Photo of Christine Berger, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Christine Berger
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
I have been a Licensed Professional Counselor for 17 years. First in my hometown of El Paso, TX and now the past 2 years here in the Houston area. My mission is to provide a safe, empowering place for you to learn new aspects of yourself, outgrow patterns and relationships that no longer serve you, and create a purpose that is life fulfilling. Whether you are seeking counseling for yourself, a special little person in your life, or a friend, lets work together to help you create a life and overcome life’s obstacles.
I have been a Licensed Professional Counselor for 17 years. First in my hometown of El Paso, TX and now the past 2 years here in the Houston area. My mission is to provide a safe, empowering place for you to learn new aspects of yourself, outgrow patterns and relationships that no longer serve you, and create a purpose that is life fulfilling. Whether you are seeking counseling for yourself, a special little person in your life, or a friend, lets work together to help you create a life and overcome life’s obstacles.
(214) 382-0472 View (214) 382-0472
Photo of Vanessa Solis, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Vanessa Solis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
As a counselor, I am not the photogenic type but I am the people-person type. I smile best for people, not cameras. :) I accept each person where they are. I assist each individual in achieving their self-directed goals. Each person’s therapy experience is specialized according to their needs and goals. I find Reality Theory with Choice Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy very beneficial. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, in the state of Texas. I have over ten years of clinical experience with individual and group sessions.
As a counselor, I am not the photogenic type but I am the people-person type. I smile best for people, not cameras. :) I accept each person where they are. I assist each individual in achieving their self-directed goals. Each person’s therapy experience is specialized according to their needs and goals. I find Reality Theory with Choice Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy very beneficial. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, in the state of Texas. I have over ten years of clinical experience with individual and group sessions.
(214) 247-1801 View (214) 247-1801
Photo of Shante Clark-Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Shante Clark-Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
On this journey of life it's a possibility that you've experienced a gamut of emotions. It's only human to cry when you are sad or express excitement when hearing good news. There are also situations that may feel overwhelming, uncomfortable or like uncharted territory. During these trying times additional assistance is often warranted in order to feel a sense of well-being.
On this journey of life it's a possibility that you've experienced a gamut of emotions. It's only human to cry when you are sad or express excitement when hearing good news. There are also situations that may feel overwhelming, uncomfortable or like uncharted territory. During these trying times additional assistance is often warranted in order to feel a sense of well-being.
(214) 890-6129 View (214) 890-6129
Photo of Davetta Henderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Davetta Henderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Dr. Henderson, licensed as both a Mental Health therapist and a Professional Counselor, is dedicated to guiding individuals towards emotional well-being and personal growth. With over 20 years of experience, she supports individuals, couples, and families on their journey to mental health and healing. Dr. Henderson has worked in diverse settings, including private practice, community mental health centers, and educational institutions.
Dr. Henderson, licensed as both a Mental Health therapist and a Professional Counselor, is dedicated to guiding individuals towards emotional well-being and personal growth. With over 20 years of experience, she supports individuals, couples, and families on their journey to mental health and healing. Dr. Henderson has worked in diverse settings, including private practice, community mental health centers, and educational institutions.
(469) 256-4180 x1 View (469) 256-4180 x1
Photo of JoAngeli Kasper, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
JoAngeli Kasper
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
I am a first-generation, Latinx, Mexican American female. As someone who has struggled, fought, and overcome, I consider it a privilege to assist others in finding their way through their journey. I am a dancer, an artist, a creator, a mother, a wife, a survivor, a counselor, and a Ph.D. student in marriage and family therapy- aspects that assist me in the creative connection that I believe therapy to be. Counseling is an art form in that a person is given permission to gain access to what is most personal, private, and possibly broken within.
I am a first-generation, Latinx, Mexican American female. As someone who has struggled, fought, and overcome, I consider it a privilege to assist others in finding their way through their journey. I am a dancer, an artist, a creator, a mother, a wife, a survivor, a counselor, and a Ph.D. student in marriage and family therapy- aspects that assist me in the creative connection that I believe therapy to be. Counseling is an art form in that a person is given permission to gain access to what is most personal, private, and possibly broken within.
(214) 617-1764 View (214) 617-1764
Photo of Mayia Riggs, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Mayia Riggs
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Navigating this thing called life can be tricky, especially with the challenges we are currently facing! I am pleased to help you discover what it takes to make you feel whole. I am passionate about helping others, providing therapy services in an empathetic and non-judgmental environment. I enjoy and have experience working with all age groups. I look forward to creating a partnership with you where we address concerns regarding anxiety, depression, substance abuse, grief, trauma, anger, and self-harming behavior.
Navigating this thing called life can be tricky, especially with the challenges we are currently facing! I am pleased to help you discover what it takes to make you feel whole. I am passionate about helping others, providing therapy services in an empathetic and non-judgmental environment. I enjoy and have experience working with all age groups. I look forward to creating a partnership with you where we address concerns regarding anxiety, depression, substance abuse, grief, trauma, anger, and self-harming behavior.
(214) 717-6934 View (214) 717-6934
Photo of Rosamaria Espinosa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 75202, TX
Rosamaria Espinosa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Hello my name is Rosamaria Espinosa, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas (LCSW). I have a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology and Masters degree in Social Work. My background has been primarily in medical social work both inpatient and outpatient. I have experience working in a Trauma 1 hospital as well as all inclusive medical care in a geriatric outpatient clinic. I have worked with multiple populations to include from newborn to geriatric in the medical setting.
Hello my name is Rosamaria Espinosa, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas (LCSW). I have a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology and Masters degree in Social Work. My background has been primarily in medical social work both inpatient and outpatient. I have experience working in a Trauma 1 hospital as well as all inclusive medical care in a geriatric outpatient clinic. I have worked with multiple populations to include from newborn to geriatric in the medical setting.
(214) 241-4038 View (214) 241-4038
Photo of Brittney Ellis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 75202, TX
Brittney Ellis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who believes in creating a safe space for growth and learning. Successful outcomes are built on trust and rapport. I customize the therapeutic approach to cater to your needs and concerns. I have experience working with children and adults with various concerns and diagnosis’. I am compassionate and will meet you where you are. You will be treated with respect and dignity as we navigate the therapeutic process.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who believes in creating a safe space for growth and learning. Successful outcomes are built on trust and rapport. I customize the therapeutic approach to cater to your needs and concerns. I have experience working with children and adults with various concerns and diagnosis’. I am compassionate and will meet you where you are. You will be treated with respect and dignity as we navigate the therapeutic process.
(214) 949-1859 View (214) 949-1859
Photo of Hazel Hill, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Hazel Hill
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202
Thank you for your willingness to begin a healing journey. I obtained a Master of Arts in Human Services: Marriage and Family (specialization) and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (in the State of Texas) since 2019. I have experience providing care in multiple treatment settings that include, private practice - Christian counseling - in training/referrals, inpatient/outpatient facilities, primary/secondary educational settings, and group practice - telehealth therapy services.
Thank you for your willingness to begin a healing journey. I obtained a Master of Arts in Human Services: Marriage and Family (specialization) and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (in the State of Texas) since 2019. I have experience providing care in multiple treatment settings that include, private practice - Christian counseling - in training/referrals, inpatient/outpatient facilities, primary/secondary educational settings, and group practice - telehealth therapy services.
(214) 367-6789 View (214) 367-6789
Photo of Rosalyn Bowie, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Rosalyn Bowie
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Rosalyn Bowie, a compassionate LPC specializing in adult, couples, family, and teen therapy. I use evidence-based methods like CBT, Psychodynamic, Gottman, and Christian Counseling for healing.
Hello, I'm Rosalyn Bowie, a compassionate LPC specializing in adult, couples, family, and teen therapy. I use evidence-based methods like CBT, Psychodynamic, Gottman, and Christian Counseling for healing.
(214) 225-7413 View (214) 225-7413
Photo of Arnise Jackson, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Arnise Jackson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Arnise is a Licensed Professional Therapist who attended Texas Womans University in Denton, TX where she earned her Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She pursued and earned Master of Art degrees in Professional Counseling in addition to Marriage and Family Therapy at Amberton University in Garland TX. She is also licensed as a Chemical Dependency Counselor and EMDR trained. Arnise is additionally certified as a Professional Life Coach and Mediator in the area of Family Dispute Resolution.
Arnise is a Licensed Professional Therapist who attended Texas Womans University in Denton, TX where she earned her Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She pursued and earned Master of Art degrees in Professional Counseling in addition to Marriage and Family Therapy at Amberton University in Garland TX. She is also licensed as a Chemical Dependency Counselor and EMDR trained. Arnise is additionally certified as a Professional Life Coach and Mediator in the area of Family Dispute Resolution.
(469) 658-4558 View (469) 658-4558
Photo of Alexis Tyson, Marriage & Family Therapist in 75202, TX
Alexis Tyson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
I’m a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist committed to helping individuals pinpoint and solve emotional, mental and interpersonal problems. I earned a Master in Science in Marriage, Family and Child therapy from the University of Phoenix. My work focuses on targeting ineffective behaviors, habits, and beliefs that interfere with your daily life. I believe in taking a collaborative approach to helping clients reach their goals. I have 9 years of experience working with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss and addiction.
I’m a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist committed to helping individuals pinpoint and solve emotional, mental and interpersonal problems. I earned a Master in Science in Marriage, Family and Child therapy from the University of Phoenix. My work focuses on targeting ineffective behaviors, habits, and beliefs that interfere with your daily life. I believe in taking a collaborative approach to helping clients reach their goals. I have 9 years of experience working with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss and addiction.
(214) 347-7662 View (214) 347-7662
Photo of Dr. Sèkou Fraser, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Dr. Sèkou Fraser
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
I understand that considering professional counseling can be intimidating to start, my goal is to provide professional counseling that will empower clients to achieve personal goals and develop mental wellness. I specialize in achieving Life Balance, Couples Counseling, Stress management, Pro-Athlete Counseling & Post Pro-Athlete Life Transition, Boundary Setting, Empowerment, Self-Esteem and Self-Adoration.
I understand that considering professional counseling can be intimidating to start, my goal is to provide professional counseling that will empower clients to achieve personal goals and develop mental wellness. I specialize in achieving Life Balance, Couples Counseling, Stress management, Pro-Athlete Counseling & Post Pro-Athlete Life Transition, Boundary Setting, Empowerment, Self-Esteem and Self-Adoration.
(469) 713-1177 View (469) 713-1177
Photo of Janie Stubblefield - Mobile Counseling, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Janie Stubblefield - Mobile Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Now scheduling telehealth sessions. The goal of Mobile Counseling is to create a supportive therapeutic environment where clients can explore their own emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit their full potential by meeting each client where they are most comfortable - in our office, at their home, or online. I have professionally served individuals, families, and children for more than a decade. Using cognitive therapy techniques and psycho-education as the backbone for treatment planning, I can help you develop a clear plan for improving your life and important life relationships.
Now scheduling telehealth sessions. The goal of Mobile Counseling is to create a supportive therapeutic environment where clients can explore their own emotional needs and overcome barriers that limit their full potential by meeting each client where they are most comfortable - in our office, at their home, or online. I have professionally served individuals, families, and children for more than a decade. Using cognitive therapy techniques and psycho-education as the backbone for treatment planning, I can help you develop a clear plan for improving your life and important life relationships.
(214) 307-8853 View (214) 307-8853
Photo of Vielka Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Vielka Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
My name is Vielka E. Johnson. I received my BA in Psychology in 1996 from the University of Colorado. In 1998, I relocated to San Antonio, TX, and pursued my master's degree in counseling. By 2006, I received my counseling license from the Texas State Board of Examiners, becoming a Licensed Professional Counselor. I have been fortunate to have worked with such a diverse population within our community. My background primarily is with children and adolescents ages 3 to 18; however, I have worked with young adults and adults up to the ages of 65+.
My name is Vielka E. Johnson. I received my BA in Psychology in 1996 from the University of Colorado. In 1998, I relocated to San Antonio, TX, and pursued my master's degree in counseling. By 2006, I received my counseling license from the Texas State Board of Examiners, becoming a Licensed Professional Counselor. I have been fortunate to have worked with such a diverse population within our community. My background primarily is with children and adolescents ages 3 to 18; however, I have worked with young adults and adults up to the ages of 65+.
(214) 466-6282 View (214) 466-6282
Photo of Sasha Reilly, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Sasha Reilly
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas, Oklahoma and Montana. I have a Masters in Counseling and love working with my clients. I focus my work with teens, adults and couples. My experience is focused on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focus and Gestalt Therapy. I have experience working with clients focused on anxiety, depression, grief, relational issues and adjusting to changes in life.
Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas, Oklahoma and Montana. I have a Masters in Counseling and love working with my clients. I focus my work with teens, adults and couples. My experience is focused on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focus and Gestalt Therapy. I have experience working with clients focused on anxiety, depression, grief, relational issues and adjusting to changes in life.
(214) 319-8741 View (214) 319-8741
Photo of Arica Bibbs, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Arica Bibbs
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Welcome to your journey of self-discovery and growth! As a licensed professional counselor, I'm here to empower individuals, strengthen families, and build stronger communities. My eclectic approach combines various modalities like CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, and EMDR to cater to your unique needs and goals. I specialize in anxiety, family conflicts, life transitions, complex trauma, and more.
Welcome to your journey of self-discovery and growth! As a licensed professional counselor, I'm here to empower individuals, strengthen families, and build stronger communities. My eclectic approach combines various modalities like CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, and EMDR to cater to your unique needs and goals. I specialize in anxiety, family conflicts, life transitions, complex trauma, and more.
(214) 833-6587 View (214) 833-6587
Photo of Aryeh Minkin, Marriage & Family Therapist in 75202, TX
Aryeh Minkin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Schedule with me on my website! Hi! I am Aryeh (pronounced AR-yay.) I am a therapist licensed in NY/TX/Fl. I help people understand and cope with a variety of mild, moderate or severe life circumstances and/or emotional, behavioral or cognitive concerns. I specialize in trauma/PTSD and have extensive training in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. I have also trained in DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), narrative therapy and EFT (Emotionally-Focused Therapy). Additionally, I treat anxiety, stress, grief, low self esteem, personality disorders and building effective boundaries with family/relationships.
Schedule with me on my website! Hi! I am Aryeh (pronounced AR-yay.) I am a therapist licensed in NY/TX/Fl. I help people understand and cope with a variety of mild, moderate or severe life circumstances and/or emotional, behavioral or cognitive concerns. I specialize in trauma/PTSD and have extensive training in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. I have also trained in DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), narrative therapy and EFT (Emotionally-Focused Therapy). Additionally, I treat anxiety, stress, grief, low self esteem, personality disorders and building effective boundaries with family/relationships.
(214) 256-1355 View (214) 256-1355
Photo of Ingrid Vergara, Licensed Professional Counselor in 75202, TX
Ingrid Vergara
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Are you feeling lost and not sure what the next step is? I am here to process those thoughts and talk with you. It is not uncommon to lose connection with our voice and inner self. I am here to help you rebalance and re-discover how to connect with that piece of you. We all have the ability to heal ourselves; however, life challenges can throw that balance off. Though therapy, we can regain our strength and overcome barriers or strengthen areas where we want to grow by actively working on improvement and embracing the process of change.
Are you feeling lost and not sure what the next step is? I am here to process those thoughts and talk with you. It is not uncommon to lose connection with our voice and inner self. I am here to help you rebalance and re-discover how to connect with that piece of you. We all have the ability to heal ourselves; however, life challenges can throw that balance off. Though therapy, we can regain our strength and overcome barriers or strengthen areas where we want to grow by actively working on improvement and embracing the process of change.
(469) 874-1242 View (469) 874-1242
Photo of Kenethia Morgan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 75202, TX
Kenethia Morgan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Supervisor in Texas with 7 years of professional counseling experience. My strengths include working with people who need help with coping with depression, PTSD, anxiety, managing overwhelming stress of daily life, have issues in relationships with significant others or workplace, may struggle with identifying and coping with their feelings or emotions, have low self esteem or lack of positive support systems. If any of these things are negatively impacting you, I can help you work towards a powerful transformation.
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Supervisor in Texas with 7 years of professional counseling experience. My strengths include working with people who need help with coping with depression, PTSD, anxiety, managing overwhelming stress of daily life, have issues in relationships with significant others or workplace, may struggle with identifying and coping with their feelings or emotions, have low self esteem or lack of positive support systems. If any of these things are negatively impacting you, I can help you work towards a powerful transformation.
(469) 966-2501 View (469) 966-2501

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 75202

100+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in 75202 who prioritize treating:

91% Depression
90% Anxiety
79% Stress
72% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
64% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
79% Aetna
76% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in 75202 see their clients

58% Online Only
42% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 75202?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.