Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Anderson Hong, Counselor in New York, NY
Anderson Hong
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
People come from different walks of life, with unique challenges and unique needs. There isn’t always a “one size fits all” solution for something that can be so complex. Anderson’s style emphasizes the collaboration between client and therapist through a Person-Centered Approach, while utilizing techniques from other modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and psycho-dynamic Therapy.
People come from different walks of life, with unique challenges and unique needs. There isn’t always a “one size fits all” solution for something that can be so complex. Anderson’s style emphasizes the collaboration between client and therapist through a Person-Centered Approach, while utilizing techniques from other modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and psycho-dynamic Therapy.
(929) 305-0961 View (929) 305-0961
Photo of Azadeh Shirgir Licensed Mental Health Counselor, Counselor in New York, NY
Azadeh Shirgir Licensed Mental Health Counselor
Counselor, MA, LPC , LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10111  (Online Only)
Hello everyone, I'm Azadeh. With over a decade of experience as a psychotherapist, I've worked with clients of diverse ages and backgrounds. My focus is on assisting individuals dealing with anxiety and depression, guiding them to discover their inner strength for a happier self. Certified as a trauma and anxiety clinician (CCTP and CCATP), I draw inspiration from quotes like Mary Oliver's "Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" and “Breathing in, I calm my body. Breathing out, I smile. Dwelling in the present moment, I know this is the only moment.” Thich Nhat Hahn.
Hello everyone, I'm Azadeh. With over a decade of experience as a psychotherapist, I've worked with clients of diverse ages and backgrounds. My focus is on assisting individuals dealing with anxiety and depression, guiding them to discover their inner strength for a happier self. Certified as a trauma and anxiety clinician (CCTP and CCATP), I draw inspiration from quotes like Mary Oliver's "Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" and “Breathing in, I calm my body. Breathing out, I smile. Dwelling in the present moment, I know this is the only moment.” Thich Nhat Hahn.
(646) 825-6707 View (646) 825-6707
Photo of Hong Ngo, Psychologist in New York, NY
Hong Ngo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Thank you for visiting my profile. I am a bilingual clinical psychologist with extensive experience in supporting clients navigate various issues related to anxiety, life transitions, relationships, and cultural identity. My approach in therapy is to establish a trusting, non-judgmental, and collaborative therapeutic relationship to bring about healing, personal growth, and new possibilities through a culturally-informed framework. I value authenticity and flexibility and therefore, I tailor my sessions uniquely to each individual in order to most effectively support the client in meeting their needs and goals.
Thank you for visiting my profile. I am a bilingual clinical psychologist with extensive experience in supporting clients navigate various issues related to anxiety, life transitions, relationships, and cultural identity. My approach in therapy is to establish a trusting, non-judgmental, and collaborative therapeutic relationship to bring about healing, personal growth, and new possibilities through a culturally-informed framework. I value authenticity and flexibility and therefore, I tailor my sessions uniquely to each individual in order to most effectively support the client in meeting their needs and goals.
(929) 203-7736 View (929) 203-7736
Photo of Rita G Meed, Psychologist in New York, NY
Rita G Meed
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10155  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who in 25 years of experience has developed a unique way of blending traditional psychology, cognitive-behavioral therapy and current coaching techniques. I use my clinical expertise to evaluate where a client is today, what impediments from the past still play a role and then become a coaching partner for my clients to help them develop and realize personal goals.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who in 25 years of experience has developed a unique way of blending traditional psychology, cognitive-behavioral therapy and current coaching techniques. I use my clinical expertise to evaluate where a client is today, what impediments from the past still play a role and then become a coaching partner for my clients to help them develop and realize personal goals.
(646) 600-5169 View (646) 600-5169
Photo of Mia Wiston, Psychologist in New York, NY
Mia Wiston
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10002  (Online Only)
The first step in pursuing therapy is also one of the most important- finding a therapist who is the right fit. If you’re feeling down or overwhelmed, finding yourself anxious or worried, or are struggling to cope with life transitions, then my style may align with your treatment goals. I have a fully virtual private practice aimed at helping adults feel empowered and fulfilled. It is my mission to meet individuals where they are at in their lives and support their goals emphatically.
The first step in pursuing therapy is also one of the most important- finding a therapist who is the right fit. If you’re feeling down or overwhelmed, finding yourself anxious or worried, or are struggling to cope with life transitions, then my style may align with your treatment goals. I have a fully virtual private practice aimed at helping adults feel empowered and fulfilled. It is my mission to meet individuals where they are at in their lives and support their goals emphatically.
(917) 383-2581 View (917) 383-2581
Photo of Barbara Cooper-Gordon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Barbara Cooper-Gordon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10021
As a compassionate and caring therapist/coach I collaborate with my clients to focus on positive self acceptance and creating positive changes in their lives. I work with clients to develop an understanding of their current life situations and feelings that are confusing and uncomfortable for them. We all find ourselves at different stages in our lives faced with old and new feelings and reactions to home, work, family and friends. I believe that through talking about feelings, clients can identify their obstacles to change and develop a better understanding of themselves.
As a compassionate and caring therapist/coach I collaborate with my clients to focus on positive self acceptance and creating positive changes in their lives. I work with clients to develop an understanding of their current life situations and feelings that are confusing and uncomfortable for them. We all find ourselves at different stages in our lives faced with old and new feelings and reactions to home, work, family and friends. I believe that through talking about feelings, clients can identify their obstacles to change and develop a better understanding of themselves.
(484) 393-4126 View (484) 393-4126
Photo of Dr. Thomas Ballas, Psychologist in New York, NY
Dr. Thomas Ballas
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
You may have found yourself caught in a pattern of anxiety, overthinking, and a down mood that has lead you to feel isolated and wanting change in your life. I believe in the power of collaboration and tailoring treatment to meet the unique needs and goals of each client. We will determine which treatment approach works best for you to reclaim your life and your happiness, whether that is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Trauma-Focused, or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). My personalized approach helps clients feel empowered to make meaningful change in their life.
You may have found yourself caught in a pattern of anxiety, overthinking, and a down mood that has lead you to feel isolated and wanting change in your life. I believe in the power of collaboration and tailoring treatment to meet the unique needs and goals of each client. We will determine which treatment approach works best for you to reclaim your life and your happiness, whether that is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Trauma-Focused, or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). My personalized approach helps clients feel empowered to make meaningful change in their life.
(646) 694-1822 View (646) 694-1822
Photo of Holly Levenkron, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Holly Levenkron
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
I've been working for 32 years helping people develop confidence and the capabilities for personal and profession growth, and for fulfilling relationships. I'm a "Relational" psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapist and psychoanalyst but draw from CBT and solution based therapies as well. I work with individuals and couples from all walks of life and from a wide range of professions. In a safe setting I focus on self-development, communication, and emphasize finding your voice. There isn't a single therapy style for everyone. Together, with your input, I try to create a therapeutic approach suited to your individual needs.
I've been working for 32 years helping people develop confidence and the capabilities for personal and profession growth, and for fulfilling relationships. I'm a "Relational" psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapist and psychoanalyst but draw from CBT and solution based therapies as well. I work with individuals and couples from all walks of life and from a wide range of professions. In a safe setting I focus on self-development, communication, and emphasize finding your voice. There isn't a single therapy style for everyone. Together, with your input, I try to create a therapeutic approach suited to your individual needs.
(917) 633-8124 View (917) 633-8124
Photo of Carol Perlman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Carol Perlman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You can't stop the waves, but you can learn to surf." Life transitions can be difficult, but they can also be rewarding: An opportunity to grow and learn about yourself. Whatever challenges life may be presenting - a divorce, career change, retirement, the death or illness of a loved one, interpersonal relationships at work and at home - psychotherapy can be an invaluable aid in coping and thriving.
You can't stop the waves, but you can learn to surf." Life transitions can be difficult, but they can also be rewarding: An opportunity to grow and learn about yourself. Whatever challenges life may be presenting - a divorce, career change, retirement, the death or illness of a loved one, interpersonal relationships at work and at home - psychotherapy can be an invaluable aid in coping and thriving.
(646) 386-2308 View (646) 386-2308
Photo of Allison Slater, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Allison Slater
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
It can be an overwhelming and painful decision to seek help. We so often find ourself feeling stuck, unmotivated, anxious or depressed. We fall back on unhealthy or unsuccessful habits and poor coping skills. Therapy provides an opportunity to heal from past wounds and work towards your goals in a supportive and collaborative environment.
It can be an overwhelming and painful decision to seek help. We so often find ourself feeling stuck, unmotivated, anxious or depressed. We fall back on unhealthy or unsuccessful habits and poor coping skills. Therapy provides an opportunity to heal from past wounds and work towards your goals in a supportive and collaborative environment.
(929) 226-2057 View (929) 226-2057
Photo of Kat Vollono, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kat Vollono
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
I help highly sensitive women stop feeling resentful and start reclaiming ease and authenticity in their relationships. If that sounds like you, you're probably ready to speak your mind without fear and connect with your most important relationships, but you keep hearing this little voice that says “it’s not important”, “but they’ll be mad!”, “doing it myself is just easier”, “you’re not worth that”, and “what will they think of me!?”. You want to feel less overwhelmed, overworked, and burdened. You want to feel joy and connected in your partnership.
I help highly sensitive women stop feeling resentful and start reclaiming ease and authenticity in their relationships. If that sounds like you, you're probably ready to speak your mind without fear and connect with your most important relationships, but you keep hearing this little voice that says “it’s not important”, “but they’ll be mad!”, “doing it myself is just easier”, “you’re not worth that”, and “what will they think of me!?”. You want to feel less overwhelmed, overworked, and burdened. You want to feel joy and connected in your partnership.
(516) 701-3277 View (516) 701-3277
Photo of Kelly Corbine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kelly Corbine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have been in the field for over 30 years. I bring my experience, training and authentic self to the therapeutic experience. I am a laid back, knowledgeable, devoted mom, woman, and therapist that is passionate about my roles and helping people.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have been in the field for over 30 years. I bring my experience, training and authentic self to the therapeutic experience. I am a laid back, knowledgeable, devoted mom, woman, and therapist that is passionate about my roles and helping people.
(646) 832-3947 View (646) 832-3947
Photo of Nichelle Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Nichelle Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
Change can be difficult and often we may feel stuck in a cycle, our comfort zone, but recognizing the need for change is the first step towards fulfilling your goals. Whether the change is to improve your relationships, career, financial circumstance, self-defeating behaviors or how you cope with life stressors and challenges; having someone to assist you with reaching your goals, coping with barriers along the way, better understanding yourself and how you relate to others and living life to your fullest potential is what therapy can offer.
Change can be difficult and often we may feel stuck in a cycle, our comfort zone, but recognizing the need for change is the first step towards fulfilling your goals. Whether the change is to improve your relationships, career, financial circumstance, self-defeating behaviors or how you cope with life stressors and challenges; having someone to assist you with reaching your goals, coping with barriers along the way, better understanding yourself and how you relate to others and living life to your fullest potential is what therapy can offer.
(646) 859-1817 View (646) 859-1817
Photo of Ardita Avdiu, Counselor in New York, NY
Ardita Avdiu
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I am a Clinical Mental Health Counselor licensed in New York with experience in helping young adults and adults struggling with anxiety, life transitions, stress and addiction. My work is grounded in helping you to identify unhelpful behavioral patterns in your life in order to better your relationship with yourself and others.
I am a Clinical Mental Health Counselor licensed in New York with experience in helping young adults and adults struggling with anxiety, life transitions, stress and addiction. My work is grounded in helping you to identify unhelpful behavioral patterns in your life in order to better your relationship with yourself and others.
(646) 437-8976 View (646) 437-8976
Photo of Tra Hoang, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Tra Hoang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I'm a licensed psychotherapist specializing in working with high achieving Asians and Asian Americans struggling with stress, anxiety, negative self image, relationship issues, career difficulties, life transitions, and depression. I understand the unique difficulties faced by this demographic, including cultural expectations and societal pressures, family dynamics, generational traumas, workplace discrimination, and the fear of failure. I also help second and third generation individuals navigate the challenges that come with privileges and wealth, including issues such as guilt, shame, and the pressure to succeed.
I'm a licensed psychotherapist specializing in working with high achieving Asians and Asian Americans struggling with stress, anxiety, negative self image, relationship issues, career difficulties, life transitions, and depression. I understand the unique difficulties faced by this demographic, including cultural expectations and societal pressures, family dynamics, generational traumas, workplace discrimination, and the fear of failure. I also help second and third generation individuals navigate the challenges that come with privileges and wealth, including issues such as guilt, shame, and the pressure to succeed.
(914) 252-3224 View (914) 252-3224
Photo of Lizzie O'Leary in New York, NY
Lizzie O'Leary
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Lizzie has worked with a diverse clientele who struggle with anxiety, depression, substance use, bipolar disorder, work stress, relational/family conflict, infidelity, and multicultural and identity issues. She utilizes existential theory, which maintains that although there are many things in life we can’t control, we have choices in how we perceive and respond to them. She finds that Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy offer incredibly useful tools and skills to navigate overwhelming emotions and to break out of thought patterns that keep us stuck.
Lizzie has worked with a diverse clientele who struggle with anxiety, depression, substance use, bipolar disorder, work stress, relational/family conflict, infidelity, and multicultural and identity issues. She utilizes existential theory, which maintains that although there are many things in life we can’t control, we have choices in how we perceive and respond to them. She finds that Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy offer incredibly useful tools and skills to navigate overwhelming emotions and to break out of thought patterns that keep us stuck.
(646) 828-1569 View (646) 828-1569
Photo of Francesca Lo Russo, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New York, NY
Francesca Lo Russo
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, MFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
The work of psychotherapy begins with a desire for change. Whether that takes the form of understanding confusing life transitions, processing painful events, improving relationships, understanding your attachment style, or accessing your creativity with more vitality and openness, I am here. My approach is psychodynamic, which seeks to help people develop an awareness for how the past affects present emotions, behaviors and thought patterns. I believe that people are capable of change and greater fulfillment when they become able to develop an awareness of these patterns.
The work of psychotherapy begins with a desire for change. Whether that takes the form of understanding confusing life transitions, processing painful events, improving relationships, understanding your attachment style, or accessing your creativity with more vitality and openness, I am here. My approach is psychodynamic, which seeks to help people develop an awareness for how the past affects present emotions, behaviors and thought patterns. I believe that people are capable of change and greater fulfillment when they become able to develop an awareness of these patterns.
View
Photo of Alexandra Milonas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Alexandra Milonas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10065
I am a NYS Licensed Clinical Social Worker with Master of Public Administration degree specializing in young adulthood, anxiety, depression, substance use, relationship concerns, trauma, loss, career and life transitions, academic/learning difficulties, and questions about identity. I received my MSW from Columbia University, MPA from The Maxwell School, graduated NYU Psychoanalytic Institute's Psychodynamic Psychotherapy of Adults program and William Alanson White Institute's Eating Disorders Compulsions and Addiction program. Team Leader and led substance abuse program at NYU, supervised/trained staff, and worked abroad.
I am a NYS Licensed Clinical Social Worker with Master of Public Administration degree specializing in young adulthood, anxiety, depression, substance use, relationship concerns, trauma, loss, career and life transitions, academic/learning difficulties, and questions about identity. I received my MSW from Columbia University, MPA from The Maxwell School, graduated NYU Psychoanalytic Institute's Psychodynamic Psychotherapy of Adults program and William Alanson White Institute's Eating Disorders Compulsions and Addiction program. Team Leader and led substance abuse program at NYU, supervised/trained staff, and worked abroad.
(917) 742-8079 View (917) 742-8079
Photo of Rob Dobrenski, Psychologist in New York, NY
Rob Dobrenski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Clinicial Psychologist with specialized training in mood and anxiety conditions. I often treat individual and couples with a "here and now approach" to address their difficulties, as opposed to focusing on issues from childhood or subconscious conflicts. Short-term therapy (approximately 15 sessions or less) can be very helpful in many cases, and sometimes clients and I agree that more visits will be useful.
I am a licensed Clinicial Psychologist with specialized training in mood and anxiety conditions. I often treat individual and couples with a "here and now approach" to address their difficulties, as opposed to focusing on issues from childhood or subconscious conflicts. Short-term therapy (approximately 15 sessions or less) can be very helpful in many cases, and sometimes clients and I agree that more visits will be useful.
(914) 912-1780 View (914) 912-1780
Photo of Kelly Meany, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kelly Meany
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAT-Ca, LADC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Everyone has a story to tell and sometimes the bravest thing a person can do is share their story. When your story is holding you back from becoming the greatest version of yourself then it’s time to work through any negative messages you may have been telling yourself. I believe we all have the tools we need to accomplish our goals. If it’s hysterical, it’s historical. I help you identify present day triggers and figure out where it stems from so you can free yourself from what has been holding you back. I specialize in EMDR, CBT, and I am currently getting my CSAT certification. I am licensed in both New York and Connecticut.
Everyone has a story to tell and sometimes the bravest thing a person can do is share their story. When your story is holding you back from becoming the greatest version of yourself then it’s time to work through any negative messages you may have been telling yourself. I believe we all have the tools we need to accomplish our goals. If it’s hysterical, it’s historical. I help you identify present day triggers and figure out where it stems from so you can free yourself from what has been holding you back. I specialize in EMDR, CBT, and I am currently getting my CSAT certification. I am licensed in both New York and Connecticut.
(347) 609-0999 View (347) 609-0999

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.