Therapists in West Virginia

Photo of Nurture and Balance, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Virginia
Nurture and Balance
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Nick's areas of expertise include life transitions, depression, anxiety, mood disorders, LGBTQ.
My therapy practice is trauma informed, person centered, and affirming of the LGBTQ community. I work with general mental health experiences, including mood, stress, and anxiety. I identify as Genderqueer and Bi-Racial. I enjoy working with folks from different ethnicities and races, as well as those who are exploring their gender and sexuality. I graduated from Shepherd University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology and a minor in Environmental Studies. I went on to obtain Masters of Social Work from West Virginia University.
Nick's areas of expertise include life transitions, depression, anxiety, mood disorders, LGBTQ.
My therapy practice is trauma informed, person centered, and affirming of the LGBTQ community. I work with general mental health experiences, including mood, stress, and anxiety. I identify as Genderqueer and Bi-Racial. I enjoy working with folks from different ethnicities and races, as well as those who are exploring their gender and sexuality. I graduated from Shepherd University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology and a minor in Environmental Studies. I went on to obtain Masters of Social Work from West Virginia University.
(304) 244-3484 View (304) 244-3484
Photo of Stacy Lopez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Virginia
Stacy Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Martinsburg, WV 25401
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in working with adults and adolescents. I have 12+ years experience working in the mental health field and have a Masters Degree in Social Work through WVU. I have experience working with depression, anxiety, grief, substance abuse, and behavior issues.
I specialize in working with adults and adolescents. I have 12+ years experience working in the mental health field and have a Masters Degree in Social Work through WVU. I have experience working with depression, anxiety, grief, substance abuse, and behavior issues.
(304) 427-6679 View (304) 427-6679
Photo of Teresa B Stire, Psychologist in West Virginia
Teresa B Stire
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26505
Some areas of interest include trauma treatment, anxiety, depression, anger management, relational problems (partner / marital, interpersonal, family), self-esteem issues and women's concerns.
"Courage starts with showing up and letting ourselves be seen" --Brene Brown. I realize that starting therapy can be a vulnerable and sometimes intimidating experience, which is why I work to create a safe space where you and I can work collaboratively to explore your concerns and help you move forward. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or sad? Do you need help in setting healthy boundaries or working through past traumas and experiences? I enjoy helping adults and adolescents process thoughts and life experiences to gain insight, make positive life changes, and improve mood.
Some areas of interest include trauma treatment, anxiety, depression, anger management, relational problems (partner / marital, interpersonal, family), self-esteem issues and women's concerns.
"Courage starts with showing up and letting ourselves be seen" --Brene Brown. I realize that starting therapy can be a vulnerable and sometimes intimidating experience, which is why I work to create a safe space where you and I can work collaboratively to explore your concerns and help you move forward. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or sad? Do you need help in setting healthy boundaries or working through past traumas and experiences? I enjoy helping adults and adolescents process thoughts and life experiences to gain insight, make positive life changes, and improve mood.
(304) 244-0394 View (304) 244-0394
Photo of River Valley Associates, Psychologist in West Virginia
River Valley Associates
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Huntington, WV 25701  (Online Only)
We offer therapy to clients who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, parenting problems, and gender issues.
I started River Valley Associates in 2007. We now have 3 clinicians, with a range of specialties and styles. Please see our website to see more information at rivervalleyassociates.com. I enjoy helping my clients discover more productive and healthier ways of dealing with issues in their lives. I help them increase their self-awareness and find a more authentic center, which creates confidence in making better choices in their lives. My approach is client-centered, and I utilized a variety of techniques including cognitive-behavioral and solution-focused therapies.
We offer therapy to clients who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, parenting problems, and gender issues.
I started River Valley Associates in 2007. We now have 3 clinicians, with a range of specialties and styles. Please see our website to see more information at rivervalleyassociates.com. I enjoy helping my clients discover more productive and healthier ways of dealing with issues in their lives. I help them increase their self-awareness and find a more authentic center, which creates confidence in making better choices in their lives. My approach is client-centered, and I utilized a variety of techniques including cognitive-behavioral and solution-focused therapies.
(304) 397-5477 View (304) 397-5477
Photo of Alexandra Ludden, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Virginia
Alexandra Ludden
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26505
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of WV, able to virtually meet with people across the state and those near by in office, as they choose . I have six years of experiences in many areas of therapy. I want to help others find their path to gain control of their struggles with mental health issues, and empower them by finding the right tools and ways of thought to bring empowerment to their lives. I have found that my strengths as a therapist include crisis management, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, BPD, trauma, couples counseling and helping those struggling with gender identity and LGBTQ+ issues.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of WV, able to virtually meet with people across the state and those near by in office, as they choose . I have six years of experiences in many areas of therapy. I want to help others find their path to gain control of their struggles with mental health issues, and empower them by finding the right tools and ways of thought to bring empowerment to their lives. I have found that my strengths as a therapist include crisis management, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, BPD, trauma, couples counseling and helping those struggling with gender identity and LGBTQ+ issues.
(304) 486-3258 View (304) 486-3258
Photo of Linda M Parkhill, Counselor in West Virginia
Linda M Parkhill
Counselor, MA, LPC, ALPS
Verified Verified
Martinsburg, WV 25404
My professional concentration has been in the areas of: domestic violence, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, sexual abuse, PTSD, OCD, "transitional issues" and problem gambling.
My approach in counseling is somewhat holistic and eclectic. I believe a supportive counseling environment works to help a client achieve awareness, thus leading to healing and personal growth. My role is to help clients explore their emotional needs and provide feedback. Hopefully, the value will be realized in both behavioral and emotional changes. Under all circumstances, my mission is to treat the client with the utmost regard and honor the human condition as it is. Counseling hours are available most days at your convenience. Often clients are able to schedule an appointment with 24 hours of calling my office.
My professional concentration has been in the areas of: domestic violence, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, sexual abuse, PTSD, OCD, "transitional issues" and problem gambling.
My approach in counseling is somewhat holistic and eclectic. I believe a supportive counseling environment works to help a client achieve awareness, thus leading to healing and personal growth. My role is to help clients explore their emotional needs and provide feedback. Hopefully, the value will be realized in both behavioral and emotional changes. Under all circumstances, my mission is to treat the client with the utmost regard and honor the human condition as it is. Counseling hours are available most days at your convenience. Often clients are able to schedule an appointment with 24 hours of calling my office.
(304) 462-9991 View (304) 462-9991
Photo of Kayla Grogg Meador, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Virginia
Kayla Grogg Meador
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26505
Waitlist for new clients
Seeking help takes courage. Therapy can provide a space to learn more about yourself and find new ways to navigate life’s challenges. I work with individuals who experience military-related concerns; boundary setting, imposter syndrome, family of origin issues, family-related trauma, or attachment ruptures, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am also prior service military and have some insight regarding this culture.
Seeking help takes courage. Therapy can provide a space to learn more about yourself and find new ways to navigate life’s challenges. I work with individuals who experience military-related concerns; boundary setting, imposter syndrome, family of origin issues, family-related trauma, or attachment ruptures, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am also prior service military and have some insight regarding this culture.
(681) 201-3677 View (681) 201-3677
Photo of Tim Whetzel, Marriage & Family Therapist in West Virginia
Tim Whetzel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Shepherdstown, WV 25443  (Online Only)
“Midway along the journey of our life I woke to find myself in a dark wood, for I had wandered off from the straight path." This sentence encapsulates the feelings many clients bring to therapy, the culmination of years of existential angst, an accumulation of guilt, anxiety, loss, among a myriad of other experiences which have inflicted pain and suffering. My experience working with clients in exploring their unique symptoms, be it depression, anxiety, etc., is to not rush headlong into an immediate remedy of the symptoms, rather the exploration of how these symptoms may be trying to inform in new ways of approaching life.
“Midway along the journey of our life I woke to find myself in a dark wood, for I had wandered off from the straight path." This sentence encapsulates the feelings many clients bring to therapy, the culmination of years of existential angst, an accumulation of guilt, anxiety, loss, among a myriad of other experiences which have inflicted pain and suffering. My experience working with clients in exploring their unique symptoms, be it depression, anxiety, etc., is to not rush headlong into an immediate remedy of the symptoms, rather the exploration of how these symptoms may be trying to inform in new ways of approaching life.
(681) 201-3324 View (681) 201-3324
Photo of Narayan Gold, Psychologist in West Virginia
Narayan Gold
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26508
The longest journey begins with a single step and I am grateful to walk that path with you. It can be frightening and intimidating to begin the process of therapy; however, that experience can help you to make the changes that lead to a happier and more fulfilled life. Through a collaborative and safe relationship I establish with my clients, progress and change is made. Areas of practice include mood disorders, anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, men's concerns, and ADHD and cognitive functioning (including testing services). I also enjoy working with clients from adolescents to seniors.
The longest journey begins with a single step and I am grateful to walk that path with you. It can be frightening and intimidating to begin the process of therapy; however, that experience can help you to make the changes that lead to a happier and more fulfilled life. Through a collaborative and safe relationship I establish with my clients, progress and change is made. Areas of practice include mood disorders, anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, men's concerns, and ADHD and cognitive functioning (including testing services). I also enjoy working with clients from adolescents to seniors.
(304) 318-7188 View (304) 318-7188
Photo of Carey Webb, Psychologist in West Virginia
Carey Webb
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Hurricane, WV 25526  (Online Only)
What does a depressed tortilla say? "I don’t wanna taco ’bout it." I like to use a mixture of compassion, humor, and directness. I talk to people in a "real" way (not overly flowery or cheesy "therapist" talk). I want you to feel truly seen and to share in some laughter, but I also want you to feel enough trust with me to be challenged out of your comfort zone a little - to try seeing or doing things in a different way so you can get closer to your goals/healing. I love helping people get past the things holding them back. I'm passionate about trauma, anxiety, and depression treatment.
What does a depressed tortilla say? "I don’t wanna taco ’bout it." I like to use a mixture of compassion, humor, and directness. I talk to people in a "real" way (not overly flowery or cheesy "therapist" talk). I want you to feel truly seen and to share in some laughter, but I also want you to feel enough trust with me to be challenged out of your comfort zone a little - to try seeing or doing things in a different way so you can get closer to your goals/healing. I love helping people get past the things holding them back. I'm passionate about trauma, anxiety, and depression treatment.
(681) 206-8620 View (681) 206-8620
Photo of Keli Reams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Virginia
Keli Reams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Wheeling, WV 26003
My name is Keli Reams. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and EMDR. I primarily work with symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Trauma. I am most comfortable with treating symptoms of Anxiety. I enjoy working with this population and have found my work in this area to be very effective. I provide an open, safe, and comfortable space for clients to share their experiences with me. I often use humor as well to add to my approaches and normalize feelings.
My name is Keli Reams. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and EMDR. I primarily work with symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Trauma. I am most comfortable with treating symptoms of Anxiety. I enjoy working with this population and have found my work in this area to be very effective. I provide an open, safe, and comfortable space for clients to share their experiences with me. I often use humor as well to add to my approaches and normalize feelings.
(304) 244-1805 View (304) 244-1805
Photo of The Renovo Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Virginia
The Renovo Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LGSW
Verified Verified
Charles Town, WV 25414
We have openings for clients with Unicare, Aetna Better Health or the The Health Plan between 9 and 2pm. Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction or PTSD? Are you looking for "no shame" treatment that is based on how your brain works and changes? We are a group of compassionate counselors who have collaborated together to offer research supported, brain-based, integrative treatment to those who are hurting. Since different parts of the brain are in charge based on stress levels, treatments are most effective when matched with the part of the brain engaged.
We have openings for clients with Unicare, Aetna Better Health or the The Health Plan between 9 and 2pm. Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction or PTSD? Are you looking for "no shame" treatment that is based on how your brain works and changes? We are a group of compassionate counselors who have collaborated together to offer research supported, brain-based, integrative treatment to those who are hurting. Since different parts of the brain are in charge based on stress levels, treatments are most effective when matched with the part of the brain engaged.
(681) 214-5025 View (681) 214-5025
Photo of Becca Wright Gillis, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Virginia
Becca Wright Gillis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philippi, WV 26416
Becca has experience working with anxiety, depression, crisis, self-esteem, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, ADHD, OCD, eating disorders, trauma, high-risk backgrounds, early adults’ difficulties, in or active Veterans, challenges relating to multicultural heritages, LGBTQ+ related issues, ethnicity related injustices, and pandemic.
Becca values being a warm and accepting licensed professional counselor serving in the state of Virginia and West Virginia. Rebecca has a passion for working with those who are feeling lost or unsure of themselves. She believes deeply in working together to develop a sacred and healing place that is needed for growth and transformation to happen. A place where all change begins through curiosity and taking a first step.
Becca has experience working with anxiety, depression, crisis, self-esteem, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, ADHD, OCD, eating disorders, trauma, high-risk backgrounds, early adults’ difficulties, in or active Veterans, challenges relating to multicultural heritages, LGBTQ+ related issues, ethnicity related injustices, and pandemic.
Becca values being a warm and accepting licensed professional counselor serving in the state of Virginia and West Virginia. Rebecca has a passion for working with those who are feeling lost or unsure of themselves. She believes deeply in working together to develop a sacred and healing place that is needed for growth and transformation to happen. A place where all change begins through curiosity and taking a first step.
(540) 554-6748 View (540) 554-6748
Photo of Lisa Mengeu, Counselor in West Virginia
Lisa Mengeu
Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Wheeling, WV 26003
I have been practicing for over 7 years, focusing on PTSD, anxiety, depression, borderline personality disorder, and life changes.
In my practice I provide a comforting relaxing non-judgmental atmosphere in which to process thoughts and feelings at your own pace. I also believe you are the "boss" because I don't live in your head or walk in your shoes. I will make suggestions as to how to cope, challenge, manage thoughts, and feelings while improving relationships through the process. I will never tell you what to do because it is up for you to decide as to what works best. My time with you will be focused on how I can help you become the best version of yourself.
I have been practicing for over 7 years, focusing on PTSD, anxiety, depression, borderline personality disorder, and life changes.
In my practice I provide a comforting relaxing non-judgmental atmosphere in which to process thoughts and feelings at your own pace. I also believe you are the "boss" because I don't live in your head or walk in your shoes. I will make suggestions as to how to cope, challenge, manage thoughts, and feelings while improving relationships through the process. I will never tell you what to do because it is up for you to decide as to what works best. My time with you will be focused on how I can help you become the best version of yourself.
(304) 244-2128 View (304) 244-2128
Photo of Ken Renfrow in West Virginia
Ken Renfrow
LPCC
Verified Verified
Parkersburg, WV 26101
It takes insight to make the decision to seek counseling for an improved sense of wellbeing, healing, and growth. I have enormous respect for your willingness to begin that journey. I enjoy my work as a helping professional and it would be a pleasure to work with you. Together we will work towards towards building self-awareness, meaning and purpose, and to address your areas of concern such as depression, anxiety, trauma reactions, self-esteem, and challenging externals such as in your relationships, your work, and your academic pursuits, as well as health challenges.
It takes insight to make the decision to seek counseling for an improved sense of wellbeing, healing, and growth. I have enormous respect for your willingness to begin that journey. I enjoy my work as a helping professional and it would be a pleasure to work with you. Together we will work towards towards building self-awareness, meaning and purpose, and to address your areas of concern such as depression, anxiety, trauma reactions, self-esteem, and challenging externals such as in your relationships, your work, and your academic pursuits, as well as health challenges.
(740) 247-5696 View (740) 247-5696
Photo of Bobbi Jo Witham, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Virginia
Bobbi Jo Witham
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26505
I specialize in helping with childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, eating concerns and learning to manage unwanted emotions.
Are you struggling or having a hard time? Are you feeling disconnected or lonely? Let me help. Counseling can be a scary thing at first, but I believe in creating a safe space while building a relationship where you feel comfortable exploring your situation. The goal is for you to discover and unleash the most authentic you through this process.
I specialize in helping with childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, eating concerns and learning to manage unwanted emotions.
Are you struggling or having a hard time? Are you feeling disconnected or lonely? Let me help. Counseling can be a scary thing at first, but I believe in creating a safe space while building a relationship where you feel comfortable exploring your situation. The goal is for you to discover and unleash the most authentic you through this process.
(724) 618-3923 View (724) 618-3923
Photo of Best Life Therapy, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Virginia
Best Life Therapy, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Keyser, WV 26726
Experienced and compassionate therapist ready to listen, guide and offer you a different perspective to help you live your best life. An eclectic approach is utilized to help you process and overcome past trauma, learn new ways of coping with life stressors and improve how you feel about yourself. Specializing in helping you cope with loss, life transitions, symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Experienced and compassionate therapist ready to listen, guide and offer you a different perspective to help you live your best life. An eclectic approach is utilized to help you process and overcome past trauma, learn new ways of coping with life stressors and improve how you feel about yourself. Specializing in helping you cope with loss, life transitions, symptoms of depression and anxiety.
(240) 202-3169 View (240) 202-3169
Photo of Laura Manuel Walls, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Virginia
Laura Manuel Walls
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morgantown, WV 26505
I specialize in working with youth experiencing all kinds of difficulties, including trauma-related symptoms, anxiety, depression, oppositional behaviors, concentration problems, and trouble managing anger.
Emotional or behavioral challenges during childhood and adolescence can be very disruptive to not only the child but the whole family. I provide therapy services during evenings and weekends so that my clients don't have to miss school and to accommodate parents' busy schedules. I have experience helping children and families develop effective coping skills quickly and get the balanced, happy life they deserve.
I specialize in working with youth experiencing all kinds of difficulties, including trauma-related symptoms, anxiety, depression, oppositional behaviors, concentration problems, and trouble managing anger.
Emotional or behavioral challenges during childhood and adolescence can be very disruptive to not only the child but the whole family. I provide therapy services during evenings and weekends so that my clients don't have to miss school and to accommodate parents' busy schedules. I have experience helping children and families develop effective coping skills quickly and get the balanced, happy life they deserve.
(304) 713-2622 View (304) 713-2622
Photo of Michelle Christy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Virginia
Michelle Christy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CADC, EMDR-AC
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26508
My philosophy of healing is like working your way through a set of nesting dolls from the outer doll representing why you want to heal: trauma, attachment/relationship injury, depression, grief, and anxiety. The next doll holds the symptoms, thoughts, and feelings of the first doll. The next doll may may hold your negative beliefs you have perceived about yourself, others, and the world. The next doll may hold consequences and life impairments. The final doll represents your core and authentic self. The person you would be without all of the other dolls in relationship to the unity of mind, soul, heart, body and spirit.
My philosophy of healing is like working your way through a set of nesting dolls from the outer doll representing why you want to heal: trauma, attachment/relationship injury, depression, grief, and anxiety. The next doll holds the symptoms, thoughts, and feelings of the first doll. The next doll may may hold your negative beliefs you have perceived about yourself, others, and the world. The next doll may hold consequences and life impairments. The final doll represents your core and authentic self. The person you would be without all of the other dolls in relationship to the unity of mind, soul, heart, body and spirit.
(844) 818-0748 View (844) 818-0748
Photo of Scott Michael Slaughter, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Virginia
Scott Michael Slaughter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Morgantown, WV 26505
My ideal client would be someone who finds themselves struggling with anxiety and/or depression and is seeking help to find a meaningful and purposeful life. This would be a person who is open and willing to try mindfulness-based strategies as well as studying and applying proven wisdom to treat the underlying causes of their distress.
My ideal client would be someone who finds themselves struggling with anxiety and/or depression and is seeking help to find a meaningful and purposeful life. This would be a person who is open and willing to try mindfulness-based strategies as well as studying and applying proven wisdom to treat the underlying causes of their distress.
(304) 659-6618 View (304) 659-6618

See more therapy options for West Virginia

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.