Work from West Virginia University and am a licensed, independent clinician in both West Virginia and Maryland. I enjoy working with adolescents and adults and have experience working with depression, anxiety, life transitions, mood disorders, chronic illness and crisis intervention. I believe that all people possess the strengths and abilities to overcome life’s challenges and sometimes we just need a safe space, an open mind and some extra tools to cope with these inevitable parts of life.
I hold a Master’s Degree in Social Work from West Virginia University and am a licensed, independent clinician in both West Virginia and Maryland. I enjoy working with adolescents and adults and have experience working with depression, anxiety, life transitions, mood disorders, chronic illness and crisis intervention. I believe that all people possess the strengths and abilities to overcome life’s challenges and sometimes we just need a safe space, an open mind and some extra tools to cope with these inevitable parts of life.
(304) 396-0364 View (304) 396-0364
Photo of A Brighter Tomorrow Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Berkeley County, WV
A Brighter Tomorrow Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25405
As the Clinical Director at A Brighter Tomorrow Counseling, I desire to help individuals and families discover solutions for the challenges they face. Whether dealing with relationship problems, depression, anxiety or other mental health issues, your treatment will be individualized to help you work toward restoration of mental health, improved relationships and spiritual growth. Our therapists operate from a Christian perspective, and serve people of all faiths and denominations. We always honor the personal beliefs of every client and all clients choose IF and how they would like to incorporate their personal faith in their treatment.
As the Clinical Director at A Brighter Tomorrow Counseling, I desire to help individuals and families discover solutions for the challenges they face. Whether dealing with relationship problems, depression, anxiety or other mental health issues, your treatment will be individualized to help you work toward restoration of mental health, improved relationships and spiritual growth. Our therapists operate from a Christian perspective, and serve people of all faiths and denominations. We always honor the personal beliefs of every client and all clients choose IF and how they would like to incorporate their personal faith in their treatment.
(304) 807-9172 View (304) 807-9172

See more therapy options for Berkeley County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley County, WV

80+

Average cost per session

$152

Therapists in Berkeley County, WV who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
82% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
75% Coping Skills
70% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% Highmark
59% Public Employees Insurance Agency

How Therapists in Berkeley County, WV see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
23% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.